This document provides an overview of bronchial asthma, including its definition, pathophysiology, types, triggers, symptoms, diagnosis, management, and differences from COPD. Key points include:
- Asthma is a disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction and inflammation in response to various stimuli. It is an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction.
- Common symptoms include wheezing, chest tightness, cough and breathlessness. Diagnosis is based on clinical history and pulmonary function tests showing improved airflow with bronchodilators.
- Management involves avoidance of triggers, bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, and a stepped treatment plan escalating medications based on asthma control. Acute
This document provides information about asthma including its definition, incidence, triggers, pathophysiology, classification, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnostic evaluation, medical management including pharmacologic therapy, and nursing assessment and interventions. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by recurrent exacerbations of coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. It notes that asthma affects over 25 million Indians and discusses common asthma triggers. The medical management section covers different classes of medications used to treat asthma including bronchodilators, anti-inflammatories, leukotriene modifiers and combinations. Nursing care involves assessing symptoms and lung sounds, monitoring for signs of anxiety or distress, educating patients about asthma self-management, and teaching techniques
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. It is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors that trigger airway inflammation and bronchospasms. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, lung function tests like spirometry and bronchodilation tests, and ruling out other potential causes. Treatment focuses on controlling triggers, medications like inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators to suppress inflammation and relieve symptoms, and patient education. The goals are preventing symptoms, limiting exacerbations, and allowing normal lung function and activity levels.
Pharmacotherapy of Asthmatic patient in hospitalAhmanurSule5
This document provides an overview of asthma, including:
1. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder characterized by reversible airway obstruction.
2. Environmental triggers and allergens can cause asthma symptoms by inducing inflammation and bronchospasm.
3. Treatment involves controlling inflammation with inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilation with inhaled beta-agonists for acute symptoms and prevention of exacerbations.
4. Proper inhaler technique and patient education are important for effective asthma management.
This document defines asthma as a disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction caused by increased responsiveness to stimuli. It describes the two main types of asthma (extrinsic and intrinsic), common triggers, symptoms, diagnosis through pulmonary function tests and allergy testing, and management through avoidance of triggers and a stepped treatment plan using inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators. It also covers diagnosing and treating acute severe asthma with oxygen, nebulizers, systemic corticosteroids, and assisted ventilation if needed.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition associated with airway hyperresponsiveness (an exaggerated airway-narrowing response to specific triggers such as viruses, allergens and exercise).
Physiotherapy can provide relief from symptoms of uncontrolled asthma, including coughing, wheezing, tightness in the chest, shortness of breath and QOL.
I am professionally pharmacist. These slides for pharmacy department students based on clinical subject. Very helpful for students who get more benefits.
This document provides information on bronchial asthma, including:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing.
- It affects over 350 million people globally and causes nearly 400,000 deaths per year, most in developing countries.
- Long-term treatment involves inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Other treatments include oral corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and long-acting beta-2 agonists.
- Triggers include infections, allergens, exercise, air pollution, weather changes, drugs, stress, and smoking. Proper management is needed to prevent complications and control symptoms.
This document provides an overview of bronchial asthma, including its definition, pathophysiology, types, triggers, symptoms, diagnosis, management, and differences from COPD. Key points include:
- Asthma is a disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction and inflammation in response to various stimuli. It is an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction.
- Common symptoms include wheezing, chest tightness, cough and breathlessness. Diagnosis is based on clinical history and pulmonary function tests showing improved airflow with bronchodilators.
- Management involves avoidance of triggers, bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, and a stepped treatment plan escalating medications based on asthma control. Acute
This document provides information about asthma including its definition, incidence, triggers, pathophysiology, classification, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnostic evaluation, medical management including pharmacologic therapy, and nursing assessment and interventions. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by recurrent exacerbations of coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. It notes that asthma affects over 25 million Indians and discusses common asthma triggers. The medical management section covers different classes of medications used to treat asthma including bronchodilators, anti-inflammatories, leukotriene modifiers and combinations. Nursing care involves assessing symptoms and lung sounds, monitoring for signs of anxiety or distress, educating patients about asthma self-management, and teaching techniques
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms of wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. It is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors that trigger airway inflammation and bronchospasms. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, lung function tests like spirometry and bronchodilation tests, and ruling out other potential causes. Treatment focuses on controlling triggers, medications like inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators to suppress inflammation and relieve symptoms, and patient education. The goals are preventing symptoms, limiting exacerbations, and allowing normal lung function and activity levels.
