Atherosclerosis is a condition where plaque builds up inside arteries. It is caused by inflammation in response to cholesterol and fat accumulation. Plaque can be stable or unstable. Unstable plaque is prone to rupturing, causing blood clots that can restrict blood flow and lead to heart attacks and strokes. Risk factors include high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, and hypertension. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes and medications to reduce cholesterol and other risk factors. Statins are commonly used but can have side effects, so low doses are preferred.
1) Atherosclerosis is a condition where an artery wall thickens due to a build-up of fatty materials such as cholesterol. It is caused by chronic inflammation and accumulation of macrophages in the arteries.
2) It can restrict blood flow and cause blood clots to form. While often considered a heart problem, it can affect arteries anywhere.
3) Risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and diseases like diabetes. It progresses as fatty deposits called plaques build up in artery walls over many years.
Atherosclerosis is a disease where plaque builds up inside arteries. It is caused by inflammation in the arteries due to risk factors like high cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, and diabetes. Over time, plaque narrows the arteries and restricts blood flow. If a plaque ruptures, it can block blood flow and cause a heart attack or stroke. Atherosclerosis has no symptoms until an artery is severely blocked. Then symptoms depend on the location of the blockage and can include chest pain, weakness, or leg pain when walking. Risk factors like age, sex, family history and certain genetic conditions also increase the chances of developing atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis is a disease where plaque builds up inside arteries. It is caused by inflammation in the arteries due to risk factors like high cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, and diabetes. Over time, plaque hardens and narrows the arteries, reducing blood flow. This can lead to complications like heart attacks or strokes if a plaque ruptures. Doctors use tests like ultrasounds and angiograms to diagnose atherosclerosis and determine if the arteries are blocked. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and medications to control risk factors and blood pressure. In severe cases, procedures like angioplasty may be needed to open blocked arteries.
Atherosclerosis is a disease characterized by the buildup of plaque in arteries. It is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors that damage the endothelium and allow lipids and inflammatory cells to accumulate. Over time, plaques grow and can rupture, leading to thrombosis and blockage of blood vessels. This causes cardiovascular diseases like heart attacks and strokes. The major modifiable risk factors are hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes.
Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease affecting arteries characterized by plaque buildup. Risk factors include age, gender, family history, smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, and diet. Biochemical tests can assess risk, including lipid profile, apolipoproteins, CRP, homocysteine, and lipoprotein(a). Myocardial infarction occurs when plaque ruptures, blocking blood flow. It is diagnosed using ECG changes, cardiac biomarkers like myoglobin, CK-MB, troponins, LDH, and AST, which are released from injured heart cells into blood at different time points.
Etiopathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE
a. the pathophysiology of selected disease states and the rationale for drug therapy;
b. the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases;
c. the controversies in drug therapy;
d. the importance of preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis;
e. needs to identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy,
and monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory
indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects);
f. describe the pathophysiology of selected disease states and explain the rationale for
drug therapy;
g. summarise the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases including
reference to the latest available evidence;
h. discuss the controversies in drug therapy;
i. discuss the preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis; and
j. identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy, and
monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects).
Etiopathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of myocardial infraction
a. the pathophysiology of selected disease states and the rationale for drug therapy;
b. the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases;
c. the controversies in drug therapy;
d. the importance of preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis;
e. needs to identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy,
and monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory
indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects);
f. describe the pathophysiology of selected disease states and explain the rationale for
drug therapy;
g. summarise the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases including
reference to the latest available evidence;
h. discuss the controversies in drug therapy;
i. discuss the preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis; and
j. identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy, and
monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects).
1) Atherosclerosis is a condition where an artery wall thickens due to a build-up of fatty materials such as cholesterol. It is caused by chronic inflammation and accumulation of macrophages in the arteries.
2) It can restrict blood flow and cause blood clots to form. While often considered a heart problem, it can affect arteries anywhere.
3) Risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and diseases like diabetes. It progresses as fatty deposits called plaques build up in artery walls over many years.
Atherosclerosis is a disease where plaque builds up inside arteries. It is caused by inflammation in the arteries due to risk factors like high cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, and diabetes. Over time, plaque narrows the arteries and restricts blood flow. If a plaque ruptures, it can block blood flow and cause a heart attack or stroke. Atherosclerosis has no symptoms until an artery is severely blocked. Then symptoms depend on the location of the blockage and can include chest pain, weakness, or leg pain when walking. Risk factors like age, sex, family history and certain genetic conditions also increase the chances of developing atherosclerosis.
