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The document compares the development of Atlanta and Birmingham after the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. Atlanta had a more racially diverse population and business community that grudgingly complied with desegregation earlier. Birmingham had a segregated power structure dominated by industrial leaders that resisted integration and encouraged racial tensions. As a result, Atlanta's economy and population grew rapidly while Birmingham declined, with Atlanta becoming a model of Southern progressiveness in comparison.
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The document compares the development of Atlanta and Birmingham after the 1950s Civil Rights Movement. Atlanta's business community reluctantly complied with desegregation earlier, allowing it to avoid Birmingham's reputation for violently opposing civil rights protests. As a result, Atlanta saw accelerated growth and a larger black middle class. Its economy and population surpassed Birmingham's by 1970-2000. Birmingham remained controlled by those enforcing strict segregation and developed a much smaller black middle class.
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The great migration
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The Great Migration was the movement of around 6 million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest, and West between 1910-1970. They migrated to escape poor economic opportunities, harsh racial segregation, and violence in the South. Many moved to industrial cities like New York, Chicago, Detroit, and others for better wages, working conditions, living standards, and more job opportunities overall.
The period from the 1890s until the mid/tutorialoutlet
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
tutorialoutletdotcom
The period from the 1890s until the mid 1920s was marked by very significant events in the
African American community. race riots the Great Migration, the growth of the KKK and the
black lives changed little although there were some very positive developments.
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The Jim Crow Era spanned from 1876 to 1965 in the United States. After the end of Reconstruction in 1877 and the withdrawal of federal troops from the South, Southern states imposed Jim Crow laws to legislate racial segregation and disenfranchise African Americans. During this time, African Americans faced widespread discrimination in areas like jobs, housing, education, and legal rights. In response, some African Americans migrated north in the Great Migration from 1910 to 1930 to escape harsh racial conditions and seek better employment opportunities in northern and midwestern cities, though they still faced discrimination there as well.
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3. Educational funding decreased for black schools compared to white schools after disfranchisement laws passed in Southern states in the late 1800s. Racial inequalities persisted throughout this time period.
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The document discusses immigration to the United States from 1870 to 1920. During this time, the US transformed from an agrarian to an urban society due to industrialization and the need for labor. Millions of immigrants arrived from farms and villages in Europe, mixing native and foreign cultures. The sheer volume of immigration over this period from diverse sources gave the US a unique character unlike any other nation.
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Many history books don't mention the Great Migration. Between 1920 and 1980, six million African Americans migrated from the south. They were escaping Jim Crow Laws, Lynchings, poor job opportunities, poor education for their children. Some planned for years and saved to leave. Some saw a body hanging from a tree and took off. Many of our famous African American artists managed to accomplish what they did because their parents or grandparents left the south. This needs to be in every American history book in the country. I teach it in my American History course from 1877 to the present.
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American Urbanization and New York City
New York City saw massive immigration and population growth in the 1800s, becoming the crossroads of world trade. Conflict arose as many different cultures lived together in close quarters, struggling to get along. By the mid-1800s, over 100,000 people lived in New York, and advances like the Erie Canal transformed the economy and infrastructure. However, immigrants like the Irish faced discrimination and poverty, living in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions that led to high death rates. Through the late 1800s and early 1900s, New York continued to grow as a global economic and cultural center, though periods of economic crisis caused unrest.
Essays BEVERLY HILLS sounl PASADENA sIII( .docx
Essays
BEVERLY
HILLS
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PASADENA
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GABRIEL T
5
AUlAMBRll
IH6LfWOOD
NAWHORNE
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Fig. 1 Los Angeles freeway system, 1998. Map dates indicate opening
of first segment (from David Brodsly, L.A. Freeways: An Appreciative
Essay [Berkeley: University of California Press, 198 I ] )
The Folklore of the Freeway:
Space, Culture, and Identity in Postwar
Los Angeles
Eric R. Avila
Modern environments and experiences cut across all
boundaries of geography and ethnicity, of class and
nationality, of religion and ideology: in this sense,
modernity can be said to unite all mankind. But it
is a paradoxical unity, a unity of disunity: it pours
us all into a maelstrom of perpetual disintegration
and renewal, of struggle and contradiction, of am-
biguity and anguish. To be modern is to be part of
a universe in which, as Marx said “all that is solid
melts into air.”
