The document emphasizes the importance of effective communication in business, particularly for managers, highlighting various elements and barriers to interpersonal communication. It also outlines guidelines for clarity, courtesy, consideration, conciseness, and correctness in messaging, stressing the need to tailor communication to the audience's perspective. Lastly, strategies for overcoming communication barriers and enhancing organizational communication are discussed.

1. BUSINESS
COMMUNICATION
DR. ALI AKHTAR
PHARM.D
MS (CLINICAL PHARMACY)
PHD (CLINICAL PHARMACY)

2. COMMUNICATION
Communication plays key role in the success of a manager.
How much professional knowledge and intelligence a manager possesses
becomes immaterial if he is not able to communicate effectively with his
subordinates and create understanding in them.
Directing abilities of a manager mainly depend upon his communication skills.
That is why organization always emphasise on improving communication skills
of managers as well as employees.

3. PROCESS OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
 Elements of the Process
– message - expresses the purpose of the communication
– encoding - converting the message in symbolic form
• affected by the skills, attitudes, and knowledge of the sender, and by
the culture of the organization
– channel - medium for conveying the message
– decoding - retranslating symbols into a message
• affected by personal characteristics of the receiver
– noise - disturbances that interfere with the transmission, receipt, or feedback
of a message
• message itself and channel can distort communications
• feedback also subject to same sources of noise

4. THE INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
PROCESS
Sender
Message Medium Receiver
Encodin
g Nois
e
Feedbac
k
Message
Decodin
g

5.  Methods of Communicating Interpersonally
– a wide variety of communication methods exist
– choice of a method should reflect:
– the needs of the sender
– the needs of the receiver
– the attributes of the message
– the attributes of the channel

6.  Methods of Communicating Interpersonally (cont.)
– Nonverbal communication – communication without words
• Types
– body language - gestures, facial expressions, and other body
movements that convey meaning
– verbal intonation - emphasis someone gives to words or
phrases that conveys meaning
• Every oral communication is accompanied by a nonverbal message
• Nonverbal component usually carries the greatest impact

7. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS CONVEY EMOTIONS

8.  Barriers to Effective Interpersonal Communication
Filtering - the deliberate manipulation of information to make it appear
more favorable to the receiver
• upward communication is condensed by senders to avoid
information overload by top-level receivers
• extent of filtering affected by:
– the number of vertical levels in the organization
– culture of the organization
– Selective Perception – what people see and hear influenced by their
attitudes, background, and experience.

9.  Barriers to Effective Interpersonal Communication (cont.)
– Emotions - interpretation of a message affected by the way the
receiver feels
• Extreme emotions likely to hinder effective communication
- Information overload – information available exceeds processing
capacity
• frequent complaint of executives

10.  Barriers to Effective Communication (cont.)
– Defensiveness - behaviors that result
threatened
from feeling
• hinders effective communication
– Language - meaning of words differs among people with
diverse backgrounds
• jargon - specialized terminology used by a group
• even those who speak the same language may use it
quite differently
– National Culture - cultural values affect the way people
communicate
• individualism versus collectivism

11. OVERCOMING THE BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
– Use Feedback - ask a set of questions about a message to
• determine whether it was understood as intended
• ask receivers to restate the message in their own words
– Simplify Language - tailor the language to the audience for
• whom the message is intended
• Jargon can facilitate understanding when used in appropriate groups
– Listen Actively - listen for full meaning
• restrain premature judgments or interpretations
• enhanced by developing empathy with sender

12. ACTIVE LISTENING BEHAVIORS
Paraphrase
Don’t overtalk
Be empathetic Make eye
contact
Exhibit
affirmative head
nods and
appropriate
facial expressions
Active
Listening
Avoid distracting
actions or
gestures
Avoid interrupting
the speaker
Ask questions

13. ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION
 Formal Communication
– communication that follows the official chain of command
• or is communication required to do one’s job
– Takes place within prescribed organizational work arrangements
 Informal Communication
– not defined by the organization’s structural hierarchy
– fulfills two purposes
• Permits employees to satisfy their needs for social interaction
• Creates alternative, and frequently faster and more efficient, channels of
communication

14. DIRECTION OF COMMUNICATION FLOW
– Downward - flows from a manager to subordinates
• Used to inform, direct, coordinate, and evaluate
• employees
– Upward - flows from subordinates to managers
• keeps managers aware of employees’ feelings
• source for ideas on improving operations
• Amount of upward communication affected by the culture of the
organization
– trust and empowerment increase upward flow
– Mechanistic and authoritarian environment decrease upward flow

15. – Diagonal - cuts across both work areas and organizational
levels
• benefits efficiency and speed
• e-mail facilitates diagonal communication

16. WHAT ARE 7C’S OF COMMUNICATION?
• Completeness
• Conciseness
• Consideration
• Concreteness
• Clarity
• Courtesy
• Correctness

17. 1. COMPLETENESS
• Message is complete when it contains all facts the reader or listener
needs for the reaction you desire.
• Communication senders need to assess their message through the eyes
of the receivers to be sure they have included all relevant information.
• Provide all necessary information.
• Answer all questions asked.
• Give something extra when desirable.

18. PROVIDE ALL NECESSARY INFORMATION
• Give all detail which is necessary for complete and accurate understanding.
• One way to make your message complete is by asking five W questions;
• Who?
• What?
• When?
• Where?
• Why?
• And other essentials as How?
These are useful for making requests, announcements, or other
informative messages.

19. EXAMPLE
To reserve a hotel banquet room, specify the
accommodation needed (What), location (Where), Sponsoring
organization (Who), date and time (when), event (why), and other
necessary detail (How).

20. 2. CONCISENESS
Conciseness is saying what you have to say in fewest
possible words without sacrificing other C qualities. A concise
message is complete without being wordy.

21. • A concise message saves time and expense for both sender and receiver.
• Conciseness contributes to emphasis; by eliminating unnecessary words
you let important ideas stand out.
• Conciseness includes;
• Eliminate wordy expression
• Include only relevant material
• Avoid unnecessary repetition

22. ELIMINATE WORDY EXPRESSION
• Use single word substitute instead of phrases without changing meaning.
• EXAMPLE
• Wordy: In due course
• Concise: Soon
• Wordy: please find attached the list you requested.
• Concise: The list you requested is attached.
• Wordy: She bought desks that are of the executive type.
• Concise: She bought executive- type desks.

23. INCLUDE ONLY RELEVANT MATERIAL
• Stick to the purpose of the message.
• Delete irrelevant words and sentences.
• Omit information obvious to the receiver.
• Avoid long introductions, unnecessary explanations, excessive
preposition and adjectives etc.
• Get to the important point concisely.

24. EXAMPLE
• Wordy : We hereby wish to let you know that our company is pleased with
the confidence you have reposed in us.
• Concise: We appreciate your confidence.
• Wordy: At this time, I am writing to you to enclose an interview card,
which has been post-paid, for the purpose of arranging a convenient time
when we might get together for a personal interview.
• Concise: Please return the enclosed interview card to setup a
convenient time for an interview.

25. AVOID UNNECESSARY REPETITION
• Use shorter name after u have used long one once. Instead of using “North
Central Company” use “North Central”.
• Use pronouns or initials rather than repeating long names. Instead of using
“ American Association of Technical Analysts” again and again, use “it” or
“they” or AATA.
• Cut out all needless repetition of phrases and sentences. Sometimes it is
possible to combine two or even more sentences by using conjunctions etc.

26. EXAMPLE
• Wordy: Will you ship up this time, anytime during the month of October
would be fine, or even November if you are rushed (November would suit us
just as well, in fact a little bit better) 300 of the regular 3 by 15 inches blue
armbands with white sewn letters in the center. Thank you in advance by
sending this along to us by parcel post and not express, as express is too
expensive.
• Concise: Please ship parcel post, before the end of November, 300
regular 3 by 15-inch blue felt armbands with white sewn letters in the
centers.