Pharmacotherapy of Asthmatic patient in hospitalAhmanurSule5
This document provides an overview of asthma, including:
1. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder characterized by reversible airway obstruction.
2. Environmental triggers and allergens can cause asthma symptoms by inducing inflammation and bronchospasm.
3. Treatment involves controlling inflammation with inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilation with inhaled beta-agonists for acute symptoms and prevention of exacerbations.
4. Proper inhaler technique and patient education are important for effective asthma management.
This document defines asthma as a disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction caused by increased responsiveness to stimuli. It describes the two main types of asthma (extrinsic and intrinsic), common triggers, symptoms, diagnosis through pulmonary function tests and allergy testing, and management through avoidance of triggers and a stepped treatment plan using inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators. It also covers diagnosing and treating acute severe asthma with oxygen, nebulizers, systemic corticosteroids, and assisted ventilation if needed.
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition associated with airway hyperresponsiveness (an exaggerated airway-narrowing response to specific triggers such as viruses, allergens and exercise).
Physiotherapy can provide relief from symptoms of uncontrolled asthma, including coughing, wheezing, tightness in the chest, shortness of breath and QOL.
I am professionally pharmacist. These slides for pharmacy department students based on clinical subject. Very helpful for students who get more benefits.
This document provides information on bronchial asthma, including:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing.
- It affects over 350 million people globally and causes nearly 400,000 deaths per year, most in developing countries.
- Long-term treatment involves inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Other treatments include oral corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and long-acting beta-2 agonists.
- Triggers include infections, allergens, exercise, air pollution, weather changes, drugs, stress, and smoking. Proper management is needed to prevent complications and control symptoms.
This document discusses asthma, including its definition, pathophysiology, triggers, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction.
- It affects over 25 million Americans and its prevalence has been increasing since the 1980s.
- Asthma can be triggered by allergens, viruses, exercise, weather, irritants and other factors.
- Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, lung function testing to detect reversible airflow obstruction, and ruling out other conditions.
- Proper treatment and care can help control asthma and prevent its potentially serious consequences like hospitalizations and death.
This document provides information about asthma, including:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disorder characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation.
- It has both predisposing factors like atopy and causal factors such as indoor/outdoor allergens and irritants.
- Asthma severity is classified based on symptoms, nighttime symptoms, lung function tests and medication use. Treatment involves reliever and preventer medications, and patient education.
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms like wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. It can be triggered by various factors including allergens, respiratory infections, exercise, smoke, and pollutants. Management involves medication, identifying triggers, creating an action plan, monitoring symptoms, staying active, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, getting vaccinated, and regular check-ups with healthcare providers. Effective management aims to control symptoms, prevent flare-ups, and improve overall quality of life.
This document provides information on asthma, including its definition, types, pathophysiology, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness. It discusses the different types of asthma including allergic, non-allergic, cough variant, occupational, and exercise-induced asthma. Treatment involves both controller medications to reduce inflammation and reliver medications for acute symptoms. Treatment is escalated in steps based on asthma severity and control.
Bronchial Asthma is characterized by hyperresponsiveness of the airways and narrowing in response to stimuli. The document defines different types of asthma including extrinsic, intrinsic, occupational, exercise-induced, and drug-induced asthma. Diagnosis involves patient history, examination, spirometry, and challenge tests. Treatment includes avoidance of triggers, quick-relief bronchodilators, and long-term anti-inflammatory medications through a stepwise treatment approach based on asthma severity. The goals of treatment are to control symptoms, prevent exacerbations, and maintain lung function.
