The document summarizes the political struggles in Athens that led to the establishment of democracy, as well as Athens' resistance to the Persian invasions in the 5th century BCE. It describes how Clisthenes helped overthrow aristocratic rule in 508 BCE and established democratic reforms, including increasing the powers of the Assembly. It also outlines the two Persian invasions under Darius and Xerxes, and how key Athenian leaders like Themistocles and naval victories at Salamis and Artemisium helped Greece defeat the Persians and allowed Athens to flourish as a democratic power.

1. Athens The End of Aristocracy

2. Objectives: How did the reforms of Solon help or hinder the growth of Athens and its citizens?How did Athens meet the challenges of the Persians? What political struggles enabled the introduction of Democracy?

3. Reforms after Solon Continued Factional fightingPisistratus’ factions seizes power in 546 BCE, becomes the first TyrantActions of a Tyrant: undermine authority of opponents (increased power to himself, undermined authority of nobles, and countryside)Massive public works program in Athens, Temples, religious centers, increased the public appeal of traditional festivals, Reconstructs the AgoraKey: Pisistratus did not change the formal institutional structure of government. Appearance of Constitutional Government

4. The Birth of DemocracyUnintended consequence of Pisistratus’ ruleHippias takes over. Exiled in 514 BCE when Sparta invaded with cooperation of a noble family exiled by HippiasAfter invasion of Sparta, some faction of the Aristocracy gained a following to restore Athens’ power structure prior to the Reforms of SolonIsagoras, leader of faction, purged citizen listsHowever, he had a rival faction

5. Birth of DemocracyClisthenesMakes unusual political step, turns to the peopleIsagoras’ reaction was to call back the SpartansThis time, the Athenians would not be suppressed in their new found political consciousness. In 508, the people refused to tolerate an aristocratic restoration and drove the Spartans and Isagoras with them.

6. Clisthenes – Founder of DemocracyIncreased the number of tribes from 4 to 10, increasing devotion to the Polis, decreased power of local authoritiesCouncil of 500 established – but with greater powers than Solon’s 400. Assembly establishedDebate in AssemblyFree and openAny Athenian could propose legislation, offer amendmentsArgue the merits of a question.

7. Clisthenes – Founder of DemocracyEnlarged citizen role – elevated role of assemblyBy the beginning of the 5th century BCE Athens was on its way to becoming a prosperous democracy.It was much more centralized and united than it had ever been. It would make its place among the major states that would lead the defense of Greece against the dangers ahead.

8. Persian WarsFirst Persian WarIonian Rebellion - Ionian cities (western Asia Minor) who had come under Persian controlAristagoras – tyrant of Miletus urged Persian king to send an expedition against the island of Naxos. It failed & Aristagoras feared consequences of Persians and organized a rebellion in 499 BCE.Obtained support of cities by overthrowing tyrants and installing democracies. Then appealed to Sparta and Athens for helpAthenians were related to Ionians through ties of religion and tradition, sent 20 ships to help. 498 BCE Athenians and allies captured Sardis the old capital of Lydia and now the seat of Persian Governor, and burned it. Revolt spreads.Athenians withdrew and Persians re-imposed their will. By 495 BCE they defeated the Ionian fleet at Lade, and they wiped out Miletus, killing many of the city’s men and enslaving their womenThe Ionian Rebellion was over, the war was not

9. Persian WarsWar comes to Magna Gracea (Greece proper)490 BCE, King Darius sends expedition to punish Athens and restore HippiasMiltiades (489 BCE) would lead the Athenians army to confront the invader at MarathonThe Persians landed at Marathon and the Greeks blocked the only 2 exits the Persians had. Pheidippides was sent to get help from Sparta 140 miles awayReturns in 2 days, and give Spartan answer, at the end of the 5th day. Sent to Athens to deliver the news.Athenians beat the Persians back to Athens

10. Persian Wars – Part DeuxFor Persians Marathon was a temporary defeatDarius dies in 486 BCEThemistocles begins his plan to build fleet, convinced of Persian danger, Themistocles manages to get the Assembly to use the money found from a rich silver mine to build fleetXerxes gathers an army of 150,000 and a nave of more than 600 ships.

11. Persian Wars – Part DeuxThemistoclesPlan under the guise of building a fleet for protection of Ageina – through the interpretation of a prophecy.The oracle of Delphi consulted, but another oracle was consulted Pythia “ safe shall be the wooden wall continue for you and your children . . .Holy Salimis, you shall destroy the offspring of men? Wooden wall was fleet acc to Themistocles, Salamis was the place to go to. The Athenian fleet was over 400 ships, including allies according to Plutarch. We assume around 200

12. Persian Wars – Part DeuxThermopylaeThe allies met and gave Sparta the command of the navy and troops. Troops stationed at ThermopylaeBeginning in may 480 Xerxes started from Sardis and marched with his 200,000 troops and over 1000 ships to the Hellespont. The Persians crossed the Turkish straits by lashing ships together to make a bridgeIn June the Persians walked through Thrace, in July and August, they crossed Macedon and Thessaly. Meanwhile, Persian Mercenaries were collecting bowls of earth and water from terrified Greeks to hold a mud wrestling contest. (custom)

13. Persian Wars – Part DeuxThermopylaeThe Athenians and Spartans refused the Persian emissaries Mt pass only 50 feet wide, perfect for a small division of menPersians could not use their superior numbersMere 7000 Greek led by King Leonidas I and his 300 Spartans awaited combat, groomingXerxes was warned that the Greeks “are free, but not completely free; for law is their master, and they fear it more than your men fear you.”The Greeks 7000 held out for 3 days until they were betrayed, all but the 300 Spartans and 700 Thespians remained refusing to leaveThe Greeks lost 4000, Persians over 20,000

14. Persian Wars – Part DeuxArtemisiumNaval battle lasting 3 days ended in stalemate, both Persians and Greeks lost 100 ships eachPersian ships destroyed in stormAthensPersian army marched south to Athens, and found evacuated city, only old and feeble were still there in the Acropolis.The women and children had fled to Troezen, and the men were manning the fleet at Salimis.

15. Persian Wars – Part DeuxSalamisThemistocles after laying plans sends a trusted slave to tell Xerxes that he wished to defect to the PersiansThe Persians should also encircle Salamis to keep the Greek fleet from escapingThe Greeks were outnumbered almost 2 to 1 600 to about 370 shipsAdvantagesNarrow strait prevented Persians from using their superior numbers and maneuverability to surround the GreeksAllowed the Greeks to use their Triremes with great affectGreeks were more highly motivated

16. Persian Wars – Part DeuxSalamisPersians could not retreat, as Greek ships rammed and destroyed the Persian shipsXerxes watched from a golden throneDetermined the Outcome of the Persian warsOver 200 Persian Ships sunkSome 40,000 Persian troops killedGreeks lost 40 shipsEssential to furnishing the massive army with food and other supplies, the Persian fleet had been muted and routed, Xerxes issues a frantic order to his remaining ships to retreat to PersiaKey fate of Western Civilization

17. ConclusionThe Athenians managed to develop and succeed at establishing a democracyThe period between 510-475 BCE crucial to Athenian ascendance as a power in Greece, along with SpartaThe Persians would not invade again until Alexander the Great much laterGreek influence would be able to grow and flourish and have an effect upon the Romans, and other Western European cultures.Clisthenes manages to install Democracy, Themistocles manages to save through politics a young democracy.