Atherosclerosis is the hardening and thickening of arteries due to plaque buildup within the arterial wall. It is caused by an inflammatory response to injury and risk factors such as high cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes. The pathogenesis involves monocytes migrating into the damaged artery and oxidized LDL cholesterol building up in macrophages to form foam cells, which accumulate to create fatty streaks and fibrous plaques that can restrict blood flow. Diagnosis relies on physical exams, imaging tests, and blood tests. Treatment focuses on modifying risk factors through lifestyle changes and medications to lower cholesterol and blood pressure. Current research is exploring new biomarkers for detection and treatments to improve vascular function and reduce cardiovascular events.
Atherosclerosis Definition and major and minor risk factors which will cause , and Treatment methods both surgical and pharmaceutical along with the medicine's pharmaco kinetic and dynamic properties with clinical uses , unwanted effects with simple and useful diagrams to understand better and easily.angioplasty ,bypass surgery and Stent are the surgical methods additionally explained in this presentation which are the surgical treatment methods for Atherosclerosis. classification of atherosclerosis is also explained.
Atherosclerosis - Definition - Risk Factors - Lesser and Non Quantitated risk factors - Arterial wall - The development of Atherosclerosis - Many Features of the injury Hypothesis - The process of Atherogenesis - Pathogenesis in short - Morphology of Atheroma - Components of Atheromatous Plaque (MP) - Complications and clinical significance - Cardiovascular risk and its assessment.
Atherosclerosis Definition and major and minor risk factors which will cause , and Treatment methods both surgical and pharmaceutical along with the medicine's pharmaco kinetic and dynamic properties with clinical uses , unwanted effects with simple and useful diagrams to understand better and easily.angioplasty ,bypass surgery and Stent are the surgical methods additionally explained in this presentation which are the surgical treatment methods for Atherosclerosis. classification of atherosclerosis is also explained.
Atherosclerosis - Definition - Risk Factors - Lesser and Non Quantitated risk factors - Arterial wall - The development of Atherosclerosis - Many Features of the injury Hypothesis - The process of Atherogenesis - Pathogenesis in short - Morphology of Atheroma - Components of Atheromatous Plaque (MP) - Complications and clinical significance - Cardiovascular risk and its assessment.
Angina also known as angina pectoris is a medical condition characterized by chest pain usually left sided due to inadequate blood supply (ischemia) to the heart muscles due to obstruction (like presence of blood clot), narrowing or contraction (vasospasm) of the supplying coronary arteries.
Arteriosclerosis is the most common disease of the arteries; the term means “hardening of the arteries”.
It is the diffuse process whereby the muscle fibers and the endothelial lining of the walls of small arteries and arterioles become thickened.
Angina also known as angina pectoris is a medical condition characterized by chest pain usually left sided due to inadequate blood supply (ischemia) to the heart muscles due to obstruction (like presence of blood clot), narrowing or contraction (vasospasm) of the supplying coronary arteries.
Arteriosclerosis is the most common disease of the arteries; the term means “hardening of the arteries”.
It is the diffuse process whereby the muscle fibers and the endothelial lining of the walls of small arteries and arterioles become thickened.
Coronary Atherosclerosis OR Coronary artery disease (CAD).pptxJITENDRAKUMARDAS15
Coronary atherosclerosis /CAD is characterized by accumulation of fatty deposits along the inner most layer of the coronary arteries.
The topic coronary atherosclerosis is summarized by introduction, definition, etiology, risk factors, clinical manifestation, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, complications, preventions, management, nursing diagnosis.
change in life style is not a bad thing but it tolerate up to a certain level ; later it ultimately effects our body only.so be carefull on your health.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
3. Introduction
• It is the hardening and thickening of arterial wall primarilly intima of muscular
arteries characterized by presence of plague or atheromas .
Atherosclerosis = athero+ sclerosis
Athero= Porridge ( lipid rich material )
sclerosis = scarring ( referring to connective tissue in the plaques)
• Most commonly affected arteries by atherosclerosis include large and medium
sized arteries like aorta, coronary artery and cerebral arteries.
• Major Complication is ischemia .
• Minor complication is peripheral vascular disease like , ischaemic encephalopathy
7/27/2019
3
4. Risk Factors
• Hyperlipidemia – LDL , HDL
• Cigarette smoking – Nicotine , aceolein , free radicle
• Hypertension – excessive prressure on the wall of blood vessel
• Diabetes mellitus – loss of ability to repaire damage cell wall
• A stressful lifestyle- Due to increase WBC’S
7/27/2019
4
5. • Obesity
• Infections (C. pneumoniae, Herpes virus, CMV)
• Homocystinuria – Disorder of methionine metabolism
• Role of Alcohol – Due to generation of free radicles
• Constitutional risk factor – 1-Age
2- Sex
3-Genetic Factor
4-Familial and racial factors
7/27/2019
5
6. ETIOLOGY -
Atherosclerosis starts with damage or injury to the inner layer of an artery. The damage
may be caused by
• High blood pressure
• High cholesterol
• An irritant, such as nicotine
• Certain diseases, such as diabetes
7/27/2019
6
7. Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis
• Initial triggering event in the development of Atherosclerosis is atherosclrotic
lesions.
7/27/2019
7
Migration and
attachment of
monocytes
LDL and cholesterol
transported toward
lession
Generation of free
radicle by Monocytes
& oxidised LDL
Oxidised LDL taken up by
microphages known as
Foam cell
Accumulation of lipid
known as atheroma
Subendothelial
collection of Foam cell
and T-cell known as
fatty streaks
Activated microphages
release cytokines PDGF
diposition of connective
tissue
Inflamatory and
fibroproliferative
responce
9. • The lesions associated with atherosclerosis are of three types:
1. The fatty streak
2. The fibrous atheromatous plaque
3. Complicated lesion
• The latter two are responsible for the clinically significant manifestations of the
disease.