This document provides information on bronchial asthma, including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, provoking factors, pathology, symptoms, physical exam findings, laboratory/diagnostic findings, classification by severity, and treatment approaches. Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. It has a prevalence of 5-15% worldwide and is caused by genetic and environmental factors like allergens. Symptoms include wheezing, chest tightness, cough, and dyspnea. Treatment involves controllers like inhaled corticosteroids and relievers like short-acting bronchodilators.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and difficulty breathing. Key factors in asthma include atopy, airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and reversible airflow obstruction. Symptoms are triggered by allergens, infections, exercise and other stimuli. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, lung function tests and allergy testing. Treatment follows a stepwise approach based on disease severity, with long-term control medications like inhaled corticosteroids and quick-relief medications for symptoms. The goals of treatment are good symptom control, normal lung function and preventing exacerbations.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and difficulty breathing. Symptoms are caused by bronchial hypersensitivity and reversible airflow obstruction. The document discusses the definition, pathophysiology, diagnosis, classification of severity, goals of treatment, and medications used for long-term control and quick relief of symptoms. Treatment involves a stepwise approach using inhaled corticosteroids and other controllers to prevent symptoms and exacerbations.
The document discusses asthma, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, classification, and treatment. Asthma affects 7-10% of the population and is caused by inflammation of the airways. Symptoms include coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest tightness. Diagnosis involves assessing medical history, lung function tests, and checking for allergies. Asthma is classified based on severity and control. Treatment ranges from short-acting bronchodilators for mild intermittent asthma to high-dose corticosteroids for severe persistent asthma.
This document reviews pulmonary diseases including COPD, asthma, and tuberculosis. It describes COPD as consisting of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, both causing difficulty exhaling air. Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory lung disease causing recurrent breathing issues. Tuberculosis is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which primarily attacks the lungs. It can spread through airborne droplets when coughing or sneezing. The document outlines symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatments for each disease.
This document provides an overview of pulmonary diseases including Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma, and tuberculosis. It describes the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of each condition. COPD is characterized by difficulty exhaling air and includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Asthma involves constricted airways, swollen bronchial linings, and excess mucus production. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs, transmitted via airborne droplets.
Asthma is a common chronic lung disease that affects millions of Americans. It can cause symptoms like wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. While deaths from asthma have decreased with better treatment, it remains a serious disease that has high costs due to hospitalizations and emergency room visits. The key to managing asthma is to control inflammation and minimize triggers through patient education, an asthma action plan, and appropriate long-term controller medications.
1. COPD is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by airflow limitation that is usually caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter, most commonly from cigarette smoking.
2. Diagnosis of COPD involves clinical evaluation of symptoms and medical history combined with lung function tests, particularly spirometry.
3. Current guidelines classify COPD severity into four stages based on lung function measurements and symptoms, and recommend treatments that include bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and supplemental oxygen for advanced disease.
This document provides an overview of bronchial asthma. It begins by defining asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder characterized by wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing. It then classifies asthma as atopic/extrinsic, non-atopic/intrinsic, or drug-induced. The pathophysiology section describes the chronic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness that are hallmarks of the condition. Risk factors, triggers, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and treatment approaches including pharmacological and non-pharmacological options are also summarized.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, chest tightness, coughing and shortness of breath. It affects over 300 million people worldwide. The inflammation is caused by immune cells and inflammatory mediators in the airways leading to swelling, mucus production and airway constriction. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing and breathlessness that are often worse at night. Diagnosis involves lung function tests showing reduced airflow and reversibility with bronchodilators. Treatment follows a stepwise approach starting with short-acting bronchodilators and adding preventive inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting bronchodilators as needed to control symptoms
This document provides an overview of asthma, including its definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, classification, and management. Some key points:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by variable airflow obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness leading to recurrent wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing.
- It is a common disease worldwide with increasing prevalence. Risk factors include genetic, environmental and infectious factors.
- Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, lung function tests, and allergy testing. Severity is classified based on symptoms and lung function.
- Management follows a six-part asthma action plan including education, monitoring, avoiding triggers, medication plans,
This document provides an overview of asthma, including its definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, classification, and management. Some key points:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by variable airflow obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness leading to recurrent wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing.
- It affects over 300 million people worldwide and its prevalence is increasing, especially in children. Common risk factors include atopy, air pollution, infections and obesity.
- Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, lung function tests and allergy testing. Severity is classified based on symptoms, lung function and medication needs.
