ATP and ADP.pptx
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Photosynthesis captures light energy from the sun and uses it to produce carbohydrates that store energy. These energy-rich molecules fuel biochemical pathways that release the stored energy, with some of this energy temporarily stored in ATP molecules. ATP then directly supplies energy to power various cellular activities. When ATP is used as an energy source, its phosphate bond is broken, converting it into ADP.
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LT2.2 Cellular Respiration PowerPoint Notes
Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms generate energy (ATP) from glucose. It occurs in three stages: glycolysis in the cytoplasm, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. Aerobic cellular respiration uses oxygen and produces the most ATP, while anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen and produces less ATP. All organisms undergo cellular respiration to break down glucose and generate energy in the form of ATP, which is required for life processes like growth and repair.
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1. Cellular respiration involves a series of steps to break down glucose and produce ATP as energy.
2. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces some ATP. The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain occur in mitochondria to produce more ATP through aerobic respiration.
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The document discusses bioenergetics, which focuses on how cells transform energy through processes like cellular respiration and photosynthesis. These bioenergetic processes are essential to life. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the molecule that cells use to store and transport energy. ATP is produced through catabolic pathways that break down molecules and through phosphorylation, either substrate-level or oxidative phosphorylation during cellular respiration. Photosynthesis uses light energy to produce sugars and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. This involves two stages - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the Calvin cycle where sugars are formed.
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This document provides an overview of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. It discusses:
1) Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen through a series of light-dependent and light-independent reactions in the chloroplasts of plants.
2) Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria of cells, using oxygen and producing carbon dioxide, water, and ATP as energy for cells.
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LT2.2 Cellular Respiration PowerPoint Notes
Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms generate energy (ATP) from glucose. It occurs in three stages: glycolysis in the cytoplasm, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. Aerobic cellular respiration uses oxygen and produces the most ATP, while anaerobic respiration does not use oxygen and produces less ATP. All organisms undergo cellular respiration to break down glucose and generate energy in the form of ATP, which is required for life processes like growth and repair.
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The document summarizes ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the molecule that transfers energy within cells. It describes ATP's structure of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP is generated through cellular respiration breaking down glucose and lipids from food. Energy is stored in ATP's bonds and released when a phosphate is removed, converting ATP to ADP (adenosine diphosphate). The cycle is recharged as ADP regains a phosphate with energy from cellular respiration to reform ATP. ATP powers various cellular functions and transports molecules before being broken down again.
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This document discusses how cells obtain and use energy. It explains that ATP is an important molecule that cells use to store and transport chemical energy. ATP can easily break down to release energy for cellular work and then reform to store energy again. The energy stored in ATP's phosphate bonds comes originally from food molecules like glucose, which get their energy from autotrophs via photosynthesis. Autotrophs like plants are able to produce their own food by capturing energy from sunlight and using it to synthesize carbohydrates through photosynthesis.
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The document discusses bioenergetics, which focuses on how cells transform energy through processes like cellular respiration and photosynthesis. These bioenergetic processes are essential to life. ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the molecule that cells use to store and transport energy. ATP is produced through catabolic pathways that break down molecules and through phosphorylation, either substrate-level or oxidative phosphorylation during cellular respiration. Photosynthesis uses light energy to produce sugars and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. This involves two stages - the light-dependent reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the Calvin cycle where sugars are formed.
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1) Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to produce glucose and oxygen through a series of light-dependent and light-independent reactions in the chloroplasts of plants.
2) Cellular respiration releases the energy stored in glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria of cells, using oxygen and producing carbon dioxide, water, and ATP as energy for cells.
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1. The document discusses the ATP-ADP cycle and how ATP is used as the main energy currency in cells. ATP stores chemical energy from breaking down glucose, fats, and proteins that is then released through hydrolysis to power cellular work like transport, mechanical movement, and chemical reactions.
2. Autotrophs like plants generate ATP through photosynthesis while heterotrophs obtain ATP indirectly by consuming autotrophs or other organisms. The sun is the ultimate source of energy entering ecosystems.
