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Gerontol & Geriatric stud Copyright © Diego Iacono
Volume 2 - Issue - 3
Opinion
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is formally diagnosed before
the age of 3 that is, when the central nervous system (CNS) is not yet
completely formed, but it is mature enough to generate behavioural
abnormalities in some individuals when compared to an age-
matched group of typically developed children [1,2]. However,
ASD is not a life-threating disease and children diagnosed with
ASD age at the same rate as their peers. The possible detrimental
or beneficial factors associated with aging in children affected by
ASD are not fully known. Surprisingly, the amount of peer-reviewed
medical and scientific international literature published on the
topic of aging with autism is quite modest and sporadic [3]. The
scarcity of aging-ASD investigations derives from the lower level
of attention, and related funding opportunities, from the major
public and private funding agencies for research across the globe.
This scientific and funding gap is particularly surprising when
considering two aspects: on one side, the marked increasing of
elder populations across the globe, and on the other side, the
improvement of the criteria and diagnostic tools to diagnose ASD,
which has determined indeed a real increase of the rate of children
diagnosed with ASD (https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.
html).
ASD is clinically characterized by a series of highly pervasive
social, cognitive and sensory-motor abnormalities that belong
in part, to the same behavioural aspects and cognitive domains
involved in either successful (e.g. absence of behavioural-cognitive
deficits in a nonagenarian or centenarian person until death) and
pathologic aging (e.g. dementia). However, by definition, ASD is
not dementia (which presupposes a previous status of healthy
cognition and consequent decay) and actually, it is not rare the
case that some ASD children can have an enhancement of specific
cognitive skills (e.g. memory) that can be scored at a higher levels
than their children-mates [4-7]. Frequently, ASD-related behavioral
and cognitive aspects become corrected or adjusted in a consistent
number of subjects during the pediatric and young adult ages,
allowing most of these people to perform different and numerous
types of skills like every other person of the same age, or in some
cases, even at a higher level of efficiency [8-10]. So, is the aging
per se a protective factor for a more successful life in ASD children
[11-14]. If so, are the same protective factors for dementia such
as higher education, a specific genotype (e.g. APOE), physical
activities, care of blood-pressure and cholesterol levels, socializing
and amusing activities, etc. protective or beneficial factors for ASD
children as well? These general considerations should prompt both
neurodevelopment and gerontology investigators to collaborate
focusing on this area of research.
In particular, longitudinal studies of ASD-children ranging
till their older age should be proposed and implemented by both
public-based and private funding organizations to encourage
interested investigators and research institutions to follow
up a consistent number of ASD subjects and use all possible
imaging, neuropsychological, neurophysiological and genetic
armamentarium currently available. Moreover, specific brain
donation programs as the final phase of an ASD-aging longitudinal
study should be proposed in order to decipher and identify the
peculiar neuro-architectonic features or lesion characteristics of
both ASD-brains and aging-ASD related changes. We are strongly
convinced that both fields of research, neuro-developmental and
gerontology science, could find mutual advantages from these
types of studies with the ultimate benefit of the ASD patients and
their families.
References
1.	 Kanner L (1943) Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous
Child 2: 217-249.
2.	 American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical man-
ual of mental disorder (5th
edn), American Psychiatric Publishing, Ar-
lington, USA.
3.	 Wise EA, Smith MD, Rabins PV (2017) Aging and Autism Spectrum Dis-
order: A Naturalistic, Longitudinal Study of the Comorbidities and Be-
havioral and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Adults with ASD. J Autism
Dev Disord 47(6): 1708-1715.
4.	 Seltzer MM, Shattuck P, Abbeduto L, Greenberg JS (2004) Trajectory of
development in adolescents and adults with autism. Mental Ment Retard
Dev Disabil Res Rev 10(4): 234-247.
Diego Iacono1,2,3
*
1
Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey (BRInj), USA
2
Neuropahology Research, BRInj and Mid-Atlantic Neonatology Associate (MANA), USA
3
Atlantic Neuroscience Institute, Atlantic Health System (AHS), USA
*Corresponding author : Diego Iacono, Neuropathology research, Biomedical Research Institute of NJ, BRInj, 140 E. Hanover Avenue, Cedar Knolls, NJ
07927, USA
Submission: March 05, 2018; Published: March 08, 2018
There is Time to Adjust. Aging as a Protective
Factor for Autism
Opinion
1/2Copyright © All rights are reserved by Diego Iacono
Gerontology & Geriatrics
StudiesC CRIMSON PUBLISHERS
Wings to the Research
ISSN 2578-0093
Gerontol & Geriatric stud Copyright © Diego Iacono
2/2How to cite this article: Diego I. There is Time to Adjust. Aging as a Protective Factor for Autism. Gerontol & Geriatric stud. 2(3). GGS.000537. 2018.