- Management follows a six-part asthma
This document provides information on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It begins with an introduction stating that COPD is a progressive and partially reversible disease comprising chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It then discusses the incidence and prevalence of COPD in the United States. Next, it describes the signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It concludes by outlining the diagnostic tests, complications, medical management including medications and lifestyle changes, and nursing management of COPD.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough, particularly at night or early morning. It is caused by a combination of airway inflammation, constriction of the bronchial muscles, and excess mucus production, leading to bronchial obstruction. Asthma is classified as extrinsic (allergic) or intrinsic (non-allergic) and can be triggered by allergens, viruses, drugs, exercise, food, pollutants, and other factors. Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests showing reduced airflow and bronchodilator responsiveness. Treatment depends on symptom frequency and severity but generally involves bronchodilators
This document discusses asthma, including its pathogenesis, triggers, symptoms, diagnosis and classification. It notes that asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by reversible bronchial constriction in response to multiple stimuli. Common symptoms include dyspnea, cough and wheezing. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, demonstrating reversibility of airflow obstruction via spirometry, and ruling out alternative diagnoses. Asthma is classified based on severity of symptoms and lung function.
This document discusses asthma, including its definition, pathophysiology, triggers, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by reversible airflow obstruction.
- It affects over 25 million Americans and its prevalence has been increasing since the 1980s.
- Asthma can be triggered by allergens, viruses, exercise, weather, irritants and other factors.
- Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, lung function testing to detect reversible airflow obstruction, and ruling out other conditions.
- Proper treatment and care can help control asthma and prevent its potentially serious consequences like hospitalizations and death.
This document provides information about asthma, including:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disorder characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation.
- It has both predisposing factors like atopy and causal factors such as indoor/outdoor allergens and irritants.
- Asthma severity is classified based on symptoms, nighttime symptoms, lung function tests and medication use. Treatment involves reliever and preventer medications, and patient education.
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms like wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. It can be triggered by various factors including allergens, respiratory infections, exercise, smoke, and pollutants. Management involves medication, identifying triggers, creating an action plan, monitoring symptoms, staying active, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, getting vaccinated, and regular check-ups with healthcare providers. Effective management aims to control symptoms, prevent flare-ups, and improve overall quality of life.
This document provides information on asthma, including its definition, types, pathophysiology, etiology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness. It discusses the different types of asthma including allergic, non-allergic, cough variant, occupational, and exercise-induced asthma. Treatment involves both controller medications to reduce inflammation and reliver medications for acute symptoms. Treatment is escalated in steps based on asthma severity and control.
Bronchial Asthma is characterized by hyperresponsiveness of the airways and narrowing in response to stimuli. The document defines different types of asthma including extrinsic, intrinsic, occupational, exercise-induced, and drug-induced asthma. Diagnosis involves patient history, examination, spirometry, and challenge tests. Treatment includes avoidance of triggers, quick-relief bronchodilators, and long-term anti-inflammatory medications through a stepwise treatment approach based on asthma severity. The goals of treatment are to control symptoms, prevent exacerbations, and maintain lung function.
This document provides information on bronchial asthma, including its definition, epidemiology, etiology, provoking factors, pathology, symptoms, physical exam findings, laboratory/diagnostic findings, classification by severity, and treatment approaches. Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. It has a prevalence of 5-15% worldwide and is caused by genetic and environmental factors like allergens. Symptoms include wheezing, chest tightness, cough, and dyspnea. Treatment involves controllers like inhaled corticosteroids and relievers like short-acting bronchodilators.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and difficulty breathing. Key factors in asthma include atopy, airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and reversible airflow obstruction. Symptoms are triggered by allergens, infections, exercise and other stimuli. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, lung function tests and allergy testing. Treatment follows a stepwise approach based on disease severity, with long-term control medications like inhaled corticosteroids and quick-relief medications for symptoms. The goals of treatment are good symptom control, normal lung function and preventing exacerbations.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and difficulty breathing. Symptoms are caused by bronchial hypersensitivity and reversible airflow obstruction. The document discusses the definition, pathophysiology, diagnosis, classification of severity, goals of treatment, and medications used for long-term control and quick relief of symptoms. Treatment involves a stepwise approach using inhaled corticosteroids and other controllers to prevent symptoms and exacerbations.