Atherosclerosis is a disease where plaque builds up inside arteries. It is caused by inflammation in the arteries due to risk factors like high cholesterol, high blood pressure, smoking, and diabetes. Over time, plaque hardens and narrows the arteries, reducing blood flow. This can lead to complications like heart attacks or strokes if a plaque ruptures. Doctors use tests like ultrasounds and angiograms to diagnose atherosclerosis and determine if the arteries are blocked. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and medications to control risk factors and blood pressure. In severe cases, procedures like angioplasty may be needed to open blocked arteries.
Atherosclerosis is a disease characterized by the buildup of plaque in arteries. It is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors that damage the endothelium and allow lipids and inflammatory cells to accumulate. Over time, plaques grow and can rupture, leading to thrombosis and blockage of blood vessels. This causes cardiovascular diseases like heart attacks and strokes. The major modifiable risk factors are hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes.
Atherosclerosis is a progressive disease affecting arteries characterized by plaque buildup. Risk factors include age, gender, family history, smoking, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, and diet. Biochemical tests can assess risk, including lipid profile, apolipoproteins, CRP, homocysteine, and lipoprotein(a). Myocardial infarction occurs when plaque ruptures, blocking blood flow. It is diagnosed using ECG changes, cardiac biomarkers like myoglobin, CK-MB, troponins, LDH, and AST, which are released from injured heart cells into blood at different time points.
Etiopathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE
a. the pathophysiology of selected disease states and the rationale for drug therapy;
b. the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases;
c. the controversies in drug therapy;
d. the importance of preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis;
e. needs to identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy,
and monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory
indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects);
f. describe the pathophysiology of selected disease states and explain the rationale for
drug therapy;
g. summarise the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases including
reference to the latest available evidence;
h. discuss the controversies in drug therapy;
i. discuss the preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis; and
j. identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy, and
monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects).
Etiopathogenesis and pharmacotherapy of myocardial infraction
a. the pathophysiology of selected disease states and the rationale for drug therapy;
b. the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases;
c. the controversies in drug therapy;
d. the importance of preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis;
e. needs to identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy,
and monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory
indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects);
f. describe the pathophysiology of selected disease states and explain the rationale for
drug therapy;
g. summarise the therapeutic approach to management of these diseases including
reference to the latest available evidence;
h. discuss the controversies in drug therapy;
i. discuss the preparation of individualised therapeutic plans based on diagnosis; and
j. identify the patient-specific parameters relevant in initiating drug therapy, and
monitoring therapy (including alternatives, time-course of clinical and laboratory indices of therapeutic response and adverse effects).
CAD is the commonest cause of deaths worldwide. Mortality rates have declined over the past four decades in western countries however this condition remains responsible for ~one-third of all deaths in individuals over age 35.
Mortality is on the rise in Low and middle income countries Tanzania being among. The 2016 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics update of the AHA reported that 15.5 million people in the USA. have CHD.
The reported prevalence increases with age for both women and men. For those US people, the lifetime risk of developing CHD with ≥2 major risk factors is 37.5% for men and 18.3% for women.
Metabolic basis of Atherosclerosis; Biochemistry - February 2015Kareem Alnakeeb
This document defines atherosclerosis and its causes and risk factors. It discusses how atherosclerosis is initiated by inflammation in artery walls in response to LDL particles. As LDL particles accumulate in arteries, they can become oxidized, attracting macrophages. If macrophages cannot process the oxidized LDL, foam cells form, which can rupture and further narrow arteries. Risk factors include older age, male sex, diabetes, high LDL and low HDL cholesterol levels, smoking, and genetic factors. Diagnosis involves medical tests, and treatment includes medications, surgery, lifestyle changes, and managing underlying conditions like high blood pressure and cholesterol.
This document summarizes pathology of blood vessels. It begins by describing the normal structure of arteries, veins and capillaries. It then discusses the cells that make up blood vessel walls and their response to injury, which can lead to intimal thickening. It also briefly mentions some congenital vessel anomalies. The majority of the document focuses on arteriosclerosis and its subtype, atherosclerosis - describing the morphology, risk factors, pathogenesis, natural history and approaches for prevention. It concludes by outlining hypertensive vascular disease, its causes and pathogenesis.