-Marshall Berman, A21 That Is Solid Melts into Air
Man loves to create roads, that is beyond dispute.
But may it not be . . . that he is instinctively afraid
of attaining his goal and completing the edifice he
is constructing? How do you know, perhaps he only
likes that edifice from a distance and not a t all a t
close range, perhaps he only likes to build it, and
does not want to live in it.
-Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Notes from the Underground
Los Angeles in the age of the freeway saw a profound trans-
formation in the shape of the city and the color of its inhabit-
an ts . I t fulfilled i ts destiny by becoming the ult imate
“fragmented metropolis.”’ The acceleration of suburbanization,
coupled with the dramatic expansion of the city’s nonwhite
population (African Americans and Chicanos in particular) ,
created a regional geography splintered into isolated pockets
Aztlan 23:l Spring 1998 15
Avila
of race and class. As the historic ethnic diversity of commu-
nities like Boyle Heights and Watts gave way to expanding
brown barrios and black ghettos, new communities sprouted
on the urban fringe, insulated from the racialized masses of
the inner city. This was not an accident of poor planning. It
was, in fact, the intended consequence of homeowners,
realtors, developers, and government officials who sought to
preserve southern California’s legacy of building separate and
unequal communities.2
Various civic institutions of postwar Los Angeles under-
pinned the construction of suburban whiteness. Central to that
process was the freeway, which furthered the production of
white space within the larger urban region. The freeway did
not cause white flight, but it did sharpen the contrast between
white space and nonwhite space in the postwar urban region
by creating a conduit for capital flight away from downtown
and by wreaking havoc upon the inner-city communities of
East and South Central Los Angeles. Although many urban
historians have traced the evolution of the freeway system and
it.
Suburban Migrations
Talk on how immigrants are reshaping suburbia, delivered as part of AIA Baltimore's 2017 lecture series.
Essays BEVERLY HILLS sounl PASADENA sIII( .docx
Essays
BEVERLY
HILLS
sounl
PASADENA
sIII(
GABRIEL T
5
AUlAMBRll
IH6LfWOOD
NAWHORNE
wnm
SOUlH
GAIE
LYHWOOO
Fig. 1 Los Angeles freeway system, 1998. Map dates indicate opening
of first segment (from David Brodsly, L.A. Freeways: A n Appreciative
Essay [Berkeley: University of California Press, 198 I ] )
The Folklore of the Freeway:
Space, Culture, a n d Identity in Postwar
Los Angeles
E r i c R. Avila
Modern environments and experiences cut across all
boundaries of geography and ethnicity, of class a n d
nationality, of religion and ideology: in this sense,
modernity can be said to unite all mankind. But it
is a paradoxical unity, a unity of disunity: it pours
us all into a maelstrom of perpetual disintegration
a n d renewal, of struggle a n d contradiction, of am-
biguity a n d anguish. To be modern is to be part of
a universe in which, as Marx said “all that is solid
melts into air.”
-Marshall Berman, A21 That Is Solid Melts into Air
Man loves to create roads, that is beyond dispute.
But may it not be . . . that he is instinctively afraid
of attaining his goal and completing the edifice he
is constructing? How do you know, perhaps he only
likes that edifice from a distance and not a t all a t
close range, perhaps he only likes to build it, a n d
does not want to live in it.
-Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Notes f r o m the Underground
Los Angeles in the age of the freeway saw a profound trans-
formation in the shape of the city and the color of its inhabit-
a n t s . I t fulfilled i t s d e s t i n y by becoming t h e u l t i m a t e
“fragmented metropolis.”’ The acceleration of suburbanization,
coupled with the dramatic expansion of the city’s nonwhite
population (African Americans and Chicanos in particular) ,
created a regional geography splintered into isolated pockets
Aztlan 23:l Spring 1998 15
Avila
of race and class. A s the historic ethnic diversity of commu-
nities like Boyle Heights and Watts gave way to expanding
brown barrios and black ghettos, new communities sprouted
on the urban fringe, insulated from the racialized masses of
the inner city. This was not a n accident of poor planning. It
was, in fact, t h e intended consequence of homeowners,
realtors, developers, and government officials who sought to
preserve southern California’s legacy of building separate and
unequal communities.2
Various civic institutions of postwar Los Angeles under-
pinned the construction of suburban whiteness. Central to that
process was the freeway, which furthered the production of
white space within the larger urban region. The freeway did
not cause white flight, but it did sharpen the contrast between
white space and nonwhite space in the postwar urban region
by creating a conduit for capital flight away from downtown
and by wreaking havoc upon the inner-city communities of
East a n d South Central Los Angeles. Although many urban
historians ...
Urbanization
The document discusses the impact of globalization and technology on the rise of global cities and urbanization trends. It notes that cities, not states, are emerging as the dominant centers of governance and economic activity. Megacities over 10 million people are growing rapidly, particularly in Asia and other developing regions. However, very large cities also face challenges around inequality, infrastructure, and quality of life. The future will see continued competition between global cities and new models of urban development.
New york city crossroad of world trade brandon m
The document discusses the history of New York City from the 1860s to the early 1900s. Key points include:
- Frederick Law Olmsted completed Central Park in 1865 and designed it as an escape for New York City's growing population of over 1 million people.
- In the late 1800s, New York saw immense wealth generated on Wall Street but also severe social divisions between the wealthy and poor. Immigrant populations swelled during this time.
- Infrastructure projects like the Brooklyn Bridge in 1883 and New York City subway system in the early 1900s were pivotal in connecting the boroughs and enabling the city's growth. However, workers often faced unsafe conditions and low wages.
- By the 1890
2013 whose the_boss
- During the Industrial Revolution, cities grew rapidly as people moved from rural areas to factories. This increased demand for labor and drew many European immigrants to American cities.
- Immigrants faced difficult living conditions in overcrowded tenement housing with limited amenities. They also experienced discrimination in the workplace from native workers.
- As city populations boomed, local governments struggled to provide necessary services. Political bosses filled this void by offering jobs, services and favors in exchange for votes, gaining control of municipal governments. While sometimes improving infrastructure, machine politics also led to corruption.
Nicholas S. Emma - Comprehensive Studio Booklet
The document provides context about the cultural catalyst project located in Washington Park neighborhood on the South Side of Chicago. It discusses the cultural history and diverse population of the area. The project site will be home to the Barack Obama Presidential Center, aimed at serving both the local community as well as other areas, and acting as a social catalyst for positive change in the neighborhood. Key questions are posed around how to design the center to best create physical and social connections to its surroundings and serve the various needs of the community.
LACC Urban Geography Lecture
This document discusses the history of urban planning from ancient Rome to modern times, covering topics like the industrial revolution, urbanization, suburbanization, and new urbanism. It examines the factors that drove urban growth and changes in settlement patterns over time, as well as the social, economic, and environmental impacts of planning decisions. The rise and decline of cities in relation to transportation innovations and policies is a major theme throughout.
Presentation Citiesc Ommunities
The document provides a history of Los Angeles city government and society. It discusses how Los Angeles was originally dominated by a conservative white Protestant business elite but became more diverse post-WWII. It also describes the evolution of Los Angeles city government, from an independent borough system to neighborhood councils, and highlights issues around housing, transportation, and development.