The document discusses asthma, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, classification, and treatment. Asthma affects 7-10% of the population and is caused by inflammation of the airways. Symptoms include coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest tightness. Diagnosis involves assessing medical history, lung function tests, and checking for allergies. Asthma is classified based on severity and control. Treatment ranges from short-acting bronchodilators for mild intermittent asthma to high-dose corticosteroids for severe persistent asthma.
This document reviews pulmonary diseases including COPD, asthma, and tuberculosis. It describes COPD as consisting of chronic bronchitis and emphysema, both causing difficulty exhaling air. Asthma is defined as a chronic inflammatory lung disease causing recurrent breathing issues. Tuberculosis is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, which primarily attacks the lungs. It can spread through airborne droplets when coughing or sneezing. The document outlines symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatments for each disease.
This document provides an overview of pulmonary diseases including Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma, and tuberculosis. It describes the pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of each condition. COPD is characterized by difficulty exhaling air and includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Asthma involves constricted airways, swollen bronchial linings, and excess mucus production. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and primarily affects the lungs, transmitted via airborne droplets.
Asthma is a common chronic lung disease that affects millions of Americans. It can cause symptoms like wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. While deaths from asthma have decreased with better treatment, it remains a serious disease that has high costs due to hospitalizations and emergency room visits. The key to managing asthma is to control inflammation and minimize triggers through patient education, an asthma action plan, and appropriate long-term controller medications.
1. COPD is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by airflow limitation that is usually caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter, most commonly from cigarette smoking.
2. Diagnosis of COPD involves clinical evaluation of symptoms and medical history combined with lung function tests, particularly spirometry.
3. Current guidelines classify COPD severity into four stages based on lung function measurements and symptoms, and recommend treatments that include bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and supplemental oxygen for advanced disease.
This document provides an overview of bronchial asthma. It begins by defining asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder characterized by wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing. It then classifies asthma as atopic/extrinsic, non-atopic/intrinsic, or drug-induced. The pathophysiology section describes the chronic airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness that are hallmarks of the condition. Risk factors, triggers, clinical manifestations, diagnostic tests, and treatment approaches including pharmacological and non-pharmacological options are also summarized.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, chest tightness, coughing and shortness of breath. It affects over 300 million people worldwide. The inflammation is caused by immune cells and inflammatory mediators in the airways leading to swelling, mucus production and airway constriction. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing and breathlessness that are often worse at night. Diagnosis involves lung function tests showing reduced airflow and reversibility with bronchodilators. Treatment follows a stepwise approach starting with short-acting bronchodilators and adding preventive inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting bronchodilators as needed to control symptoms
This document provides an overview of asthma, including its definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, classification, and management. Some key points:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by variable airflow obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness leading to recurrent wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing.
- It is a common disease worldwide with increasing prevalence. Risk factors include genetic, environmental and infectious factors.
- Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, lung function tests, and allergy testing. Severity is classified based on symptoms and lung function.
- Management follows a six-part asthma action plan including education, monitoring, avoiding triggers, medication plans,
This document provides an overview of asthma, including its definition, epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis, classification, and management. Some key points:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by variable airflow obstruction and airway hyperresponsiveness leading to recurrent wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing.
- It affects over 300 million people worldwide and its prevalence is increasing, especially in children. Common risk factors include atopy, air pollution, infections and obesity.
- Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, lung function tests and allergy testing. Severity is classified based on symptoms, lung function and medication needs.
- Management follows a six-part asthma
This document provides information on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It begins with an introduction stating that COPD is a progressive and partially reversible disease comprising chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It then discusses the incidence and prevalence of COPD in the United States. Next, it describes the signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It concludes by outlining the diagnostic tests, complications, medical management including medications and lifestyle changes, and nursing management of COPD.