1. The fatty streak
• Fatty streaks are thin, flat yellow intimal discolorations that progressively enlarge by
becoming thicker and slightly elevated as they grow in length.
• They consist of macrophages and smooth muscle cells that have become distended
with lipid to form foam cells.
• These occurs regardless of geographic setting, gender, or race.
• They increase in number until about age 20 years, and then they remain static or
regress.
• There is controversy about whether fatty streaks, in and of themselves, are precursors
of atherosclerotic lesions.
7/27/2019
9
10. 2- Fibrous Atheromatous
• The fibrous atheromatous plaque is the basic lesion of clinical atherosclerosis.
• It is characterized by the accumulation of intracellular and extracellular lipids,
proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and formation of scar tissue.
• The lesions begin as a elevated thickening of the vessel intima with a core of
extracellular lipid covered by a fibrous cap of connective tissue and smooth
muscle.
7/27/2019
10
Fatty streak Fibrous Atheromatous
12. DAIGNOSIS
Doctors may find signs of narrowed, enlarged or hardened arteries during a
physical exam. These include:
• A weak or absent pulse below the narrowed area of the artery.
• Decreased blood pressure in an affected limb .
• Whooshing sounds (bruits) over the arteries, heard with a stethoscope .
• Evidence of poor wound healing in the area where blood flow is restricted .
Depending on the results of the physical exam, doctors may suggest one or more
diagnostic tests, as follows- 7/27/2019
12
13. Blood tests
• Doppler ultrasound –
- Uses a special ultrasound device
- measure blood pressure at various points along arm or leg.
- These measure degree of any blockages
• Ankle-brachial index.
Doctor may compare the blood pressure in ankle with the blood
pressure in the arm. This is known as the ankle-brachial index.
Electrocardiogram (ECG).
An electrocardiogram records electrical signals as they travel through your
heart. It reveal evidence of a previous heart attack .
• Angiogram.
To better view blood flow through heart, brain, arms or legs, doctor may inject
a special contrast dye into your arteries before an Xray. This is known as an
angiogram. The dye outlines narrow spots and blockages on the X-ray images.
7/27/2019
13
15. HMG-COA reductace inhibitor -
• Statins act by competitively inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase, the rate-
limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway .
• Inhibit intrcellular cholesterol synthesis .
• Increase cholesterol clearance via increase in LDL-C receptar .
7/27/2019
15
Lovastatine
Statins compose of hexahydronaphthalene ring two appendages
methylbutarate ester and hydroxy acid .
simvastatine
16. Pravastatin are more hydrophilic than lovastatin and simvastatine bacuse of presense polar
hydroxy group .
CHOLESTYRAMINE
It is a bile acid sequestrant, prevent its reabsorption.
It is a strong ion exchange resin, means it can exchange chloride ion with bile acide.
It is the copolymer of styrene and divinylbenzene with trimethyl benzyl ammonium group
7/27/2019
16
Pravastatine
cholestyramine
17. Lipoprotine lipase activators
Fibrates activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) mediates
fibrate action on HDL cholesterol levels via transcriptional induction of synthesis of
the major HDL .
The fibrates are a class of amphipathic carboxylic acids.
7/27/2019
17
Fenofebrate clofibrates
18. Antiplatelet drug
• COX-1 Inhibitor
Irreversibly inhibits prostaglandin H synthase (cyclooxygenase-1) in platelets and
thereby blocks the formation of thromboxane A2 .
Because platelets are unable to regenerate cyclooxygenase, the immediate
antithrombotic effect of aspirin remains for the lifespan of the platelet .
7/27/2019
18
Aspirine or
2-acetoxybenzoic
acid
20. Diuretics
Furosemide, like other loop diuretics, acts by inhibiting the luminal Na-K-Cl
cotransporter in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle, by binding to the
chloride transport channel, thus causing sodium, chloride, and potassium loss in
urine.
7/27/2019
20
Furesamide
4-Chloro-2-[(furan-2-ylmethyl)amino]-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid
22. Current Discoveries
• The diagnosis of atherosclerosis is a major issue , for this purpose the newly
developed biomarker was used that is C-reactive protein (hsCRP) & N-terminal pro-
brain natriuretic peptide for the detection of of atherosclerosis.
• An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is an enlargement of the abdominal aorta. As the
AAA grows, the aortic wall becomes progressively thin, and the risk of rupture
increases; AAA rupture causes severe intra-abdominal haemorrhage and has a very
high mortality.
• Improvement of vascular dysfunction by argirein through inhibiting endothelial cell
apoptosis associated with ET-1/Nox4 signal pathway in diabetic rats .
• Approval for Xarelto (rivaroxaban) to reduce the risk of major cardiovascular (CV)
events, such as CV death, myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke, in people with chronic
coronary or peripheral artery disease (CAD/PAD). Xarelto is now the first and only
Factor Xa inhibitor approved for patients living with these conditions. ( Johnson &
Johnson )
7/27/2019
22
23. REFRENCES
Text book of pathophysiology by Atlas
Harsh Mohan, Text book of pathophysiology, sixth edition, Jaypee brothers medical
publication Pvt. Ltd. Page no. 390-409, 427-459.
Kuba M., Kubova Z. Book of Pathophysiology page no. 71
https://scholar.google.com date of search 28/09/2018
https://en.wikipedia.org date of search 27/09/2018
https://www.google.com date of search 27/09/2018
https://www.slideshare.net date of search 27/09/2018
7/27/2019
23