3. ATP is regenerated as energy from food breakdown is used to add a phosphate back to ADP, and energy is released when phosphate is removed from ATP, powering cellular work processes.
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This document summarizes cellular respiration and its key components. It explains that cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce ATP through three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondria, and the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. Glycolysis produces some ATP without oxygen, while the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain generate most ATP through redox reactions that require oxygen. The role of ATP as the energy currency of cells is also described.
What is an ATP
1. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is composed of adenine, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups. It acts as the main energy currency in cells.
2. ATP stores and transports chemical energy within cells by breaking its high-energy phosphate bonds. When a cell needs energy, it hydrolyzes ATP to ADP, releasing energy. Excess energy is stored by reforming ATP from ADP and phosphate.
3. ATP is uniquely suited to act as the primary energy carrier in cells. Its high-energy bonds are unstable and readily broken to fuel cellular reactions, then reformed when energy is available. This allows ATP to efficiently provide short-term energy storage and transport.
Session no. 3.1. energy transformation atp – adp cycle and photosynthesis
This document provides an overview of energy transformation through ATP-ADP cycles and photosynthesis. It begins by outlining the learning objectives, which include explaining coupled reaction processes and ATP's role in energy transfer, describing the major events of photosynthesis, and explaining the importance of chlorophyll. The document then discusses ATP-ADP cycles, how ATP is used to transfer energy in cells, and the different energy yields of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. It also provides details on photosynthesis, including the requirements, processes, Calvin cycle, and importance.
ATP_ppt.pptx
ATP is the molecule that transfers energy within cells through the addition and removal of phosphate groups. ATP is formed through cellular respiration as food molecules are broken down. When a phosphate is removed from ATP, it becomes ADP and energy is released for cellular processes. ADP can then regain a phosphate through energy input to reform ATP. This ATP-ADP cycle allows the cell to constantly store and provide energy for functions.
Microorganisms go for fermentation process when they lack Electron t.pdf
Microorganisms go for fermentation process when they lack Electron transport chain (ETC) i,.e
they are strict anaerobic microorganisms or the working of ETC get repressed (in anaerobic
condition).
The major and absolute aim of any living organism, be it human, plants, animals or
microorganisms to produce energy in the form of ATP in order to survive. There are many ways
to produce ATP. Major one is through oxidative phosphorylation in which oxygen is used as
final acceptor of electron during the process of ETC. Hence, such system will only work in
presence of aerobic environment. But what about those microorganisms who are anerobes or, if
some reason no oxygen is present in environment? In order to survive, these organisms evolve
themselves in such a way that even if ETC can\'t work due to absence of oxygen they can still
produce ATP by oxidizing NADH to NAD+. As reduced NAD+ being utlized during glycolysis
and hence, ATP is produced.
Therefore, if I summarise fermentation significance
1. It is a survival tool for microorganisms growth in absence of oxygen (anaerobic environment)
or for anaerobic bacteria
2.NADH is oxidized to NAD+ so that reduced NAD+ can be re-utilized during the process of
glycolysis
3. Since, no oxygen present therefore the final electron acceptor is often either pyruvate or a
pyruvate derivative. Thus substrate is partialy oxidized and hence, ATP is formed by substrate
level phospohorylation.
Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae have the ability to metabolize pyruvate into numerous
products by utilizing several pathways simultaneously and hence resulted in excretion of various
mixture of acids (acetic, lactic, succinic) and ethanols. This is known as the mixed acid
fermentation.
Solution
Microorganisms go for fermentation process when they lack Electron transport chain (ETC) i,.e
they are strict anaerobic microorganisms or the working of ETC get repressed (in anaerobic
condition).
The major and absolute aim of any living organism, be it human, plants, animals or
microorganisms to produce energy in the form of ATP in order to survive. There are many ways
to produce ATP. Major one is through oxidative phosphorylation in which oxygen is used as
final acceptor of electron during the process of ETC. Hence, such system will only work in
presence of aerobic environment. But what about those microorganisms who are anerobes or, if
some reason no oxygen is present in environment? In order to survive, these organisms evolve
themselves in such a way that even if ETC can\'t work due to absence of oxygen they can still
produce ATP by oxidizing NADH to NAD+. As reduced NAD+ being utlized during glycolysis
and hence, ATP is produced.