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough, particularly at night or early morning. It is caused by a combination of airway inflammation, constriction of the bronchial muscles, and excess mucus production, leading to bronchial obstruction. Asthma is classified as extrinsic (allergic) or intrinsic (non-allergic) and can be triggered by allergens, viruses, drugs, exercise, food, pollutants, and other factors. Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests showing reduced airflow and bronchodilator responsiveness. Treatment depends on symptom frequency and severity but generally involves bronchodilators
This document discusses asthma, including its pathogenesis, triggers, symptoms, diagnosis and classification. It notes that asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by reversible bronchial constriction in response to multiple stimuli. Common symptoms include dyspnea, cough and wheezing. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, demonstrating reversibility of airflow obstruction via spirometry, and ruling out alternative diagnoses. Asthma is classified based on severity of symptoms and lung function.
This document discusses various aspects of promotion in the pharmaceutical industry, including the objectives, mix, and techniques of promotion. It provides details on advertising, detailing, direct mail, sales promotion, and publicity/public relations as components of the promotional mix. The document also discusses factors to consider in designing a promotional strategy, such as market nature, product nature, product lifecycle stage, and available funds. Promotion at the retail level and use of packaging as a promotional tool are also summarized.
This document discusses the role of detailers or pharmaceutical sales representatives in promoting drug products. It provides details on the detailing process, which involves identifying and qualifying prospective customers, presenting sales messages and product samples, and following up. It describes the duties of detailers, which include providing information to healthcare professionals, distributing drug samples, and maintaining relationships with retailers and wholesalers. Key qualities of effective detailers are also outlined, such as knowledge, communication skills, and the ability to convince customers. The document also discusses how sales forces are managed through elements like territory assignment, performance evaluation, and compensation.
This document discusses the key aspects of staffing and human resource management (HRM) in a pharmaceutical organization. It covers the following main points:
1. The main activities of HRM include recruiting, selecting, training, evaluating and compensating employees to help achieve organizational goals.
2. Staffing involves finding and attracting potential candidates for open positions through both internal and external recruitment. Selection methods include interviews, tests and simulations to evaluate candidate fit.
3. Development and training of employees is important for enhancing skills and abilities. Different types of training like orientation, skills and on-the-job training are used. Performance is also regularly appraised.
4. Compensation includes wages, bonuses and
1. Dr. Ali Akhtar is a pharmacist with multiple advanced degrees in clinical pharmacy and pharmacology.
2. The document discusses the purposes and types of pharmaceutical advertising, including informing physicians and consumers, introducing new products, and building brand loyalty.
3. Advertising media options for pharmaceutical companies include print, television, radio, specialized films and electronic materials depending on the target audience and budget.
The document outlines the basic functions of marketing, including exchange functions like buying and selling. It describes the buying process, noting that buying involves assessing needs, finding suppliers, placing orders, receiving and inspecting goods. It also describes the selling process, noting that selling aims to bring buyers and sellers together and is how firms generate income. The document further outlines physical supply functions like storage and transportation, and ancillary functions like standardization, branding, financing, risk bearing, and feedback information.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
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TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...
Asthma .pptx
1.
2. Definition:
Asthma means “laboured breathing”. It is a broad term used to
refer to a disorder of the respiratory system that leads to
episodic difficulty in breathing.
3. The national UK guidelines (BTS/SIGN,2009) define asthma
as a “chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways which
occur in susceptible individuals; inflammatory symptoms are
usually associated with widespread but variable airflow
obstruction and an increase in airway response to a variety of
stimuli.
4. The events of asthma are:
Airway obstruction(reversible)
Hyper-responsiveness.
6. Examples of triggers are:
Allergens: Pollens, moulds, house dust mite,
animals (dander, saliva and urine)
Industrial chemicals: paints, hair sprays, penicillin's
Drugs : Aspirin, ibuprofen and other prostaglandin synthetase
inhibitors(aspirin, ibuprofen, NSAIDs),β-adrenoceptor blockers(Atenolol)
7. Foods: A rare cause but examples include nuts, fish, seafood, dairy
products, food colors, especially tartrazine, benzoic acid and sodium
metabisulfite
Environmental pollutants: Traffic fumes. cigarette smoke
Other industrial triggers: Wood or grain dust, cotton, dust, grain weevils
and mites
Miscellaneous: Cold air, exercise, hyperventilation, viral respiratory tract
infections, emotion or stress,
8. The two main causes of asthma symptoms are:
1. Airway hyper-responsiveness:
It is an increased tendency of the airway to react to stimuli or triggers to cause
an asthma attack.