Atherosclerosis is a disease where plaque builds up inside arteries. It is the leading cause of heart attacks and strokes. The plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium and other substances found in the blood. Over time, the plaque hardens and narrows the arteries, limiting blood flow. The major risk factors for atherosclerosis are high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes. The disease process involves injury to the artery lining, invasion by immune cells, proliferation of smooth muscle cells, and accumulation of cholesterol and other fats that form plaque lesions within the artery wall. Complications arise when plaque ruptures, forms clots, or restricts blood flow, potentially leading to heart attack, stroke or other
Atherosclerosis is a disease where plaque builds up in the arteries. Over time, the plaque hardens and narrows the arteries, limiting blood flow. Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and obesity. Complications arise when blood flow is reduced to organs like the heart, brain, kidneys, and limbs, potentially causing heart attacks, strokes, chronic kidney disease, or poor circulation. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes and medications to control risk factors and symptoms.
Atherosclerosis Definition and major and minor risk factors which will cause , and Treatment methods both surgical and pharmaceutical along with the medicine's pharmaco kinetic and dynamic properties with clinical uses , unwanted effects with simple and useful diagrams to understand better and easily.angioplasty ,bypass surgery and Stent are the surgical methods additionally explained in this presentation which are the surgical treatment methods for Atherosclerosis. classification of atherosclerosis is also explained.
Atherosclerosis is characterized by plaques that form within arteries and can rupture, causing blockages. It is caused by risk factors like hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes that lead to endothelial injury and inflammation. Over time, lesions containing macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and lipids develop and can restrict blood flow or rupture. This disrupts blood vessels and causes complications like heart attack and stroke. The document discusses the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in detail.
Arteriosclerosis is the hardening and loss of elasticity of arteries. There are three main types: atherosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, and Mönckeberg medial calcific sclerosis. Atherosclerosis is caused by plaque buildup within arteries from risk factors like high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, and hypertension. It can lead to coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. Symptoms depend on the affected blood vessel but may include chest pain, leg pain with walking, and stroke. Diagnosis involves angiography, CT scans, ultrasound, and blood tests. Treatment focuses on controlling risk factors through lifestyle changes and medications.
Arteriosclerosis is the hardening and loss of elasticity of arteries. There are three main types: atherosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, and Mönckeberg medial calcific sclerosis. Atherosclerosis is caused by plaque buildup within arteries from risk factors like high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, and hypertension. It can lead to coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. Symptoms depend on the affected blood vessel but may include chest pain, leg pain with walking, and stroke. Diagnosis involves angiography, CT scans, ultrasound, and blood tests. Treatment focuses on controlling risk factors through lifestyle changes and medications.
Atherosclerosis is a disease where plaque builds up in the arteries. It most commonly affects the large and medium-sized arteries like the aorta, coronary, and cerebral arteries. Major risk factors include dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and lifestyle factors. The pathogenesis involves endothelial injury, smooth muscle proliferation, and inflammation. This leads to the development of atherosclerotic plaques which can become complicated and cause clinical effects like heart attacks and strokes by limiting blood flow.
CVD refers to diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Atherosclerosis is a narrowing of the arteries caused by fatty deposits called atheromas. It begins with fatty streaks accumulating due to LDL cholesterol. Over time, fatty streaks enlarge to form plaques that bulge into arteries and restrict blood flow. This damages artery walls and causes platelets to form blood clots called thrombi. Sometimes thrombi break off and block other arteries as emboli. Weakened arteries can form aneurysms that often burst, leading to hemorrhage or stroke. High blood pressure, smoking, high blood cholesterol, and diet increase CVD risk.
An acquired or inherited disease of the heart muscle which makes it difficult for the heart to pump blood to other parts of the body. Can be dangerous or life threatening if untreated
Atherosclerosis is a disease where arteries narrow and harden due to plaque buildup. It is a chronic inflammatory response to injury of the arterial wall. Risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes. Plaque builds up over time due to accumulation of macrophages and LDL cholesterol. Symptoms depend on the location of blockages but may include chest pain or numbness. Diagnosis involves tests like ultrasounds, blood tests, and angiograms. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes and medications to control risk factors and slow progression, while procedures like angioplasty and bypass surgery are sometimes needed for severe blockages.
Atherosclerosis - Definition - Risk Factors - Lesser and Non Quantitated risk factors - Arterial wall - The development of Atherosclerosis - Many Features of the injury Hypothesis - The process of Atherogenesis - Pathogenesis in short - Morphology of Atheroma - Components of Atheromatous Plaque (MP) - Complications and clinical significance - Cardiovascular risk and its assessment.