27. 3. CONSIDERATION
• Consideration means preparing every message with the message
receivers in mind: put yourself at their place; being aware of
their ideas, emotions, attitudes, desires, circumstances and
probable reactions to your point.
• Handle the matter from their point of view, called as “you-
attitude”

28. SPECIFIC WAYS TO INDICATE CONSIDERATION
• Focus on “You” instead of “I” and “we”
• Show audience’s benefit and interest in the receiver.
• Emphasize positive, pleasant facts.

29. FOCUS ON “YOU” INSTEAD OF “I” AND “WE”
• To create considerate, audience-oriented messages, focus on how receivers will benefit,
what they will receive, and what they want or need to know.
• EXAMPLE
• We-Attitude: I am delighted to announce that we will be extending our hours to make
shopping more convenient.
• You-Attitude: You will be able to shop evenings with the extended hours.

30. SHOW AUDIENCE BENEFIT OR INTEREST IN
THE RECEIVER
• Show how your receivers will benefit from the message.
• Benefits must meet recipient needs, address their concern and offer them
rewards; means they must be perceived as benefits by the receivers.
• Tell legitimate benefits of your policy and products and put yourself in
receiver’s place to assess their perspectives.

31. EXAMPLE
• Only inserting word “you” does not ensure “You- attitude” As;
• “You will be glad to know that we now have a walkup window open 7-
9am and 3-8pm every weekday”
• Some readers wonder, “so what?”
• So, it should be like;
• “You can now take care of your banking needs at our new Walk-up
Window. It is open with a capable teller to serve you 7-9am and 3-8pm,
Monday through Friday”

32. EMPHASIZE POSITIVE, PLEASANT FACTS
• A third way to show consideration for your receiver is to accent the
positive. This means stressing what can be done instead of what cannot be
done and focusing on words your recipient can consider favorably.
• Negative-Unpleasant:
It is impossible to open an account for you today.
• Positive-Pleasant:
As soon as your signature card reaches us, we will gladly
open an account for you.

33. CHECKLIST FOR CONSIDERATION
• See your material from your readers point of view.
• “You” is more desirable than “I” and “We”.
• Readers like to see benefits. Be sure benefits are a prominent part of the
message.
• Consciously use positive words; readers will react more favorably.

34. 4. CONCRETENESS
• Communicating concretely means being specific, definite and vivid rather
than vague and general.
• Use denotative words (dictionary based, direct) rather than connotative
words (ideas, notions suggested by or associated with a word”.

35. BENEFITS
• Receivers know exactly what is required or desired.
• Increase the chances that the message will be interpreted the
way sender intended.
• More vivid and interesting.

36. SPECIFIC WAYS TO INDICATE CONCRETENESS
• Use specific facts and figures
• Put action in your verbs
• Choose vivid, image building words.

37. USE SPECIFIC FACTS AND FIGURES
• Use exact and precise statement or a figure instead of a general word to make your
message more concrete.
EXAMPLE
Vague, General, Indefinite:
Student GMAT scores are higher.
Concrete, Precise:
In 1999 the GMAT scores averaged 600; by 1997 they had risen to 610.

38. WHEN NOT TO USE SPECIFIC DETAILS
• When it is not possible to be specific: you may not have the precise figures
or facts.
• When you wish to be diplomatic: “You have missed three invitations to my
office” is harsh; you may be more tactful in saying, “I’ve sent you several
reminders to see me in my office”.
• When exact figures are unimportant as in; “ more than half the committee
was present.”

39. PUT ACTION IN YOUR VERBS
• Use active rather than passive voice because it shows life in a sentence when a subject
acts.
• Active verbs are;
• More specific as “ A dean decided” than “ a decision has been made by”
• Personal as “You will note” rather than “it will be noted”
• Concise as “Figures show” rather than “it is shown by figures”
• Emphatic as “Students held a contest” rather than “ A contest was held by the
students”.

