Attentrol (Atomoxetine Hydrochloride Capsules) is a medicine that is prescribed for treating children, adolescents and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
They are specific 5-HT and various degrees NE reuptake inhibition.
Venlafaxine, at lower doses (75–100 mg/day) acts as SSRI. As the dose increases it inhibit NE reuptake (& 2ry ↓ DA reuptake in prefrontal cortex, which lacks DAT→ ↑ DA).
They are specific 5-HT and various degrees NE reuptake inhibition.
Venlafaxine, at lower doses (75–100 mg/day) acts as SSRI. As the dose increases it inhibit NE reuptake (& 2ry ↓ DA reuptake in prefrontal cortex, which lacks DAT→ ↑ DA).
ANTIDEPRESSANTS: All you need to know...by RxVichu! :)RxVichuZ
This is my 50th powerpoint.......
Deals with Important tips while using ANTIDEPRESSANTS, their special precautions, ADRs and differential mechanisms.
Will be worthwhile for a precise insight!!
Thanking all viewers who have supported me all my ways to reach this 50th milestone!!
Regards,
Vishnu. :)
Please find the power point on Choice of Antiepileptic drugs. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Classification
Diagnosis
Treatment
Anti Seizure Drugs Prices in Jordan
Two Medical cases
New drug approvals
Introduction to Pharmacology of Anti-depressants
Classification, Ideal characteristics, Mechanism of action, Pharmacokinetic profile, Indications, Adverse effects, Drug interactions, Contra indications, Current trends, Conclusion
Presented by
G. Sai Swetha
Department of Pharmacology
ANTIDEPRESSANTS: All you need to know...by RxVichu! :)RxVichuZ
This is my 50th powerpoint.......
Deals with Important tips while using ANTIDEPRESSANTS, their special precautions, ADRs and differential mechanisms.
Will be worthwhile for a precise insight!!
Thanking all viewers who have supported me all my ways to reach this 50th milestone!!
Regards,
Vishnu. :)
Please find the power point on Choice of Antiepileptic drugs. I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathophysiology
Classification
Diagnosis
Treatment
Anti Seizure Drugs Prices in Jordan
Two Medical cases
New drug approvals
Introduction to Pharmacology of Anti-depressants
Classification, Ideal characteristics, Mechanism of action, Pharmacokinetic profile, Indications, Adverse effects, Drug interactions, Contra indications, Current trends, Conclusion
Presented by
G. Sai Swetha
Department of Pharmacology
Atomoxetine Capsules USP Taj Pharma SmPCTajPharmaQC
Atomoxetine Capsules USP 10mg/18mg/25mg/40mg/60mg/80mg/100mg Taj Pharma: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Atomoxetine Dosage & Rx Info | Atomoxetine Uses, Side Effects Atomoxetine: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Atomoxetine -Drug Information –Taj Pharma, Atomoxetine dose Taj pharmaceuticals Atomoxetine interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Atomoxetine contraindications, Atomoxetine price, Atomoxetine Taj Pharma Atomoxetine SmPC-Taj Pharma Stay connected to all updated on Atomoxetine Taj Pharmaceuticals Mumbai. Patient Information Leaflets, SmPC.
Atarax (Generic Hydroxyzine Hydrochloride Tablets) is used to assist in the management of anxiety and tension states in adults, psychomotor agitation and acute stress situations such as, for example, those accompanying minor surgical procedures or allergic states.
Atarax tablets are also used in the management of pruritus due to allergic conditions such as chronic urticaria and atopic and contact dermatitis, and in histamine-mediated pruritus.
Emeset (Generic Ondansetron Hydrochloride Tablets) is used for the management of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and for the prevention and treatment of post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV).
Sulpitac Tablets (Generic Amisulpride Tablets) are used for the treatment of acute and chronic schizophrenic disorders, which is a condition that affects the way you think, feel and/or act.
Schizophrenia is an illness that can make you feel, see or hear things which do not exist, have strange and frightening thoughts, change how you act and make you feel alone. Sometimes people with these symptoms may also feel tense, anxious or depressed. Amisulpride works by improving disturbed thoughts, feelings and behaviour.
Ciplar-LA (Propranolol Hydrochloride Long Acting Tablets)Clearsky Pharmacy
Ciplar-LA (Propranolol HCl Long Acting Tablets) is a beta blocker used to treat high blood pressure, irregular heartbeats, shaking (tremors), and other conditions as determined by your doctor. This medicine is used after a heart attack to improve survival. It is also used to prevent migraine headaches and chest pain (angina). Lowering high blood pressure helps prevent strokes, heart attacks, and kidney problems. Preventing chest pain can help improve the ability to exercise.
Generic Pamelor (Primox Tablets / Sensival Tablets) is used for the relief of symptoms of depression.