This document discusses ischaemic heart disease (IHD), which is caused by an imbalance between the myocardial supply and demand for oxygenated blood. The most common cause is coronary atherosclerosis, which affects the coronary arteries and reduces blood flow to the heart muscle. Symptoms include stable or unstable angina, myocardial infarction (MI), and sudden cardiac death. Diagnosis involves assessing risk factors, symptoms, electrocardiograms, cardiac enzymes and biomarkers, imaging tests, and occasionally coronary angiography. Management focuses on controlling symptoms, treating risk factors, and revascularization when needed to improve outcomes.
Heart muscle disease, is a type of progressive heart disease in which the heart is abnormally enlarged, thickened, and/or stiffened. As a result, the heart muscle's ability to pump blood is less efficient, often causing heart failure and the backup of blood into the lungs or rest of the body.
This document discusses different types of arteriosclerosis including atherosclerosis. It defines atherosclerosis as the thickening of the arterial walls due to buildup of fatty plaques. The major risk factors for atherosclerosis include dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking. The document discusses the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, describing how abnormalities in lipoproteins and cholesterol levels contribute to plaque formation in the arteries over time. It also outlines strategies for prevention through modifying risk factors like maintaining healthy cholesterol levels.
Atherosclerosis is a gradual hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by plaque buildup over many years. It begins in early adulthood with fatty streaks accumulating in artery walls. As cholesterol builds up, fibrous tissue forms plaques that thicken and stiffen arteries. Over time, plaques can rupture, causing blood clots that block blood flow and lead to heart attacks, strokes, and other complications. Atherosclerosis prevalence increases with age and is influenced by risk factors like high cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes. It remains a leading cause of death in the United States.
MANAGEMENT OF MEDICALLY COMPROMISED PATIENTS-CARDIO-VASCULAR DISEASES ISCHE...Shankar Hemam
This document provides an overview of ischemic heart disease (IHD), including its epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, signs and symptoms, and management. IHD refers to conditions caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, including angina, heart attack, and heart failure. The leading cause is atherosclerosis which narrows the coronary arteries and reduces blood supply. Common risk factors include age, family history, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and high cholesterol. Signs and symptoms vary but commonly include chest pain or discomfort that may radiate to the arm or jaw and is brought on by activity or stress.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
CAD is the commonest cause of deaths worldwide. Mortality rates have declined over the past four decades in western countries however this condition remains responsible for ~one-third of all deaths in individuals over age 35.
Mortality is on the rise in Low and middle income countries Tanzania being among. The 2016 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics update of the AHA reported that 15.5 million people in the USA. have CHD.
The reported prevalence increases with age for both women and men. For those US people, the lifetime risk of developing CHD with ≥2 major risk factors is 37.5% for men and 18.3% for women.
Metabolic basis of Atherosclerosis; Biochemistry - February 2015Kareem Alnakeeb
This document defines atherosclerosis and its causes and risk factors. It discusses how atherosclerosis is initiated by inflammation in artery walls in response to LDL particles. As LDL particles accumulate in arteries, they can become oxidized, attracting macrophages. If macrophages cannot process the oxidized LDL, foam cells form, which can rupture and further narrow arteries. Risk factors include older age, male sex, diabetes, high LDL and low HDL cholesterol levels, smoking, and genetic factors. Diagnosis involves medical tests, and treatment includes medications, surgery, lifestyle changes, and managing underlying conditions like high blood pressure and cholesterol.
This document summarizes pathology of blood vessels. It begins by describing the normal structure of arteries, veins and capillaries. It then discusses the cells that make up blood vessel walls and their response to injury, which can lead to intimal thickening. It also briefly mentions some congenital vessel anomalies. The majority of the document focuses on arteriosclerosis and its subtype, atherosclerosis - describing the morphology, risk factors, pathogenesis, natural history and approaches for prevention. It concludes by outlining hypertensive vascular disease, its causes and pathogenesis.