Therefore, if I summarise fermentation significance
1. It is a survival tool for microorganisms growth in absence of oxygen (anaerobic environment)
or for anaerobic bacteria
2.NADH is oxidized to NAD+ so that reduced NAD+ can be re-utilized during the process of
glycolysis
3. Since, no oxygen present th.
ENERGY_TRANSFORMATION.pptx
- Autotrophs like plants use photosynthesis to produce glucose from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. They are producers that make food for themselves and other organisms.
- Heterotrophs like animals cannot produce their own food and consume other organisms.
- ATP is the energy currency of life that powers cellular processes. It is produced through redox reactions and the hydrolysis of ATP releases energy and forms ADP, which can later be recharged to ATP.
Marathon Energy System
The document discusses the importance of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as the energy currency of cells. ATP stores and transports energy within cells and is involved in many physiological processes. It is produced through cellular respiration in the mitochondria, which are often called the "powerhouses of the cell." ATP provides energy for activities in the body through various energy-releasing reactions and is essential for functions like muscle movement, talking, and other daily activities and sports.
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ATP is the molecule that transfers energy within cells through the addition and removal of phosphate groups. ATP is formed through cellular respiration as food molecules are broken down. When a phosphate is removed from ATP, it becomes ADP and energy is released for cellular processes. ADP can then regain a phosphate through energy input to reform ATP. This ATP-ADP cycle allows the cell to constantly store and provide energy for functions.
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Microorganisms go for fermentation process when they lack Electron transport chain (ETC) i,.e
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condition).
The major and absolute aim of any living organism, be it human, plants, animals or
microorganisms to produce energy in the form of ATP in order to survive. There are many ways
to produce ATP. Major one is through oxidative phosphorylation in which oxygen is used as
final acceptor of electron during the process of ETC. Hence, such system will only work in
presence of aerobic environment. But what about those microorganisms who are anerobes or, if
some reason no oxygen is present in environment? In order to survive, these organisms evolve
themselves in such a way that even if ETC can\'t work due to absence of oxygen they can still
produce ATP by oxidizing NADH to NAD+. As reduced NAD+ being utlized during glycolysis
and hence, ATP is produced.
Therefore, if I summarise fermentation significance
1. It is a survival tool for microorganisms growth in absence of oxygen (anaerobic environment)
or for anaerobic bacteria
2.NADH is oxidized to NAD+ so that reduced NAD+ can be re-utilized during the process of
glycolysis
3. Since, no oxygen present therefore the final electron acceptor is often either pyruvate or a
pyruvate derivative. Thus substrate is partialy oxidized and hence, ATP is formed by substrate
level phospohorylation.
Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae have the ability to metabolize pyruvate into numerous
products by utilizing several pathways simultaneously and hence resulted in excretion of various
mixture of acids (acetic, lactic, succinic) and ethanols. This is known as the mixed acid
fermentation.
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Microorganisms go for fermentation process when they lack Electron transport chain (ETC) i,.e
they are strict anaerobic microorganisms or the working of ETC get repressed (in anaerobic
condition).
The major and absolute aim of any living organism, be it human, plants, animals or
microorganisms to produce energy in the form of ATP in order to survive. There are many ways
to produce ATP. Major one is through oxidative phosphorylation in which oxygen is used as
final acceptor of electron during the process of ETC. Hence, such system will only work in
presence of aerobic environment. But what about those microorganisms who are anerobes or, if
some reason no oxygen is present in environment? In order to survive, these organisms evolve
themselves in such a way that even if ETC can\'t work due to absence of oxygen they can still
produce ATP by oxidizing NADH to NAD+. As reduced NAD+ being utlized during glycolysis
and hence, ATP is produced.