40. USE PASSIVE VOICE WHEN
• When you want to avoid personal comments as in
• “ The October cheque was not included” is better than “ you failed to include the
October cheque” OR
• Attendance at the meeting is required” is less harsh than “you must attend the
meeting”.
• When you want to stress the object of action. As “You are invited” is more suitable than ,
“ we invite you”

41. CHECKLIST FOR CONCRETENESS
• Precise in presenting facts and figures.
• Use active voice more than the passive.
• Use action verbs to make idea clear.
• Use of image building words where necessary.

42. 5. CLARITY
Getting the meaning from your head into the head of your reader
– accurately –is the purpose of clarity.

43. WAYS TO INDICATE CLARITY
• Choose precise, concrete and familiar words.
• Construct effective sentences and paragraphs.

44. CHOOSE PRECISE, CONCRETE AND FAMILIAR
WORDS
• Clarity is achieved in part through a balance between precise language and
familiar words.
• Precise language means selecting exactly the right word to convey
meaning.
• Familiar language comprises words of one’s personal repertoire, familiar to
the audience and appropriate for the situation.

45. EXAMPLE FAMILIAR WORDS PRETENTIOUS
WORDS
• After
• Home
• For example
• Invoice
• Subsequent
• Domicile
• E.g.
• Statement for payment

46. EXAMPLE
UNFAMILIAR
After our perusal of pertinent data,
the conclusion is that a lucrative
market exists for the subject
property.
FAMILIAR
The data we studied show that your
property is profitable and in high
demand.

47. USE BUSINESS JARGON
• Use business language and technical terms in professional situations.
• Avoid when communicating to a person not acquainted with the
terminology.
• Even then if you must use the terms, explain briefly and clearly for proper
understanding.

48. USE EFFECTIVE SENTENCES AND PARAGRAPHS
• At the core of clarity is the sentence.
• Grammatical statement when clearly expressed moves thoughts within a paragraph.
• Important characteristics to consider while making effective sentences and paragraphs are;
• Length
• Unity
• Coherence
• Emphasis

49. LENGTH
• Short sentences are preferred.
• Suggested average sentence length should be 17- 20 words or it
could be from 3- 30 words or so. But more than 40 words
sentence should be rewritten to reduce length.

50. UNITY
• Keep one main idea and other ideas must be related to the main idea.
EXAMPLE
Wrong: I like Jim, and the Eiffel Tower is in Paris.
Correct: Mr. James is in his late sixties. His hands trembles when he
eats.

51. COHERENCE
• Words are correctly arranged so that ideas correctly convey the intended
meaning.
EXAMPLE
UNCLEAR: Being an excellent lawyer, I am sure you can help us.
CLEAR: As you are an excellent lawyer, I am sure you can help us.

52. EMPHASIS
• The quality that gives force to important parts of sentences and paragraphs
is emphasis.
• Writer needs to understand what should be emphasized.
• In a complex sentence, main idea should be placed in the main clause and
less important points are to be placed in a subordinate clause.

53. EXAMPLE
• Little Emphasis: The airplane finally approached the speed of
sound, and it became very difficult to control.
• Better Emphasis: As it finally approached the speed of sound,
the airplane became very difficult to control.

54. CHECKLIST FOR CLARITY
• Choose precise or as concrete a word as possible.
• Select words that have a high sense of appropriateness for the reader.
• Go for the familiar words.
• Limit average length of a sentence is 17- 20 words.
• Insert no more than one main idea in a sentence.
• Arrange words so that the main idea occurs early in a sentence.

55. 6. COURTESY
• Courtesy means not only aware of others perspective but feelings.
• Courtesy stems from a sincere “you-attitude”
• Show respect and concern for others .
• Consider your audience.

56. GUIDELINES FOR GENERATING COURTESY
• Be sincerely tactful, thoughtful and appreciative.
• Use expressions that show respect.
• Choose nondiscriminatory expressions.