DOI: 10.31031/GGS.2018.02.000537
Volume 2 - Issue - 3
5.	 Magiati I, Tay XW, Howlin P (2014) Cognitive, language, social and be-
havioural outcomes in adults with autism spectrum disorder: A system-
atic review of longitudinal follow-up studies in adulthood. Clin Psychol
Rev 34(1): 73-86.
6.	 Lever AG, Geurts HM (2018) Is Older Age Associated with Higher
Self- and Other-Rated ASD Characteristics? J Autism Dev Disord. doi:
10.1007/s10803-017-3444-2.
7.	 Howlin P, Magiati I (2017) Autism spectrum disorder: outcomes in
adulthood. Curr Opin Psychiatry 30(2): 69-76.
8.	 Koffer Miller KH, Mathew M, Nonnemacher SL, Shea LL (2017) Program
experiences of adults with autism, their families, and providers: Find-
ings from a focus group study.
9.	 Braden BB, Smith CJ, Thompson A, Glaspy TK, Wood E, et al. (2017)
Executive function and functional and structural brain differences in
middle-age adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 10(12):
1945-1959.
10.	Barron Linnankoski S, Reinvall O, Lahervuori A, Voutilainen A, Lahti
Nuuttila P, et al. (2015) Neurocognitive performance of children with
higher functioning autism spectrum disorders on the NEPSY-II. Child
Neuropsychol 21(1): 55-77.
11.	Cheng CH, Chan PS, Hsu SC, Liu CY (2017) Meta-analysis of sensorimo-
tor gating in patients with autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatry Res. pii:
S0165-1781(17)30450-X.
12.	Hwang YIJ, Foley KR, Trollor JN (2017) Aging well on the autism spec-
trum: the perspectives of autistic adults and carers. Int Psychogeriatr
29(12): 2033-2046.
13.	Powell PS, Klinger LG, Klinger MR (2017) Patterns of Age-Related Cogni-
tive Differences in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev
Disord 47(10): 3204-3219.
14.	Oberman LM, Pascual Leone A (2014) Hyperplasticity in Autism Spec-
trum Disorder confers protection from Alzheimer’s disease. Med Hy-
potheses 83(3): 337-342.
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There is Time to Adjust. Aging as a Protective Factor for Autism-Crimson Publishers

  • 1. Gerontol & Geriatric stud Copyright © Diego Iacono Volume 2 - Issue - 3 Opinion Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is formally diagnosed before the age of 3 that is, when the central nervous system (CNS) is not yet completely formed, but it is mature enough to generate behavioural abnormalities in some individuals when compared to an age- matched group of typically developed children [1,2]. However, ASD is not a life-threating disease and children diagnosed with ASD age at the same rate as their peers. The possible detrimental or beneficial factors associated with aging in children affected by ASD are not fully known. Surprisingly, the amount of peer-reviewed medical and scientific international literature published on the topic of aging with autism is quite modest and sporadic [3]. The scarcity of aging-ASD investigations derives from the lower level of attention, and related funding opportunities, from the major public and private funding agencies for research across the globe. This scientific and funding gap is particularly surprising when considering two aspects: on one side, the marked increasing of elder populations across the globe, and on the other side, the improvement of the criteria and diagnostic tools to diagnose ASD, which has determined indeed a real increase of the rate of children diagnosed with ASD (https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data. html). ASD is clinically characterized by a series of highly pervasive social, cognitive and sensory-motor abnormalities that belong in part, to the same behavioural aspects and cognitive domains involved in either successful (e.g. absence of behavioural-cognitive deficits in a nonagenarian or centenarian person until death) and pathologic aging (e.g. dementia). However, by definition, ASD is not dementia (which presupposes a previous status of healthy cognition and consequent decay) and actually, it is not rare the case that some ASD children can have an enhancement of specific cognitive skills (e.g. memory) that can be scored at a higher levels than their children-mates [4-7]. Frequently, ASD-related behavioral and cognitive aspects become corrected or adjusted in a consistent number of subjects during the pediatric and young adult ages, allowing most of these people to perform different and numerous types of skills like every other person of the same age, or in some cases, even at a higher level of efficiency [8-10]. So, is the aging per se a protective factor for a more successful life in ASD children [11-14]. If so, are the same protective factors for dementia such as higher education, a specific genotype (e.g. APOE), physical activities, care of blood-pressure and cholesterol levels, socializing and amusing activities, etc. protective or beneficial factors for ASD children as well? These general considerations should