Therefore, if I summarise fermentation significance
1. It is a survival tool for microorganisms growth in absence of oxygen (anaerobic environment)
or for anaerobic bacteria
2.NADH is oxidized to NAD+ so that reduced NAD+ can be re-utilized during the process of
glycolysis
3. Since, no oxygen present th.
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- Autotrophs like plants use photosynthesis to produce glucose from sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water. They are producers that make food for themselves and other organisms.
- Heterotrophs like animals cannot produce their own food and consume other organisms.
- ATP is the energy currency of life that powers cellular processes. It is produced through redox reactions and the hydrolysis of ATP releases energy and forms ADP, which can later be recharged to ATP.
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The document discusses the importance of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as the energy currency of cells. ATP stores and transports energy within cells and is involved in many physiological processes. It is produced through cellular respiration in the mitochondria, which are often called the "powerhouses of the cell." ATP provides energy for activities in the body through various energy-releasing reactions and is essential for functions like muscle movement, talking, and other daily activities and sports.
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ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Observation Technique in Market Research
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Form the possessive
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration occurs in four stages to produce ATP from glucose:
1. Glycolysis breaks down glucose in the cytoplasm, producing 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules.
2. Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA, producing more NADH.
3. Acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid cycle in the mitochondria, producing 2 ATP, 2 FADH2, and 6 NADH as carbons are removed and oxidized.
4. Oxidative phosphorylation uses the electron transport chain to produce ATP from NADH and FADH2, yielding up to 34 additional ATP molecules.
atp-adp-cycle.pptx
The ATP-ADP cycle is a fundamental process in bioenergetics where ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is converted to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and vice versa. This cycle is crucial in cellular energy transfer, storing energy in ATP and releasing it when needed by converting ATP to ADP and back through cellular respiration.
ATP is NRG
ATP is an important energy-storing molecule in cells that is produced when phosphate groups are added to ADP. Cells store energy by converting ADP to ATP, and release energy by breaking ATP back down. Plants produce their own food through photosynthesis, which converts sunlight into chemical energy stored in carbohydrates, allowing plants to produce ATP and be autotrophs.
ENERGY-TRANSFORMATION.pdf
The document provides information about cellular respiration, which is the process by which cells generate energy by breaking down glucose and oxygen molecules. It discusses the three main stages of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and partially oxidizes glucose into pyruvate, producing 2 ATP and 2 NADH. The pyruvate then enters the mitochondria and is further oxidized to acetyl-CoA to feed into the Krebs cycle, producing 6 more NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP. In the electron transport chain located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transferred to oxygen to
TOPIC 1 ENERGY PRODUCTION.pptx
This document discusses energy production and metabolism. It begins by defining energy and its various forms. It then discusses metabolism, defining it as chemical reactions that build and break down molecules. There are two types: catabolism breaks down molecules and releases energy, while anabolism uses energy to build molecules. A key molecule in this process is ATP, which captures and transports chemical energy throughout the cell to power other reactions. ATP is produced through cellular respiration, a multi-step process involving digestion, acetyl group formation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation in the electron transport chain, where ATP is synthesized using the proton gradient established.
Energy storage and utilization
ATP is the major source of energy in cell metabolism, providing chemical energy converted from electron energy. ATP is used for transporting substances across cell membranes, mechanical work like muscle contraction, and supplying energy for chemical reactions and cell signaling. Plants use ATP to move water, repair themselves, and grow. Photosynthesis traps light energy in the bonds of sugar molecules through two phases - the light-dependent phase uses light energy to make ATP and NADPH, while the light-independent phase uses this chemical energy to convert carbon dioxide into sugars. Cellular respiration is the most efficient way for cells to harvest energy stored in food, breaking down glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and ATP synthesis with oxygen or fermentation without
Biology - Chp 8 - Photosynthesis - PowerPoint
This document provides an overview of photosynthesis. It explains that plants get their energy from sunlight through the process of photosynthesis, where carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight are converted into glucose and oxygen. Chlorophyll is the pigment in plants that absorbs light energy. The reactions of photosynthesis are divided into light-dependent reactions, which take place in thylakoid membranes and produce ATP and NADPH, and light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, which use these products to produce sugars. Factors like water availability, temperature, and light intensity can affect photosynthesis.