57. BE SINCERELY TACTFUL,THOUGHTFULAN
APPRECIATIVE
• Be tactful keeping in mind audience culture, feelings and
respect.
• Avoid being blunt or abrupt as negative feelings arise from
personal negative attitude or when a person does not know the
culture of a country …

58. EXAMPLE
• Tactless , Blunt
• Stupid letter; I can't understand any
of it.
• Clearly, you did not read my latest
fax.
• I rewrote that letter three times; the
point was clear.
• More Tactful
• It’s my understanding that I did not
get what you mean.
• Sometimes my wording is not
precise; let me try again.
• I'm sorry the point was not clear;
here is another version

59. THOUGHTFULNESS AND APPRECIATION
• Be polite and courteous when communicating with your audience as it help
building goodwill.
• Goodwill is worth thousands for an organization which can be achieved by
sending cordial, courteous messages of appreciation.

60. USE EXPRESSIONS THAT SHOW RESPECT
• No reader wants to receive messages that offend.
EXAMPLE OFFENSIVE:
Hey man, what’s this I hear about your wedding? You didn’t tell any of us
about it. Give my regards to the lady and wish her the best.
COURTEOUS:
Warm congratulations on your wedding! Well, you certainly took us by
surprise. In fact, just a few of us suspected you were taking off to get
married. But even though we didn’t hear about it until later. We wish you
the best.

61. CHECKLIST FOR COURTESY
• Communication should have you-attitude.
• Have someone review your statement to avoid disrespect.
• Be careful in using language. Be aware of gender, race, color, etc.

62. 7. CORRECTNESS
• Use of proper grammar, punctuation and spellings.
• Some message though grammatically and mechanically complete and
perfect may insult or lose a customer .
SO
• Use the right level of language
• Check accuracy of figures, facts and words.
• Maintain acceptable writing mechanics.

63. USE THE RIGHT LEVEL OF LANGUAGE
• There are three levels of language
• Formal
• Informal
• Substandard
So, writing style for each level is different.

64. FORMAL LANGUAGE
Formal writing is often associated with scholarly writing:
• Doctoral dissertations
• Scholarly articles
• Legal documents
• Government agreements and other materials where formality of language is
demanded.
STYLE: Style is non-conversational, usually impersonal and often contains long
sentences.

65. INFORMAL LANGUAGE
• Informal writing is more characteristic of business writing as words are short, well-known
and conversational… As,
• More Formal Less Formal
• Participate Join
• Procure Get
• Endeavor Try
• Edifice Building
• Deem Think

66. SUBSTANDARD LANGUAGE
• Avoid using incorrect words, incorrect grammar, faulty pronunciation ,all suggest an
inability to use good English.
• SUBSTANDARD MORE ACCEPTABLE
• Ain’t isn’t, aren’t
• Can’t hardly can hardly
• Aim at proving aim to prove
• Irregardless regardless
• Brung brought
• Should of should have

67. CHECK ACCURACY OF FIGURES, FACTS AND
WORDS
• Data and information should be correct, check and double check the accuracy of facts and
figures.
• Verify statistical data.
• Double check your totals.
• Avoid guessing at laws that have an impact on you, the sender and the receiver.
• Have someone else read your message if the topic involves data.
• Determine whether a “fact” has changed over time.

68. WORDS THAT CONFUSE
Our English language is constantly changing… In fact, even
dictionaries cannot keep up with the rapid change in our
language. But the dictionary is still a major source for locating
correct words and their intended meanings.

69. MAINTAIN ACCEPTABLE WRITING MECHANICS
• Message should be correct grammatically.
• Computers provide spell and grammar check to make editing easy.
• Every message should be carefully written.

70. CHECKLIST FOR CORRECTNESS
• Select the right level of language for communication; either formal or
informal.
• Realize that informal language is used in business communication.
• Check your accuracy of facts and figures by making other person read your
material.