Atherosclerosis is a disease where plaque builds up inside arteries. It is the leading cause of heart attacks and strokes. The plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium and other substances found in the blood. Over time, the plaque hardens and narrows the arteries, limiting blood flow. The major risk factors for atherosclerosis are high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes. The disease process involves injury to the artery lining, invasion by immune cells, proliferation of smooth muscle cells, and accumulation of cholesterol and other fats that form plaque lesions within the artery wall. Complications arise when plaque ruptures, forms clots, or restricts blood flow, potentially leading to heart attack, stroke or other
Atherosclerosis is a disease where plaque builds up in the arteries. Over time, the plaque hardens and narrows the arteries, limiting blood flow. Risk factors include age, family history, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and obesity. Complications arise when blood flow is reduced to organs like the heart, brain, kidneys, and limbs, potentially causing heart attacks, strokes, chronic kidney disease, or poor circulation. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes and medications to control risk factors and symptoms.
Atherosclerosis Definition and major and minor risk factors which will cause , and Treatment methods both surgical and pharmaceutical along with the medicine's pharmaco kinetic and dynamic properties with clinical uses , unwanted effects with simple and useful diagrams to understand better and easily.angioplasty ,bypass surgery and Stent are the surgical methods additionally explained in this presentation which are the surgical treatment methods for Atherosclerosis. classification of atherosclerosis is also explained.
Atherosclerosis is characterized by plaques that form within arteries and can rupture, causing blockages. It is caused by risk factors like hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes that lead to endothelial injury and inflammation. Over time, lesions containing macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and lipids develop and can restrict blood flow or rupture. This disrupts blood vessels and causes complications like heart attack and stroke. The document discusses the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in detail.
Arteriosclerosis is the hardening and loss of elasticity of arteries. There are three main types: atherosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, and Mönckeberg medial calcific sclerosis. Atherosclerosis is caused by plaque buildup within arteries from risk factors like high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, and hypertension. It can lead to coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. Symptoms depend on the affected blood vessel but may include chest pain, leg pain with walking, and stroke. Diagnosis involves angiography, CT scans, ultrasound, and blood tests. Treatment focuses on controlling risk factors through lifestyle changes and medications.
Arteriosclerosis is the hardening and loss of elasticity of arteries. There are three main types: atherosclerosis, arteriolosclerosis, and Mönckeberg medial calcific sclerosis. Atherosclerosis is caused by plaque buildup within arteries from risk factors like high cholesterol, smoking, diabetes, and hypertension. It can lead to coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease. Symptoms depend on the affected blood vessel but may include chest pain, leg pain with walking, and stroke. Diagnosis involves angiography, CT scans, ultrasound, and blood tests. Treatment focuses on controlling risk factors through lifestyle changes and medications.
Atherosclerosis is a disease where plaque builds up in the arteries. It most commonly affects the large and medium-sized arteries like the aorta, coronary, and cerebral arteries. Major risk factors include dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and lifestyle factors. The pathogenesis involves endothelial injury, smooth muscle proliferation, and inflammation. This leads to the development of atherosclerotic plaques which can become complicated and cause clinical effects like heart attacks and strokes by limiting blood flow.
CVD refers to diseases of the heart and blood vessels. Atherosclerosis is a narrowing of the arteries caused by fatty deposits called atheromas. It begins with fatty streaks accumulating due to LDL cholesterol. Over time, fatty streaks enlarge to form plaques that bulge into arteries and restrict blood flow. This damages artery walls and causes platelets to form blood clots called thrombi. Sometimes thrombi break off and block other arteries as emboli. Weakened arteries can form aneurysms that often burst, leading to hemorrhage or stroke. High blood pressure, smoking, high blood cholesterol, and diet increase CVD risk.
An acquired or inherited disease of the heart muscle which makes it difficult for the heart to pump blood to other parts of the body. Can be dangerous or life threatening if untreated
Atherosclerosis is a disease where arteries narrow and harden due to plaque buildup. It is a chronic inflammatory response to injury of the arterial wall. Risk factors include high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes. Plaque builds up over time due to accumulation of macrophages and LDL cholesterol. Symptoms depend on the location of blockages but may include chest pain or numbness. Diagnosis involves tests like ultrasounds, blood tests, and angiograms. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes and medications to control risk factors and slow progression, while procedures like angioplasty and bypass surgery are sometimes needed for severe blockages.
Atherosclerosis - Definition - Risk Factors - Lesser and Non Quantitated risk factors - Arterial wall - The development of Atherosclerosis - Many Features of the injury Hypothesis - The process of Atherogenesis - Pathogenesis in short - Morphology of Atheroma - Components of Atheromatous Plaque (MP) - Complications and clinical significance - Cardiovascular risk and its assessment.