Week 9 energy, metabolism, and atp (oct 10-13)
This biology class covers energy, metabolism, and ATP. The lesson defines key terms like energy, thermodynamics, metabolism, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and ATP. It explains that the first law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation of energy, and the second law is that energy cannot be converted without loss of usable energy. Metabolism includes photosynthesis and cellular respiration. ATP releases energy when its phosphate bonds are broken, providing energy for cellular work.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis occurs in two phases in the chloroplast - the light reaction and the dark reaction. In the light reaction, which takes place in the grana, light energy is converted to chemical energy stored as ATP molecules. Water is split into hydrogen and oxygen, with oxygen being released and hydrogen used in the dark reaction. The dark reaction, which occurs in the stroma, uses the ATP and hydrogen to add hydrogen to carbon dioxide to form glucose without the use of sunlight.
Cellular Energetics
The document provides information about energy and how ATP is used to store and transport energy in cells. It discusses how ATP is formed through cellular respiration, with glycolysis generating ATP without oxygen and the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain producing more ATP with oxygen. Photosynthesis is also summarized, explaining how plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen through light-dependent and light-independent reactions.
Similar to ATP and ADP.pptx (20)
Energetics- role and formation of ATP and functions of ATP
Energetics- role and formation of ATP and functions of ATP
Session no. 3.1. energy transformation atp – adp cycle and photosynthesis
Session no. 3.1. energy transformation atp – adp cycle and photosynthesis
Microorganisms go for fermentation process when they lack Electron t.pdf
Microorganisms go for fermentation process when they lack Electron t.pdf
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chapter-14.ppt
This document provides an introduction to fundamentals of electrochemistry, including:
1. Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between chemical species and can be monitored by measuring electric current.
2. A redox titration uses the transfer of electrons between analyte and titrant for analytical purposes. Reduction occurs when a substance gains electrons and oxidation occurs when a substance loses electrons.
3. Galvanic cells use spontaneous redox reactions to generate electricity by separating the half-cell reactions and allowing electrons to flow through an external circuit.
ch15.ppt
1) Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with heat and work. The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of a system equals the heat added to the system minus the work done by the system.
2) The second law of thermodynamics states that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cooler body to a hotter body. All real-world processes are irreversible and cause the entropy of the universe to increase.
3) Heat engines use heat to perform work. The efficiency of heat engines is limited by the temperatures of the hot and cold reservoirs according to the Carnot efficiency formula. Refrigerators and heat pumps operate according to similar principles but use work to transfer
M3_Digestion Interaction with other Organ Systems.pptx
The document discusses the interactions between the digestive, circulatory, respiratory, and excretory systems. The digestive system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream. The circulatory system then transports these nutrients and oxygen from the lungs to all the body's cells. The respiratory system supplies oxygen for cells to metabolize and the excretory system and respiratory system remove waste products from the body and cells. These systems are interdependent as the circulatory system connects them all and allows for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, waste.
chapter31.ppt
This document discusses chemical equilibrium. It begins by explaining that many chemical reactions do not go to completion, but rather reach a state of dynamic equilibrium where the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal. This equilibrium state occurs when the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant over time.
It then introduces the equilibrium constant expression (K), which relates the concentrations or pressures of products and reactants at equilibrium. The value of K is unique to a particular chemical reaction at a given temperature. Examples are provided to demonstrate how K is calculated from experimental equilibrium concentrations. The summary concludes by noting that K can be expressed in terms of either molar concentrations (Kc) or partial pressures (Kp), and the relationship between these two expressions
chapter-14.ppt
1. The document discusses fundamentals of electrochemistry, including redox reactions, galvanic cells, and standard reduction potentials.
2. Key concepts covered include how redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons between oxidizing and reducing agents, and how this electron transfer can be harnessed to produce electric currents in batteries and cells.
3. The Nernst equation is introduced to calculate cell potentials under non-standard conditions when concentrations vary from standard values. This allows electrochemical cells to be used as probes of chemical equilibria.