Nortriptyline Hydrochloride is also used for the treatment of nicotine dependence as an aid to smoking cessation.
Atorlip (Generic Atorvastatin Calcium) Atorvastatin is used to lower lipids known as cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood when a low fat diet and life style changes on their own have failed.
Atorlip is also prescribed to patients who are at an increased risk of heart disease, to reduce such risk even if their cholesterol levels are normal.
Aceclofenac 100mg Tablets Taj Pharma SmPC PILTajPharmaQC
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Atarax (Hydroxyzine Hydrochloride Tablets) is used in adults and children to reduce itching caused by urticaria (nettle rash) and dermatitis (eczema). Atarax is also used to treat anxiety and tension as in the preparation for dental procedures and in acute emotional problems in adults. This medicine is also used as adjunctive therapy in alcoholism and allergic conditions with strong emotional overlay, such as in asthma.
Acetylcysteine Injection USP Taj Pharma PILTajPharmaQC
Acetylcysteine Injection USP 400mg/2ml, 1g/5ml, 6g/30ml Taj Pharma: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Acetylcysteine Dosage & Rx Info | Acetylcysteine Uses, Side Effects Acetylcysteine: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Acetylcysteine -Drug Information –Taj Pharma, Acetylcysteine dose Taj pharmaceuticals Acetylcysteine interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Acetylcysteine contraindications, Acetylcysteine price, Acetylcysteine Taj Pharma Acetylcysteine SmPC-Taj Pharma Stay connected to all updated on Acetylcysteine Taj Pharmaceuticals Mumbai. Patient Information Leaflets, SmPC.
Tryptomer (Generic Amitriptyline Hydrochloride Tablets) is used for the relief of symptoms of depression. Endogenous depression is more likely to be alleviated than are other depressive states. Tryptomer, because of its sedative action, is also of value in alleviating the anxiety component of depression.
Escitalopram Tablets 5mg/10mg/20mg Taj Pharma: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Pictures, Warnings, Escitalopram Dosage & Rx Info | Escitalopram Uses, Side Effects Vecuronium bromide: Indications, Side Effects, Warnings, Escitalopram-Drug Information –Taj Pharma, Escitalopram dose Taj pharmaceuticals Escitalopram interactions, Taj Pharmaceutical Escitalopram contraindications, Escitalopram price, Escitalopram Taj Pharma Escitalopram SmPC-Taj Pharma Stay connected to all updated on Escitalopram Taj Pharmaceuticals Mumbai. Patient Information Leaflets, SmPC.
Aldactone (Spironolactone Tablets) is used to treat fluid retention (edema) caused by various conditions, including heart disease, cirrhosis of the liver and nephrotic syndrome; High blood pressure; Hyperaldosteronism ( a condition in which the body produces too much aldoterone, a naturally occurring hormone) and low potassium levels in the blood (hypokalemia).
Kenacort Oral ( Triamcinolone Acetonide tablets) is used to treat many different conditions such as allergic disorders, skin conditions, ulcerative colitis, arthritis, lupus, psoriasis, or breathing disorders.
Vyfat (Generic Orlistat Capsules) is used along with a mildly hypocaloric diet for the treatment of obese patients with a body mass index (BMI) greater or equal to 30 kg/m, or overweight patients (BMI greater or equal to 28 kg/m) with associated risk factors. Treatment with Vyfat capsules should be stopped after 12 weeks if patients have been unable to lose at least 5 % of the body weight as measured at the start of therapy.
Metolar-XR (Generic Metoprolol Succinate Capsules) is used to treat high blood pressure, long term treatment of chest pain due to poor blood flow to the heart (angina pectoris), and a number of conditions involving an abnormally fast heart rate. Metolar-XR capsules are also used to prevent further heart problems after myocardial infarction and to prevent headaches in patients with migraines.
Similar to Atomoxetine Hydrochloride Capsules (Attentrol) (20)
Divaine Tablets by Cipla (Generic Minocycline Hydrochloride Tablets)Clearsky Pharmacy
Divaine (Generic Minocycline Hydrochloride Tablets) is used to treat the following infections due to susceptible microorganisms: acne, gonorrhoea, non-gonococcal urethritis, syphilis, prostatitis, acute and chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, lung abscess, pneumonia, ear, nose and throat infections, urinary tract infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, skin and soft tissue infections, ophthalmological infections, nocardiosis, prophylactic treatment of asymptomatic meningococcal carriers, pre- and post-operative prophylaxis of infection, trachoma, and inclusion conjunctivitis.