This document discusses ischaemic heart disease (IHD), which is caused by an imbalance between the myocardial supply and demand for oxygenated blood. The most common cause is coronary atherosclerosis, which affects the coronary arteries and reduces blood flow to the heart muscle. Symptoms include stable or unstable angina, myocardial infarction (MI), and sudden cardiac death. Diagnosis involves assessing risk factors, symptoms, electrocardiograms, cardiac enzymes and biomarkers, imaging tests, and occasionally coronary angiography. Management focuses on controlling symptoms, treating risk factors, and revascularization when needed to improve outcomes.
Heart muscle disease, is a type of progressive heart disease in which the heart is abnormally enlarged, thickened, and/or stiffened. As a result, the heart muscle's ability to pump blood is less efficient, often causing heart failure and the backup of blood into the lungs or rest of the body.
This document discusses different types of arteriosclerosis including atherosclerosis. It defines atherosclerosis as the thickening of the arterial walls due to buildup of fatty plaques. The major risk factors for atherosclerosis include dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking. The document discusses the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, describing how abnormalities in lipoproteins and cholesterol levels contribute to plaque formation in the arteries over time. It also outlines strategies for prevention through modifying risk factors like maintaining healthy cholesterol levels.
Atherosclerosis is a gradual hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by plaque buildup over many years. It begins in early adulthood with fatty streaks accumulating in artery walls. As cholesterol builds up, fibrous tissue forms plaques that thicken and stiffen arteries. Over time, plaques can rupture, causing blood clots that block blood flow and lead to heart attacks, strokes, and other complications. Atherosclerosis prevalence increases with age and is influenced by risk factors like high cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, and diabetes. It remains a leading cause of death in the United States.
MANAGEMENT OF MEDICALLY COMPROMISED PATIENTS-CARDIO-VASCULAR DISEASES ISCHE...Shankar Hemam
This document provides an overview of ischemic heart disease (IHD), including its epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, signs and symptoms, and management. IHD refers to conditions caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, including angina, heart attack, and heart failure. The leading cause is atherosclerosis which narrows the coronary arteries and reduces blood supply. Common risk factors include age, family history, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and high cholesterol. Signs and symptoms vary but commonly include chest pain or discomfort that may radiate to the arm or jaw and is brought on by activity or stress.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. ASVD
• Definition
• Atherosclerosis also called
arteriosclerotic vascular disease or ASVD)
1-is a condition in which an artery wall thickens as a result of the
accumulation of fatty materials cholesterol and triglyceride.
2-Also is a syndrome affecting arterial blood vessels,
• a chronic complex inflammatory response in the walls of arteries,
• caused largely by the accumulation of macrophages
(a type white blood cell that ingests blood cell foreign material,
it is key player in the immune response to foreign invaders of the
body) white blood cells promoted by low-density lipoproteins
(LDL, in the Intima plaque of mid and large arteries.
3. Regarding the plaque ASVD divides in 2 groups
. A-Stable atherosclerosis
• B-unstable (also called vulnerable).
• stable atherosclerotic plaques, which tend to be
asymptomatic, are rich in extracellular matrix and
smooth muscle cells,
• while, unstable plaques are rich in macrophages and
foam cells and the extracellular matrix separating the
lesion from the arterial lumen (also known as the
fibrous cap) is usually weak and prone to rupture
4. . Ruptures of the fibrous cap expose thrombogenic
material, such as collagen to the circulation and
eventually induce thrombus formation in the
lumen.
• Upon formation, intraluminal thrombi can
occlude arteries outright (e.g. coronary occlusion),
• but more often they detach, move into the
circulation
• eventually occluding smaller downstream
branches causing thrombo embolism.
5. • The Atheroma ("lump of gruel",(cereal) which
is the nodular accumulation of a soft, flaky,
yellowish material at the center of large
plaques, Underlying areas of cholesterol
crystals Calcification at the outer base of older
• composed of macrophages nearest the lumen
of the artery Atherosclerotic lesions,
6. • the risk may be higher while in the blood
stream.
• However, LDL particles have a half-life of only
a couple of days and their content (LDL
particles carry cholesterol,
cholesteryl esters(disease) (is a rare genetic
disorder characterized by sub total defect of
an enzyme known as lisosomal acid lipase
(LIPA or LAL)
7. • Once inside the vessel wall, LDL particles get
stuck and their content becomes more prone
to oxidation.
• Than The damage caused by the oxidized LDL
molecules triggers a cascade of immune
responses which over time can produce an
atheroma.