WHAT MAKES THE earth's interior hot.pptx
The Earth's interior is hot due to two main sources of heat: primordial heat generated during Earth's formation from the condensation of gas and dust particles, and radioactive heat generated by the long-term radioactive decay of uranium, thorium, and other radioactive elements in Earth's core. These heat sources have not dissipated completely, accounting for about 10% of total heat still inside the Earth and causing volcanic eruptions at the surface.
ch12temp.pdf
This document discusses intermolecular forces and the physical properties of liquids and solids. It covers topics such as the different types of intermolecular forces, how these forces determine properties of liquids like viscosity and vapor pressure, crystal structure of solids, and phase changes between the different states of matter. The key points are that intermolecular forces are weaker than ionic or covalent bonds but still significantly impact properties, liquids and solids exist as a result of these intermolecular interactions, and phase changes occur with the addition or removal of heat to overcome these attractive forces.
Chapter-6-Colligative-Properties.ppt
This document discusses several colligative properties of solutions including boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, vapor pressure lowering, and osmotic pressure. It defines key terms like mole fraction, molality, and van't Hoff factor. It explains that in dilute solutions, molality and molarity are nearly equivalent. The document also covers conversions between solution properties, Raoult's law, and how dissociation of solutes is related to the van't Hoff factor and impacts freezing point depression and boiling point elevation.
Concentration of Solutions.pptx
The document provides information on different ways of expressing the concentration of solutions, including percent by mass, mole fraction, molarity, molality, percent by volume, and parts per million (ppm). It discusses an activity where students are asked to mix a substance with water and observe whether the mixture is uniform or non-uniform. Finally, it defines key terms related to solution concentration such as solution, solute, solvent, concentration, solubility, miscible, and immiscible.
Drrr2 - DISASTER IN DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES.pptx
This document discusses different perspectives on disasters: physical, psychological, socio-cultural, and economic. It instructs readers to describe disasters from each perspective, how to deal with the disaster, and provide real-life examples of how disasters impact each perspective. It then provides prompts for a group activity involving discussing disasters from these different angles.
Biomolecules of life.pptx
This document discusses the key biomolecules that make up living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It explains that carbohydrates and lipids are made up of monomers and serve as energy sources, while proteins and nucleic acids are made of monomers and have a variety of functions including building muscles, strengthening the immune system, coding for traits, and catalyzing chemical reactions through enzymes. Enzymes are protein catalysts that speed up reactions and work best under certain pH and temperature conditions.
GROUP QUIZ.pptx
The document contains questions and answers about the electron configurations of various elements including calcium, chlorine, oxygen, bromine, and sodium. Specifically, it provides information on the number of electrons and neutrons in calcium, the electron configurations of chlorine and oxygen written in full and core notation, the number of valence electrons in oxygen and sodium, and the quantum numbers associated with the outer electron configurations of oxygen and sodium.
CHARLE'S LAW.ppt
Charles' Law states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature when pressure is kept constant. It describes the observation that heating a gas causes its particles to move faster, collide with the container walls more frequently and forcefully, thereby increasing the gas's volume. The document provides an example problem demonstrating how to use the mathematical expression of Charles' Law to calculate a new temperature given an initial temperature, volume, and change in volume. It also explains Charles' Law at the molecular level, describing how increased particle speed and more forceful collisions due to higher temperatures cause gases to expand in volume.
BOYLE'S LAW.ppt
Boyle's law and Charles' law are both gas laws that describe the behavior of gases at different temperatures and pressures. Here are the key relationships:
- Boyle's law describes the inverse relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature - as pressure increases, volume decreases and vice versa.
- Charles' law describes the direct relationship between the volume and temperature of a gas at constant pressure - as temperature increases, volume increases and vice versa.
So in summary:
- Boyle's law examines how pressure and volume change at constant temperature.
- Charles' law examines how volume and temperature change at constant pressure.
They are related in that both laws look at how gas properties change when one variable is
M2_Lesson 1_Concept of Motion.pptx
1) The document discusses Aristotelian and Galilean views of motion, including vertical, horizontal, and projectile motion. It provides examples of free fall and projectiles.