2. Bronchoconstriction:
It is a narrowing of the airways that causes airflow obstruction.
9. Types of asthma:
Asthma can be classified according to the underlying pattern of airway
inflammation with the presence or absence of eosinophils in the airways.
It includes
Extrinsic asthma when an allergen is thought to be the cause of their
asthma. More common in children where triggers, such as dust mite, cause
IgE production.
Intrinsic asthma develops in adulthood, with symptoms triggered by non-
allergenic factors such as a viral infection, irritants which cause epithelial
damage and mucosal inflammation, emotional upset which mediates excess
parasympathetic input or exercise which causes water and heat loss from
the airways, triggering mediator release from mast cells.
10.
11. Immediate reaction includes
Mast cell components are released as a result of an IgE antibody-mediated
reaction on the surface of mast cell.
Histamine and other mediators of inflammation are released from mast cells
for example
Leukotriene's (C4, D4, E4) Bronchoconstriction and also causes mucus
gland to hyperactive and start producing mucous
Prostaglandins, Vasodilation and causes more fluid to come out and
cause wall to swell up
Bradykinnins
Adenosine as well as
Various chemotactic agents that attract eosinophils and neutrophils.
12. Macrophages release prostaglandins, thromboxane
and platelet-activating factor(PAF).
PAF sustain bronchial hyperactivity
and causes capillaries to leak plasma that leads to
mucosal edema
PAF also facilitates the accumulation of eosinophil's
within airways
13. Eosinophils release various inflammatory mediators such as leukotriene
C4, and PAF, which results in epithelial damage and thick mucus
production that causes further deterioration in lung function.
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of bronchial smooth muscle occur by
these cell-derived mediators.
Mucus gland hypertrophy leading to excessive mucus production and
airway plugging, airway oedema, acute bronchoconstriction and impaired
mucocilliary clearance.
16. Asthma can present in a number of ways. It may be manifest as a
persistent cough but commonly described as
Recurrent episodes of difficulty in breathing (dyspnea) associated with
wheezing(a high-pitched noise due to turbulent airflow through a narrowed
airway.)
17. A series of routine tests has been developed to assess asthma such as
1. Forced expiratory volume(FEV)
This a most useful test for abnormalities in airway function. This is measured
by means of lung function assessment apparatus such as a spirometer. The
patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales forcefully and
completely into a mouthpiece connected to a spirometer.
The FEV1 is a measure of the FEV in the first second of exhalation.
18. I. Forced vital capacity(FVC) can also be measured, which is
an assessment of the maximum volume of air exhaled with
maximum effort after maximum inspiration.
II. FEV1 is usually expressed as a percentage of the total
volume of air exhaled, reported as the FEV1/FVC ratio.
III. Tidal volume is the volume of air inspired or expired during
normal breathing.
IV. Residual volume (RV) is the volume of air left in lungs after
maximum expiration.
V. Total lung capacity = VC + RV
Normal individual can exhale at least 70% of their lung capacity
in 1 sec.
19. I. Peak flow meter is a useful means of self-assessment for
the patient. it measures peak expiratory flow( PEF) rate.
II. Peak expiratory flow rate ,the maximum flow rate that can
be forced during expiration. It can be used to assess the
improvement or deterioration in the disease as well as the
effectiveness of treatment.
A healthy average young adult
male typically has a PER of
550 to 700L/minute
20. These lung function test are used to demonstrate the
presence of air flow obstruction.