8. • The body's immune system responds to the damage to
the artery wall caused by oxidized LDL by sending
specialized white blood cells (macrophages and T-
lymphocytes) to absorb the oxidized-LDL forming
specialized foam cells.
• These white blood cells are not able to process the
oxidized-LDL, and ultimately grow then rupture,
depositing a greater amount of oxidized cholesterol
into the artery wall.
• This triggers more white blood cells, continuing the
cycle.
9. • Ther 2 type of plaque
• The fibro-lipid (fibro-fatty) plaque is
characterized by an accumulation of lipid-
laden cells underneath the intima of the
arteries,
• The fibrous plaque
• is also localized under the intima, within the
wall of the artery resulting in thickening and
expansion of the wall and, sometimes, spotty
localized narrowing of the lumen with some
atrophy of the muscular layer.
10. Lipid fraction and the risk of CAD
• Cholesterol is caried primarily 3 defferent
lipoprotien
• The VLDL,LDL,and HDL molecules
• 1- Total cholesterole= HDL+VLDL+LDL
• 2-VLDL cholesterole= Triglyceride/5
• 3-LDL = Total chol-HDL chol-Trigly /5 = mg/dl
SI unit
• 4-LDL= Total chol-HDL chol-Trigly/2 = mmol/l
• mmol/L -mmol/L- Trigly/2.2= mmol/l
11. • Interestingly, chronically expanding
lesions are often asymptomatic until
lumen stenos is is so severe (usually over
80%) that blood supply to downstream
tissue(s) is insufficient, resulting in
ischemia.
12. • These complications of advanced
atherosclerosis are chronic, slowly progressive
and cumulative.
• Most commonly, soft plaque suddenly
ruptures , causing the formation of a
thrombus that will rapidly slow or stop blood
flow,
• leading to death of the tissues fed by the
artery in approximately 5 minutes.
• This catastrophic event is called an infarction.
13. • One of the most common recognized
scenarios is called coronary thrombosis of a
coronary artery emboli ,
• causing myocardial infarction (a heart attack).
• The same process in an artery to the brain is
commonly called stroke.
• Another common scenario in very advanced
disease is claudicating from insufficient blood
supply to the legs, typically caused by a
combination of both stenosis and aneurysm
segments narrowed with clots called
thrombophilibitis .
14. Atherosclerosis affects
• the entire artery tree, but mostly larger, high-
pressure vessels such as the
• coronary,
• renal,
• femoral,
• cerebral,
• and carotid arteries.
• These are termed "clinically silent" because the
person having the infarction does not notice the
problem and does not seek medical help,
• or when they do, physicians do not recognize
what has happened.
15. Signs and symptom
• Clinically, atherosclerosis is typically associated with
men over the age of 45y.
• Sub-clinically, the disease begins to appear at early
childhood, and perhaps even at birth.
• Noticeable signs can begin developing at puberty.
• Though symptoms are rarely exhibited in children,
• Early screening of children for cardiovascular
diseases could be beneficial to both the child and
his/her relatives.
• ATheroma in arm, or more often in leg arteries,
which produces decreased blood flow is called
peripheral artery occlusive disease (PAOD).
16. • While coronary artery disease is more
prevalent in men than women, atherosclerosis
of the cerebral arteries and strokes equally
affect both sexes.
• According to United States data for the year
20013,
• for about 66% of men and 47% of women, the
first symptom of atherosclerotic
cardiovascular disease is heart attack or
sudden cardiac death (death within one hour
of onset of the symptom).
17. • Most artery flow disrupting events occur at
locations with less than 50% lumen narrowing
• Diagnosis
• Cardiac stress testing,
• traditionally the most commonly performed non-
invasive testing method for blood flow limitations,
in general, detects only lumen narrowing of ~75%
or greater,
• Nuclear STRESS TEST
• Although some physicians claim that nuclear stress
methods can detect as little as 50%.
18. • A famous case study involved autopsies of
American soldiers killed in World War II and
the Korean War.
• Although these were mostly young, healthy
men in their 20s, many already had
evidence of developing atherosclerosis.
• Other studies done on soldiers in the
Second Indochina War showed similar
results, although often worse than the ones
from the earlier wars.
• Theories include high rates of tobacco use
and (in the case of the Vietnam soldiers),
the advent of processed foods after WWII.
19. Herpes virus infection of arterial smooth muscle
cells has been shown to cause cholesteryl
ester (CE) accumulation.