2) Key figures discussed are Aristotle, who believed heavier objects fall faster, and Galileo, who argued that falling bodies experience constant acceleration regardless of weight through experiments.
3) The acceleration due to gravity near the Earth's surface is approximately 9.8 m/s2. Motion concepts laid by Aristotle and Galileo helped progress science, despite their opposing views.
M1_Lesson 1_How greeks know that earth is spherical.pptx
The Greeks knew the Earth was spherical based on several observations and arguments:
- Aristotle argued that a sphere is a perfect shape, and that pieces of Earth falling towards the center would form a round shape. He also noted that the Earth's shadow on the Moon in an eclipse is always circular.
- Navigation observations found that ships sailing away seemed to disappear behind the horizon, which wouldn't occur if the Earth was flat.
- Eratosthenes used recorded eclipse data to calculate the circumference of the Earth, providing evidence that it was spherical rather than flat.
Physics 1809 Fall 2012 Heat and Temperature.ppt
This document describes four activities to measure heat transfer and specific heat capacities:
1) Calibrate a temperature probe using ice and warm water baths.
2) Determine the power output of a heating element by measuring temperature changes in heated water.
3) Measure the specific heat of isopropyl alcohol using the calibrated heater power.
4) Determine the specific heat of brass by cooling a disc in liquid nitrogen and monitoring its temperature increase in water.
2 Biological Change.ppt
The document discusses several key topics related to evolution:
1. It describes common descent and provides evidence from DNA, RNA, amino acid sequences, and fossils.
2. It discusses Charles Darwin's contributions including his voyage on the HMS Beagle and publishing On the Origin of Species in 1859 introducing natural selection.
3. It provides examples of adaptations through structures like camouflage and mimicry as well as physiological adaptations in bacteria that provide evidence of evolution.
phy1.ppt
Sound waves are caused by vibrations that create regions of high and low pressure in air molecules. Longitudinal waves propagate through fluids by relying on pressure forces between molecules. The speed of sound depends on the elasticity of the medium - more elastic media allow sound to travel faster. Pitch is perceived as the frequency of a sound wave, while loudness depends on the amplitude. Timbre, which allows distinction between sounds of the same pitch and loudness, is influenced most by the harmonic content or overtones present in the sound waveform.
Thermodynamics - History.ppt
Carnot's idealized steam engine cycle showed that a heat engine cannot convert all heat into work and some heat must be rejected. This led to the second law of thermodynamics. Rudolf Clausius defined entropy as the "transformation content" of a body and introduced the concept that heat cannot spontaneously flow from cold to hot. Ludwig Boltzmann described entropy on a molecular level in terms of molecular kinetic energy. Josiah Willard Gibbs defined available energy, now called Gibbs free energy, as the maximum work obtainable from a system at constant temperature and pressure.
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Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
Evidence of Jet Activity from the Secondary Black Hole in the OJ 287 Binary S...
Wereport the study of a huge optical intraday flare on 2021 November 12 at 2 a.m. UT in the blazar OJ287. In the binary black hole model, it is associated with an impact of the secondary black hole on the accretion disk of the primary. Our multifrequency observing campaign was set up to search for such a signature of the impact based on a prediction made 8 yr earlier. The first I-band results of the flare have already been reported by Kishore et al. (2024). Here we combine these data with our monitoring in the R-band. There is a big change in the R–I spectral index by 1.0 ±0.1 between the normal background and the flare, suggesting a new component of radiation. The polarization variation during the rise of the flare suggests the same. The limits on the source size place it most reasonably in the jet of the secondary BH. We then ask why we have not seen this phenomenon before. We show that OJ287 was never before observed with sufficient sensitivity on the night when the flare should have happened according to the binary model. We also study the probability that this flare is just an oversized example of intraday variability using the Krakow data set of intense monitoring between 2015 and 2023. We find that the occurrence of a flare of this size and rapidity is unlikely. In machine-readable Tables 1 and 2, we give the full orbit-linked historical light curve of OJ287 as well as the dense monitoring sample of Krakow.