Ciplactin Tablets by Cipla (Generic Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride Tablets)Clearsky Pharmacy
Ciplactin (Generic Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride Tablets) are used as a therapy for Perennial and seasonal allergic rhinitis, Vasomotor rhinitis, Allergic conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, Mild, uncomplicated allergic skin manifestations of urticaria and angio-oedema, Amelioration of allergic reactions to blood or plasma, Cold urticaria and Dermatographism.
Ciplactin is also used as a therapy for anaphylactic reactions adjunctive to Epinephrine and other standard measures after the acute manifestations have been controlled.
Ciplactin tablets are also used to stimulate the appetite and may lead to weight gain, which is helpful for underweight people who wish to gain weight.
Asthalin Tablets by Cipla (Generic Albuterol Sulphate Tablets)Clearsky Pharmacy
Asthalin Tablets (Generic Albuterol Sulphate Tablets) belongs to the group of medicines known as short acting beta2-adrenergic agonist. Asthalin tablets (Salbutamol Sulphate tablets) are used for the treatment of bronchospasm in asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema and other conditions associated with airways obstruction, for prevention of asthma attack triggered by allergic exposure or exercise and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Albuterol belongs to the family of medicines known as adrenergic bronchodilators. Adrenergic bronchodilators are medicines that open up the bronchial tubes (air passages) in the lungs, thus making breathing easier. They relieve cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, and troubled breathing by increasing the flow of air through the bronchial tubes.
Clopivas Tablets by Cipla (Generic Clopidogrel Bisulfate Tablets)Clearsky Pharmacy
Clopivas (Generic Clopidogrel Bisulfate Tablets) is a platelet inhibitor and prevent blood clots in coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease. It used to treat patients with Acute coronary syndrome (unstable angina (UA)/non-ST-segment elevation ACS (NSTEMI)& ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) ), recent myocardial infarction (MI), recent stroke, or established peripheral arterial disease.
Aromex Tablets by Alpha Pharma (Generic Exemestane Tablets)Clearsky Pharmacy
Aromex (Generic Exemestane Tablets) is used to treat hormone dependent early breast cancer in postmenopausal women after they have completed 2 to 3 years of treatment with the medicine Tamoxifen.
Ciplox Tablets by Cipla (Generic Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride Tablets)Clearsky Pharmacy
Ciplox (Generic Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride Tablets) is a broad spectrum Fluoroquinolone antibacterial indicated in adults 18 years of age or more with the following infections caused by designated, susceptible bacteria and in pediatric patients where indicated: Skin and Skin Structure Infections, Bone and Joint Infections, Complicated Intra-Abdominal Infections, Infectious Diarrhea, Typhoid Fever (Enteric Fever), Uncomplicated Cervical and Urethral Gonorrhea, Inhalational Anthrax post-exposure in adult and pediatric patients, Plague in adult and pediatric patients, Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis, Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Bronchitis, Urinary Tract Infections, Urinary Tract Infections
(UTI), Acute Uncomplicated Cystitis, Complicated UTI and Pyelonephritis in Pediatric Patients and Acute Sinusitis.
Primox Tablets by Sun (Generic Nortriptyline Hydrochloride Tablets)Clearsky Pharmacy
Primox (Generic Nortriptyline Hydrochloride Tablets) is used for the relief of symptoms of depression. It may also be used for the treatment of some cases of nocturnal enuresis. It may help improve mood and feelings of well-being, relieve anxiety and tension, and increase your energy level. This medication belongs to a class of medications called tricyclic antidepressants. It works by affecting the balance of certain natural chemicals in the brain.
TGR (Generic Fenofibrate Tablets) is a peroxisome proliferator receptor alpha (PPARa) activator which is used as adjunctive therapy to diet to lower the amount of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (Total-C), Triglycerides and apolipoprotein B (Apo B), and to increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in adult patients with primary hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia.
TGR tablets are also used as adjunctive therapy to diet for treatment of adult patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia.
Budecort Rotacaps by Cipla (Generic Budesonide Inhalation Powder)Clearsky Pharmacy
Budecort Rotacaps (Generic Budesonide Inhalation Powder) are used for the maintenance treatment of asthma as prophylactic therapy in adult and pediatric patients five years of age or older. It is also used for patients requiring oral corticosteroid therapy for asthma. Many of those patients may be able to reduce or eliminate their requirement for oral corticosteroids over time.
Budecort Rotacaps are not used for the relief of acute bronchospasm.
Asthalin Inhaler by Cipla (Generic Albuterol Sulfate Inhaler)Clearsky Pharmacy
Asthalin Inhaler (Generic Albuterol Sulfate Inhaler) is a beta2-adrenergic agonist used for the treatment or prevention of bronchospasm in patients 4 years of age and older with reversible obstructive airway disease. It is also used for the prevention of exercise-induced bronchospasm in patients 4 years of age and older.
