Metabolism and ATP of glucose

1. Unit III
Metabolism and Adeno-Tri-Phosphatase (ATP)

2. Metabolism
• The sum / total amount of the biochemical
reactions involved in maintaining the living
condition of the cells in an organism.
Provides energy for different essential processes
and for producing new organic substances.
Help in growth, reproduction and in maintaining
the structures of living organisms.
• All chemical reactions takes place in the human
body “from digestion to transportation of
substances from cell to cell” require energy.

3. Types
• Catabolism; the process involved in breaking
down larger organic molecules into
smaller molecules, (releases energy).
liberate energy; as glucose is converted to lactic
acid.
• Anabolism; A process mainly involved in building
up or synthesizing compounds from simpler
substances required by the cells.
 need energy input and consume energy.

5. Metabolic Pathway
• A series of reactions which involve both
breaking and making of bio-molecules via
chemical reactions.
• Involve the extraction of energy by breaking
molecules and using this energy to synthesize
the building blocks.
• Metabolic waste: the leftover product of both
catabolism and anabolism.
e.g salts, phosphates, sulfates, urea &
creatinine.

6. Tips :Increase Metabolism
• Eat at least 3 meals in a day.
• Good break fast: boost metabolism & provides
energy to perform the morning work.
• Fiber diet help to burn fat.
• Organic foods boost up metabolism: peaches,
bell peppers, celery, apples, lettuce, grapes.

7. Nutrition and Energy
• The metabolism depend on the nutrients that get
digested to produce energy.
energy necessary to synthesize nucleic acids, proteins
and other bio-molecules in the body.
• Nutrients: substances for the body requirements.
Food provides different substances that are essential
for the bodybuilding and repairing of tissues along
with the proper functioning of the body.
Organic : fats, vitamins, carbohydrates, and proteins.
Inorganic : oxygen, water, and other dietary minerals

8. Energy
• Chemical Energy: the ability to do work needed
by living things (cell) and can not store the
significant amount of the energy.
• Glucose molecules & Adenosine tri-phosphate
(ATP) are sources of the energy among humans.
• Cellular respiration: a chemical process generates
most of ATP (breakdown of glucose in humans).
• ATP: the lowest form of the chemical energy in
organism used to power cell processes.

9. Adenosine Tri-phosphate (ATP)
• the lowest form of the chemical energy in
organism used to power cell processes ("energy
currency" of the cell).
• Structure:nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of a
nitrogenous base (adenine), a ribose sugar, and
three serially bonded phosphate groups.
Provides readily releasable energy in the bond
between the 2nd
& 3rd
phosphate groups.
• The breakdown of ATP through hydrolysis serves a
broad range of cell functions;
signaling and DNA/RNA synthesis.

10. ATP Synthesis
• Utilizes energy (catabolic mechanisms)
via cellular respiration, beta-oxidation/ ketosis (fat
burn).
• Majority of ATP synthesis occurs in cellular
respiration within the mitochondrial matrix:
Generates about 32 ATP molecules per molecule of
glucose (oxidized).
• ATP; consumed for energy in processes ;
 ion transport, muscle contraction, nerve impulse
propagation, substrate phosphorylation, and
chemical synthesis.

11. ATP Structure
• A molecule of adenosine monophosphate (AMP);
Adenine molecule + ribose molecule + single
phosphate group. (requires energy for bonding )
o Ribose: a five-carbon sugar found in RNA,
(AMP is one of the nucleotides in RNA).
o A second phosphate group results ADP.
o Third phosphate group forms ATP.
o ADP and ATP molecules inherently unstable.
• Phosphate groups are negatively charged, thus,
repel one another (when arranged in a series).

12. ATP : Structure
ADP+Pi+free energy→ATP+H2O(phosphorylation)
• 1 adenine: purine base (2 carbon nitrogen ring)
• 1 ribose: A 5-carbon simple sugar
• 3 phosphate molecules: Majority of the ATP's
energy is also stored within its phosphate-
phosphate bond.
• Dephosphorylation: Release of one or two
phosphate groups from ATP (releases energy.)

13. Energy from ATP
• Hydrolysis; water splits / lysed, results (H+
) atom & a
hydroxyl group (OH–
) are added to the larger molecule.
• Produces ADP, together with Pi & release of free energy.
• To carry out life processes, ATP broken down into ADP.
• ADP : continuously regenerated into ATP via reattachment
of a third phosphate group.
• Water, which was broken down into its hydrogen atom and
hydroxyl group during ATP hydrolysis, regenerated when a
third phosphate is added to the ADP molecule( ATP).
• ATP is a direct link b/w limited set of exergonic pathways of
glucose catabolism & the multitude of endergonic
pathways that power living cells.