Methods of grain storage Structures in India.pdf
•Post-harvestlossesaccountforabout10%oftotalfoodgrainsduetounscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,
•Totalfoodgrainproductioninindiais311milliontonnesandstorageis145mt.InIndia,annualstoragelosseshavebeenestimated14mtworthofRs.7,000croreinwhichinsectsaloneaccountfornearlyRs.1,300crores.
•InIndiaoutofthetotalproduction,about30%ismarketablesurplus
•Remaining70%isretainedandstoredbyfarmersforconsumption,seed,feed.Hence,growerneedstoragefacilitytoholdaportionofproducetosellwhenthemarketingpriceisfavourable
•TradersandCo-operativesatmarketcentresneedstoragestructurestoholdgrainswhenthetransportfacilityisinadequate
fermented food science of sauerkraut.pptx
This ppt contains the production of a fermented food name - sauerkraut
Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
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SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
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The cost of acquiring information by natural selection
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart Agriculture
Sustainable Land Management - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
PPT on Sustainable Land Management presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
Signatures of wave erosion in Titan’s coasts
The shorelines of Titan’s hydrocarbon seas trace flooded erosional landforms such as river valleys; however, it isunclear whether coastal erosion has subsequently altered these shorelines. Spacecraft observations and theo-retical models suggest that wind may cause waves to form on Titan’s seas, potentially driving coastal erosion,but the observational evidence of waves is indirect, and the processes affecting shoreline evolution on Titanremain unknown. No widely accepted framework exists for using shoreline morphology to quantitatively dis-cern coastal erosion mechanisms, even on Earth, where the dominant mechanisms are known. We combinelandscape evolution models with measurements of shoreline shape on Earth to characterize how differentcoastal erosion mechanisms affect shoreline morphology. Applying this framework to Titan, we find that theshorelines of Titan’s seas are most consistent with flooded landscapes that subsequently have been eroded bywaves, rather than a uniform erosional process or no coastal erosion, particularly if wave growth saturates atfetch lengths of tens of kilometers.
Mending Clothing to Support Sustainable Fashion_CIMaR 2024.pdf
Ozturkcan, S., Berndt, A., & Angelakis, A. (2024). Mending clothing to support sustainable fashion. Presented at the 31st Annual Conference by the Consortium for International Marketing Research (CIMaR), 10-13 Jun 2024, University of Gävle, Sweden.
在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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CLASS 12th CHEMISTRY SOLID STATE ppt (Animated)
Description:
Dive into the fascinating realm of solid-state physics with our meticulously crafted online PowerPoint presentation. This immersive educational resource offers a comprehensive exploration of the fundamental concepts, theories, and applications within the realm of solid-state physics.
From crystalline structures to semiconductor devices, this presentation delves into the intricate principles governing the behavior of solids, providing clear explanations and illustrative examples to enhance understanding. Whether you're a student delving into the subject for the first time or a seasoned researcher seeking to deepen your knowledge, our presentation offers valuable insights and in-depth analyses to cater to various levels of expertise.
Key topics covered include:
Crystal Structures: Unravel the mysteries of crystalline arrangements and their significance in determining material properties.
Band Theory: Explore the electronic band structure of solids and understand how it influences their conductive properties.
Semiconductor Physics: Delve into the behavior of semiconductors, including doping, carrier transport, and device applications.
Magnetic Properties: Investigate the magnetic behavior of solids, including ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and ferrimagnetism.
Optical Properties: Examine the interaction of light with solids, including absorption, reflection, and transmission phenomena.
With visually engaging slides, informative content, and interactive elements, our online PowerPoint presentation serves as a valuable resource for students, educators, and enthusiasts alike, facilitating a deeper understanding of the captivating world of solid-state physics. Explore the intricacies of solid-state materials and unlock the secrets behind their remarkable properties with our comprehensive presentation.
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- 1. ATP and ADP
- 2. Nearly all the energy that fuels life comes from the sun. Each day, light energy is captured through photosynthesis and is used to make energy-rich carbohydrates.
- 3. Almost all living things depend on the products of photosynthesis to survive. The energy stored in food molecules is gradually released in a series of chemical reactions called a biochemical pathway.
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