Other test include
• Skin pricking test for IgE testing for specific allergens
• X-Rays
• Eosinophilic airway inflammation can be determined by
using sputum differential count
Chest X-Rays
21. The aim of asthma management is to have complete
control and have no exacerbations of disease
BTS defines asthma control as
• No daytime symptoms
• No night time wakening
• No requirement of rescue medicines
• No asthma attack
• No limitation on activity
• Normal lung function tests FEV1 >80%
• Minimal adverse effect from medications
22. Persistent asthma
Components
of severity
Intermittent Mild Moderate Severe
Impairments Symptoms ≤2
days/weeks
>2
days/week
but not daily
Daily Throughout
the day
Nighttime
awakenings
≤2x/weeks 3-4x/month >1x/week
but not
nightly
Often
7x/week
SABA use for
symptom
control
≤2
days/weeks
>2
days/week
but not daily
Daily Several times
per day
23. Persistent asthma
Components
of severity
Intermittent Mild Moderate Severe
Interference
with normal
activity
None Minor
limitation
Some
limitation
Extremely
limited
Normal
FEV1/FVC
8-19yrs, 85%
20-39yrs, 80%
40-59yrs, 75%
60-80yrs, 70%
Lung function • Normal
FEV1
between
exacerbatio
n
• FEV1
>80%
predicte
d
• FEV1/FV
C normal
• FEV1
≥80%
predicte
d
• FEV1/FV
C normal
• FEV1
>60%
predicted
• FEV1/FVC
reduced
5%
• FEV1
<60%
predicted
• FEV1/FVC
reduced
>5%
24. Persistent asthma
Component of
severity
Intermittent Mild Moderate Sever
Risk Exacerbations
requiring oral
systemic
corticosteroids
0-1 year ≥2 in 1
year
Consider severity and interval since last
exacerbation. Severity and frequency may fluctuate
over time for patients. Relative annual risk of
exacerbations may be related to FEV1.
28. Step2: Regular preventer therapy
Step1: Mild intermittent asthma
Inhaled short acting beta 2 agonists as required
Add inhaled steroid 200-800µcg/day
400µcg is an appropriate starting dose for many patients
Start a dose of inhaled steroid appropriate to severity of
disease
29. Step 5: Continues or frequent use of oral
steroids
• Use daily steroid tablet in lowest dose providing adequate control
• Maintain high dose inhaled steroids at 2000 µcg/day
• Consider other treatment to minimize the use of steroid tablet
• Refer patient for specialist care.
Step 4: Persistent poor control
• Consider trials of increasing inhaled steroids upto 2000 µcg/day
• Addition of fourth drug leukotriene receptor antagonist, SR
theophylline
Step 3: Add on therapy
Add inhaled beta 2 agonists (LABA)
Assess control of asthma
• Good response to LABA
• Benefit from LABA but control still inadequate-continue LABA and
increase inhaled steroid dose to 800µcg/day
• No response to LABA- stop LABA and increase inhaled steroid to
800µcg/day. If control still inadequate institute trial of other therapy
e.g. leukotriene receptor antagonists or SR theophylline
35. The choice of suitable inhalation devices is vital in
asthma.
Incorrect use of inhalers will lead to sub-optimal
treatment.
36. Metered dose aerosol inhaler
Dry powder inhalers
Nebulisers (nebuliser produces an aerosol by
blowing air or oxygen through a solution to
produce droplet of 5µm or less in size)
37. It usually contains a solution or suspension of
active drug, with typical particle size of 2-5µm in a
liquefied propellant.
Operation of device releases a metered dose of
drug with droplet size of 35-45µm.
This increase in droplet size is due to propellant
which evaporates when expelled from inhaler
38. MDIs have the advantage of being multidose, small
and widely available for most drugs used in
asthma.
Corticosteroids administered by MDIs causes oral
candidiasis so the patient is advised to gargle with
water after using inhalation and to expel the water
from mouth afterwards
39.
40.
41.
42. Corticosteroids and long-acting beta agonists
Some inhaled asthma medication combinations contain
both a corticosteroid and a bronchodilator:
• Fluticasone and Salmeterol (Advair Diskus)
• Budesonide and Formoterol (Symbicort)
• Mometasone and Formoterol (Dulera)
• Fluticasone and Vilanterol (Breo)
• Formeterol and Beclomethasone (Foster)
43. Long-acting beta agonists (LABAs)
The most commonly used LABA for asthma is salmeterol
(Serevent).
Quick relief drugs
Albuterol (ProAir HFA, Ventolin HFA, others)
Levalbuterol (Xopenex HFA)
44. Clinical pharmacy and therapeutics Rogger
Walker 5th edition
Applied therapeutics 9th edition (Marry Anne
Koda-Kimble)