Letromina Tablets by Alpha-pharma (Generic Letrozole Tablets)Clearsky Pharmacy
Letromina Tablets (Generic Letrozole Tablets) are used for the adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women with hormone receptor positive early breast cancer. Letromina is used for the extended adjuvant treatment of early breast cancer in postmenopausal women who have received 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen therapy. This medicine is also indicated for first-line treatment of postmenopausal women with hormone receptor positive or hormone receptor unknown locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.
Letromina (Generic Letrozole) is also used for the treatment of advanced breast cancer in postmenopausal women with disease progression following antiestrogen therapy.
Letrozole (Letromina Tablets ) has also been used off-label for more than 15 years to treat infertility in women with PCOS.
Kenacort Injection by Abbott(Generic Triamcinolone Acetonide Injectable Suspe...Clearsky Pharmacy
Kenacort Injection (Generic Triamcinolone Acetonide Injectable Suspension), a corticosteroid hormone (glucocorticoid), is used to treat variety of conditions such as allergic disorders, arthritis, blood diseases, breathing problems, certain cancers, eye diseases, intestinal problems, collagen and skin diseases.
Discuss with your doctor about the risks and benefits of Triamcinolone, especially if it is to be injected near your spine (epidural). Rare but serious side effects may occur with epidural use.
Astralean (Generic Clenbuterol Hydrochloride Tablets) is used to treat breathing disorders as a decongestant and bronchodilator. People with chronic breathing disorders such as asthma use this as a bronchodilator in order to make breathing easier.
Betnovate Cream (Generic Betamethasone Valerate Cream) belongs to a group of medicines known as corticosteroids, and is used to treat various inflammatory skin conditions, including eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis, insect bites and prickly heat.
Betamethasone Valerate Cream works by reducing the inflammation in the affected area to reduce the redness, swelling and itchiness of the skin.
Lan capsules (Generic Lansoprazole capsules) is an effective medication which inhibits the stomach's production of acid. It is used for the Treatment of duodenal and gastric ulcer, Treatment of reflux oesophagitis, Prophylaxis of reflux oesophagitis, Eradication of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) concurrently given with appropriate antibiotic therapy for treatment of H.pylori-associated ulcers, Treatment of NSAID-associated benign gastric and duodenal ulcers in patients requiring continued NSAID treatment, Prophylaxis of NSAID-associated gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers in patients at risk requiring continued therapy, Symptomatic Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) and Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome.
Ovral-L Tablets (Generic Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol Tablets)Clearsky Pharmacy
Ovral-L Tablets (Generic Levonorgestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol Tablets) is a combination hormone medicine which is indicated for use by females of reproductive potential for prevention of pregnancy. It works by stopping a woman's egg from fully developing each month. The egg can no longer accept a sperm and fertilization (pregnancy) is prevented. It is also used for the treatment of moderate acne vulgaris in women more than 14 years of age who, have no known contraindications to oral contraceptive therapy, desire contraception, and have achieved menarche.
Budecort Inhaler (Generic Budesonide Inhaler) is used for the maintenance treatment of asthma as prophylactic therapy in adult and pediatric patients. It is also indicated for patients requiring oral corticosteroid therapy for asthma. Many of those patients may be able to reduce or eliminate their requirement for oral corticosteroids over time.
Budecort Inhaler is not indicated for the relief of acute bronchospasm.
Rostar (Generic Rosuvastatin Calcium Tablets) is an HMG Co-A reductase inhibitor used to treat patients with hypertriglyceridemia as an adjunct to diet, patients with primary dysbetalipoproteinemia (Type III hyperlipoproteinemia) as an along with a suitable diet and patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) to reduce LDL-C, total-C, and ApoB.
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Symptoms and TreatmentsClearsky Pharmacy
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) or clinical depression, is a mood disorder that causes a persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. In case you feel depressed, make an appointment to see your doctor or mental health professional as soon as you can.
Major depressive disorder is a medical condition with treatment available. Treatments include Talk therapy, Cognitive behavioural therapy, Interpersonal psychotherapy, Solution-focused therapy, Reducing stress as well as medications.
Valclovir Tablets (Generic Valacyclovir Hydrochloride 500 mg and 1000 mg Tablets) belongs to a group of medications called antivirals. Valclovir can be used to: treat shingles (in adults), treat HSV infections of the skin and genital herpes (in adults and adolescents over 12 years old). It is also used to help prevent these infections from returning. Generic Valacyclovir tablets is also used to treat cold sores (in adults and adolescents over 12 years old), prevent infection with CMV after organ transplants (in adults and adolescents over 12 years old) and treat and prevent HSV infections of the eye that continue to come back (in adults and adolescents over 12 years old). This medicine works by killing or stopping the growth of viruses called herpes simplex (HSV), varicella zoster (VZV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV).
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.