Hist390dc1968
1) In April 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. When news of his death reached Washington D.C., riots broke out among the city's African American community in neighborhoods like 14th and U Street.
2) Over several days, the riots spread throughout various parts of the city. More than 1,200 fires were set, damaging over 200 stores. The National Guard was deployed to help local police regain control.
3) The 1968 riots in Washington D.C. revealed deep racial tensions and economic inequality in the city. They prompt questions about the experience of African Americans in the nation's capital and the history of race relations there.
Chapter 19 section 4
Poverty and discrimination plagued many Americans in the postwar era. Critics argued that while material wealth increased, quality of life had not due to an emphasis on conformity. Beatniks rejected this conformity. Many lived in inner city poverty or rural areas, while African Americans and other minorities faced discrimination. Urban renewal projects displaced the poor and failed to solve economic issues, while public housing led to greater concentration of poverty. Government termination policies for Native Americans and exploitation of migrant workers also exacerbated problems in this era.
18 Au g u s t 1 3 , 2 0 0 8 Th e N e w R e p u b l i .docx
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h irt y y e a rs ago, the mayor of Chicago was un-
seated by a snowstorm. A blizzard in January of 1979
dumped some 20 inches on the ground, causing,
among other problems, a curtailment of transit ser-
vice. The few available trains coming downtown from
the northwest side filled up with middle-class white riders near
the far end of the line, leaving no room for poorer people try-
ing to board on inner-city platforms. African Americans and
Hispanics blamed this on Mayor Michael Bilandic, and he lost
the Democratic primary to Jane Byrne a few weeks later.
Today, this could never happen. Not because of climate
change, or because the Chicago Transit Authority now runs
flawlessly. It couldn’t happen because the trains would fill up
with minorities and immigrants on the outskirts of the city,
and the passengers left stranded at the inner-city stations
would be members of the affluent professional class.
In the past three decades, Chicago has undergone changes
that are routinely described as gentrification, but are in fact
more complicated and more profound than the process that
term suggests. A better description would be “demographic
inversion.” Chicago is gradually coming to resemble a tra-
ditional European city—Vienna or Paris in the nineteenth
century, or, for that matter, Paris today. The poor and the
newcomers are living on the outskirts. The people who live
near the center—some of them black or Hispanic but most of
them white—are those who can afford to do so.
Developments like this rarely occur in one city at a time,
and indeed demographic inversion is taking place, albeit more
slowly than in Chicago, in metropolitan areas throughout the
country. The national press has paid very little attention to it.
While we have been focusing on Baghdad and Kabul, our own
cities have been changing right in front of us.
Atlanta, for example, is shifting from an overwhelmingly
black to what is likely to soon be a minority-black city. This
is happening in part because the white middle class is moving
inside the city borders, but more so because blacks are mov-
ing out. Between 1990 and 2006, according to research by Wil-
liam Frey of the Brookings Institution, the white population of
Atlanta has increased from roughly 30 percent to 35 percent
while the black population has declined from 67 percent to 55
percent. In this decade alone, two of Atlanta’s huge suburban
counties, Clayton and DeKalb, have acquired substantial black
majorities, and immigrants arriving from foreign countries are
settling primarily there or in similar outlying areas, not within
the city itself. The numbers for Washington, D.C. are similar.
Race is not always the critical issue, or even .
Act I Sins Of The Heartland
The document provides background information on the history and development of gangs in major Midwestern cities like St. Louis, Chicago, and their similarities to gangs in New York City. It discusses how gangs formed and grew out of the urbanization and industrialization of these cities in the late 1800s and early 1900s, often developing around industries like stockyards and stemming from racial and economic tensions between immigrant groups. Specifically, it outlines how gangs in Chicago like the Ragen's Colts actively participated in attacking and intimidating black communities during the 1919 Chicago Race Riots.
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Ataleoftwocities 090624132526 Phpapp02
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