Cholesteryl ester accumulation is associated
with atherosclerosis.
Also, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is
associated with cardiovascular diseases.
20. • Risk factors
• Various anatomic and physiological risk factors
for atherosclerosis are known.
• These can be divided into various categories:
• A-Congenital
• B- Acquired,
• C-Modifiable ,
•
21. • Risks multiply, with two factors increasing the
risk of atherosclerosis fourfold.
• Hyperlipidemia, hypertension and cigarette
smoking together increases the risk seven
times.
• Modifiable Diabetesor Impaired glucose
tolerance (IGT)
22. • Lesser or uncertainThe following factors are of
relatively lesser importance, are uncertain or
unquantified:
• Obesity - (in particular central obesity, also
referred to as abdominal or male-type obesity) +
• Postmenopausal syndrom estrogen deficiency
• High intake of saturated fat (may raise total and
LDL cholesterol
• Intake of trans fat (may raise total and LDL
cholesterol while lowering HDL cholesterol)(is the
worst type of fat also called unsaturated which
has double carbon means (E-esomer) and fatty
acid (s)
23. • High carbohydrate intake[
• Elevated serum levels of triglycerides+
• Elevated serum levels of homocysteine(is a
naturally occuring amino acid found in plasma .
• Elevated serum levels of uric acid (also
responsible for gout)
• Elevated serum fibrinogen concentrations(is a
protien produce by the liver –help stop bleeding
–helping blood to create clot
• Elevated serum lipoprotein(a) concentrations[
(contain both protien and lipids allows fat to move
through the water inside and outside the cell
24. • Chronic systemic inflammation as reflected by
upper normal WBC concentrations, elevated
hs-CRP and many other blood chemistry
markers, most only research level at present,
not clinically done.
• Hyperthyroidism (an over-active thyroid)
• Elevated serum insulin levels +
• Short sleep duration
• Chlamydia pneumoniae infection
25. • Stenoses can be slowly progressive, whereas
plaque ulceration is a sudden event that
occurs specifically in atheromas with
thinner/weaker fibrous caps that have
become "unstable".
26. • Examples of anatomical detection methods
include
• (1) coronary calcium scoring by CT,
• (2) carotid IMT (intimal media thickness)
measurement by ultrasound, and
• (3) intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). Examples of
physiologic measurement methods include (1)
lipoprotein subclass analysis,
• (2) HbA1c,
• (3) hs-CRP, and
• (4) homocysteine.
27. • Screeing of patients –called framingham 10
years CAD risk projection are the standard
• Depend of age of patients gaving special
score.
• Treatment plan
• 1- reduction of LDL and other risk factors
Smoking .hypertension ,dibetis ,alcohole use
,sedentary life style ,non of exercise ,deitary
life style
28. Pharmacologic therapy
• KEEP LDL less than 100mg/L (2.6 mmol/L) with
asprin 81mg reduce the risk to 10-20%
• 1-Niacin (nicotinic acid ) 3-4,5mg/daily reduce
chance of CHD 15-20% -but cause flushing (hot
flushes ) which reduced the use
• 2-Cholestyramin (Bile Acid-Binding resins )
reduce the risk 20%- unfortunately increased
triglyceride to be careful
29. 3-Statin- Hydroxymethylglutaryl
A (HMG-COA)reductase inhibitors
Include atorvastatin –fluvastatin-lovastain-pitavastatin-
pravstatin –rosuvastatin- and simivastatin they reduce
the enzymes which creating cholesterole.
Reduce MI-STROKE,
Atrovastatin 10-40mg/d
Rosuvastatin5-40mg/d
Fluvastatin 20-40mg/d
Pravastatin 10-40mg/d
Simvastatin 5-40mg/d
Side effect muscle aches-GI effect-livetr effect myositis
and rhabdomyolysis
30. D-Fibric Acid derivative
• Reduce LDL –and plasma triglycerid 10 to 15%
• Include gemfebrozil-600mg once or twice daily
• Ciprofibrate and bezafibrate
• Side effect are include
chlelithithisis,hepatitis,myosistis reduce the
use now
E- Ezitimibe
Reduce the absorbtion of dietary cholesterole in
intestine -10-15mg/d have les side effect
31. • Best with low risk medication are
• 1-HMG-COA statines better to use with low
dose
• 2-Niacine can be used with combination must
be carefull
• 3-Resins (cholestyramin ) is safe during
pregnancy
• 4-combination of those medication would
creating side effects on liver –GI and musles