This document discusses atherosclerosis and plaque buildup in arteries. It begins with definitions of atherosclerosis and plaque, describing how plaque is made up of substances like fat, cholesterol, and calcium that build up in the arteries over time and restrict blood flow. The document then covers the pathophysiology and risk factors for atherosclerosis development, as well as signs, diagnosis, and treatment options. It emphasizes the importance of prevention through diet, exercise, smoking cessation, and weight control to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and associated heart conditions.

1. -: PRESENTED BY :-
ASSISTANT PROF. NATHANI ZEESHAN
MUNAF
Dept. Of pharmacology
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PROF. RAVINDRA NIKAM COLLEGE OF
PHARMACY
Morane – Gondur By-Pass Road, Near Punam
Petrol Pump, Gondur, Tal. dist. Dhule- 424001

2. CONTENTS
 WHAT IS ATHEROSCLEROSIS
 WHAT IS PLAQUE
 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS
 SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
 DIAGNOSIS
 TREATMENT
 PREVENTION
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 DEATH RATE

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8. Atherosclerosis is a disease in
which plaque builds up inside human
arteries. Arteries are blood vessels
that carry oxygen-rich blood to heart
and other parts of human body.
Atherosclerosis can lead to
serious problems, including heart
attack, stroke, or even death.
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12. Plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol,
calcium, and other substances found
in the blood. Over time, plaque
hardens and narrows your arteries.
This limits the flow of oxygen-rich
blood to your organs and other parts
of your body.
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About one-third or one-fourth of all
cholesterol is high-density lipoprotein
cholesterol. High levels of HDL,
nicknamed "good" cholesterol,
decrease the risk of atherosclerosis.
<5 low risk, >8 High Risk.

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Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is
the primary cholesterol molecule.
High levels of LDL, nicknamed "bad"
cholesterol, increase the risk of
atherosclerosis.
< 130 mg/dl Low Risk.
>160 mg/dl High Risk.

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A fat that comes from food or is made
from other energy sources in the
body. Elevated triglyceride levels
contribute to the development of
atherosclerosis.
Up to 150 mg/dl.

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20. INSUDATION HYPOTHESIS :-
Put forth by Virchow in 1852 stating
that Atherosclerosis is a form of cellular
proliferation of the intimal cells resulting
from increased imbibing of lipids from
the blood. Earlier known as “lipid theory”
is now called “response to injury
hypothesis” and is the most widely
accepted theory.
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21. ENCRUSTATION HYPOTHESIS :-
Put forth by Rokitansky in 1852
stating that atheroma represented a form
of encrustation on the arterial wall from
the components in the blood forming
thrombi composed of platelets, fibrin and
leucocytes, and was earlier named as
“thrombogenic theory”.
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23. • Original theory put forth in 1973 modified
in 1993.
• Original Theory : Initial event in
atherogenesis is endothelial injury followed by
smooth muscle cell proliferation. As per this
theory early lesions mainly consist of smooth
cells.
• Modified theory describes lipoprotein entry
into the intima as the initial event followed by
lipid accumulation in the macrophages (now
foam cells) which according to modified theory
are the dominant cells in early lesions.
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24. ATHEROSCLEROSIS
(PLAQUE FORM)
PLATELET
ADHESION
SMOOTH
MUSCLE CELL
RECRUITMEN
T AND ECM
PFODITION
LIPID
ACCUMULATION
BOTH EXTRA
CELLULARLY AND
WITHIN CELL
ENDOTHELIAL
INJURY
ACCUMULATION
OF LIPOPROTEIN
(MAINLY LDL)
MONOCYTE
ADHESION TO
THE
ENDOTHELIUM
MONONCYTE
S INTO
MACROPHAG
ES AND
FOAM CELL
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28. • CORONARY ARTERIES (DISEASES)
• PERIPHERAL ARTERIES (DISEASES)
• RENAL ARTERIES (DISEASES)
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30. • PHYSICAL EXAMINATION.
• DIAGNOSTIC TEST.
• BLOOD TEST.
• E.C.G.
• C.T. SCAN.
• STRESS TESTING.
• ANGIOGRAPHY.
• OTHER TESTS.
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Bevyxxa (betrixaban);
Portola Pharmaceuticals; For the
prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism,
Approved June 2017
FDA APPROVED DRUG

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• TURMERIC.
• GARLIC.
• GINGER.
• CAYENNE PEPPER.
• LEMON.
• CINNAMON.
• GROUND FLAXSEED.
• FERMENTED CABBAGE.
• SESAME SEED.
• POMEGRANATE JUICE.
DIET FOR PREVENTION

35. • HEART HEALTHY DIET.
• PHYSICAL ACTIVITY.
• CARDIAC EXERCISE.
• QUIT SMOKING.
• WEIGHT CONTROL.
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PREVENTIVE ACTIVITIES

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