prompt both neurodevelopment and gerontology investigators to collaborate focusing on this area of research. In particular, longitudinal studies of ASD-children ranging till their older age should be proposed and implemented by both public-based and private funding organizations to encourage interested investigators and research institutions to follow up a consistent number of ASD subjects and use all possible imaging, neuropsychological, neurophysiological and genetic armamentarium currently available. Moreover, specific brain donation programs as the final phase of an ASD-aging longitudinal study should be proposed in order to decipher and identify the peculiar neuro-architectonic features or lesion characteristics of both ASD-brains and aging-ASD related changes. We are strongly convinced that both fields of research, neuro-developmental and gerontology science, could find mutual advantages from these types of studies with the ultimate benefit of the ASD patients and their families. References 1. Kanner L (1943) Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child 2: 217-249. 2. American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical man- ual of mental disorder (5th edn), American Psychiatric Publishing, Ar- lington, USA. 3. Wise EA, Smith MD, Rabins PV (2017) Aging and Autism Spectrum Dis- order: A Naturalistic, Longitudinal Study of the Comorbidities and Be- havioral and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Adults with ASD. J Autism Dev Disord 47(6): 1708-1715. 4. Seltzer MM, Shattuck P, Abbeduto L, Greenberg JS (2004) Trajectory of development in adolescents and adults with autism. Mental Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 10(4): 234-247. Diego Iacono1,2,3 * 1 Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Research Institute of New Jersey (BRInj), USA 2 Neuropahology Research, BRInj and Mid-Atlantic Neonatology Associate (MANA), USA 3 Atlantic Neuroscience Institute, Atlantic Health System (AHS), USA *Corresponding author : Diego Iacono, Neuropathology research, Biomedical Research Institute of NJ, BRInj, 140 E. Hanover Avenue, Cedar Knolls, NJ 07927, USA Submission: March 05, 2018; Published: March 08, 2018 There is Time to Adjust. Aging as a Protective Factor for Autism Opinion 1/2Copyright © All rights are reserved by Diego Iacono Gerontology & Geriatrics StudiesC CRIMSON PUBLISHERS Wings to the Research ISSN 2578-0093
  • 2. Gerontol & Geriatric stud Copyright © Diego Iacono 2/2How to cite this article: Diego I. There is Time to Adjust. Aging as a Protective Factor for Autism. Gerontol & Geriatric stud. 2(3). GGS.000537. 2018. DOI: 10.31031/GGS.2018.02.000537 Volume 2 - Issue - 3 5. Magiati I, Tay XW, Howlin P (2014) Cognitive, language, social and be- havioural outcomes in adults with autism spectrum disorder: A system- atic review of longitudinal follow-up studies in adulthood. Clin Psychol Rev 34(1): 73-86. 6. Lever AG, Geurts HM (2018) Is Older Age Associated with Higher Self- and Other-Rated ASD Characteristics? J Autism Dev Disord. doi: 10.1007/s10803-017-3444-2. 7. Howlin P, Magiati I (2017) Autism spectrum disorder: outcomes in adulthood. Curr Opin Psychiatry 30(2): 69-76. 8. Koffer Miller KH, Mathew M, Nonnemacher SL, Shea LL (2017) Program experiences of adults with autism, their families, and providers: Find- ings from a focus group study. 9. Braden BB, Smith CJ, Thompson A, Glaspy TK, Wood E, et al. (2017) Executive function and functional and structural brain differences in middle-age adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 10(12): 1945-1959. 10. Barron Linnankoski S, Reinvall O, Lahervuori A, Voutilainen A, Lahti Nuuttila P, et al. (2015) Neurocognitive performance of children with higher functioning autism spectrum disorders on the NEPSY-II. Child Neuropsychol 21(1): 55-77. 11. Cheng CH, Chan PS, Hsu SC, Liu CY (2017) Meta-analysis of sensorimo- tor gating in patients with autism spectrum disorder. Psychiatry Res. pii: S0165-1781(17)30450-X. 12. Hwang YIJ, Foley KR, Trollor JN (2017) Aging well on the autism spec- trum: the perspectives of autistic adults and carers. Int Psychogeriatr 29(12): 2033-2046. 13. Powell PS, Klinger LG, Klinger MR (2017) Patterns of Age-Related Cogni- tive Differences in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 47(10): 3204-3219. 14. Oberman LM, Pascual Leone A (2014) Hyperplasticity in Autism Spec- trum Disorder confers protection from Alzheimer’s disease. Med Hy- potheses 83(3): 337-342. For possible submissions Click Here Submit Article Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Gerontology & Geriatrics Studies Benefits of Publishing with us • High-level peer review and editorial services • Freely accessible online immediately upon publication • Authors retain the copyright to their work • Licensing it under a Creative Commons license • Visibility through different online platforms