14. Phosphorylation (addition of phosphoral group)
• ATP: broken down by the removal of terminal phosphate
group ( energy released).
• Often the released phosphate is directly transferred to
another molecule, such as a protein, activating it.
e.g ATP supplies the energy to move the contractile muscle
proteins during the mechanical work of muscle
contraction.
• Phosphorylation by ATP alters the structure of the
integral protein that functions as the pump, changing its
affinity for sodium and potassium.
the cell performs work, using energy from ATP to pump
ions against their electrochemical gradients.

15. Energy from ATP hydrolysis
• The energy from ATP can be used to drive chemical
reactions by coupling ATP hydrolysis with another
reaction process in an enzyme. ATP+H2O→ADP+P
• During an endergonic chemical reaction, ATP forms an
intermediate complex with the substrate and enzyme
in the reaction.
That allows the ATP to transfer its third phosphate
group, with its energy, to the substrate
(phosphorylation).
• The ADP molecule and a free phosphate ion are
released into the medium and are available for
recycling through cell metabolism.

16. Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)
• Adenosine: the when adenine is combined with a
simple sugar (ribose or deoxyribose).
• Adenine is a purine (hydrogen & Nitrogen) base,
while adenosine is a nucleoside (base bound to a
sugar).
• Di means "two," and phosphate.
• A charged ion that contains the mineral
phosphate.
• AMP + Pi = ADP

17. Cellular Respiration
• A aerobic process; the cells break down glucose & make ATP
for energy.
 to break down and build up molecules and to transport many
molecules across plasma membranes.
• The body cells extract energy from the bonds of glucose and
other food molecules via cellular respiration (metabolism
glucose).
• Similar to burning, doesn’t produce light or intense heat.
• Releases the energy in glucose slowly (many small steps).
• Stages; Glycolysis, pyruvate (pyruvic acid) & Krebs cycle.
• Cells store the extracted energy in the form of ATP
(adenosine triphosphate).
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy

18. Steps
• Glycolysis: does not use oxygen and occurs in the
cytosol of the cell, a small amount of ATP is extracted
from the chemical bonds in a molecule of glucose.
One molecule of glucose is broken down into two
molecules of pyruvate during glycolysis.
• Pyruvate oxidation: An intermediary step , the pyruvate
dehydrogenase complex takes pyruvate and oxidizes ,
producing a small amount of ATP, NADH, and carbon
dioxide waste.
Coenzymes like NADH and FADH2 , used to produce ATP.
 The pyruvate becomes acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA)
molecules.

19. • the Krebs cycle / Citric acid cycle/ . tricyclic acid cycle : an
aerobic process, takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, a
small amount of ATP, NADH (Nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide Hygrogen), FADH2 (flavin adenine
dinucleotide Hydrogen), and carbon dioxide waste is produced
from acetyl-CoA.
• Oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain: (ETC
= electron transport chain), occurs in the inner mitochondrial
membrane.
 NADH/FADH2 molecules from earlier steps are shunted into
the ETC, where undergo a series of redox reactions.
 The final electron acceptor in this redox chain is a molecule of
oxygen.
 Oxidative phosphorylation:an oxygen requiring process where
ATP is produced by phosphorylating ADP into ATP in the ETC..

21. ADP (Function)
• A component of DNA.
• Plays an essential role in providing energy for muscle
contraction, firing neurons (nerve cells), and intracellular
signaling. (When used as an intermediate for ATP)
• Enhances blood clotting and wound healing when a blood
vessel is punctured.
• At the time of injury, ADP is released from platelets and used
to promote the clotting cascade.
(stored in platelet-rich granules.)
• Stores & releases energy for essential biochemical reactions.
• ATP: also regenerated through the use of ADP in
cellular respiration.

22. 22
Reference and Reading
1. Jacob A. (2004). Biochemistry for Nurses, 2nd
ed. New-Delhi: Jaypee Brothers.
2. Chatterjea MN. (2012) Textbook of
Biochemistry, 8th
ed, New Delhi : jaypee.
3. Sackhiem, G. I. (1994).In Chemistry for the
health science, 7th ed , New York: Macmillan.
4. ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate (https:/ ATP-
_Adenosine_Triphosphate bio.libretexts.org
cited on 9.8.2023) .

23. 23