Asthma
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Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by airway inflammation and obstruction. It has been increasing in prevalence globally. Common triggers include allergens, infections, pollutants, and exercise. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and listening to the lungs. Treatment involves quick-relief medications during attacks and long-term control medications to prevent symptoms. Nursing management focuses on education, controlling triggers, monitoring symptoms, emotional support, proper positioning, and involving family.
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Bronchial asthma
This document provides an overview of bronchial asthma, including its definition, pathophysiology, types, triggers, symptoms, diagnosis, management, and differences from COPD. Key points include:
- Asthma is a disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction and inflammation in response to various stimuli. It is an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction.
- Common symptoms include wheezing, chest tightness, cough and breathlessness. Diagnosis is based on clinical history and pulmonary function tests showing improved airflow with bronchodilators.
- Management involves avoidance of triggers, bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, and a stepped treatment plan escalating medications based on asthma control. Acute
Bronchial asthma
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of airways resulting from hyper reactivity of the airways to Varity of stimuli
Bronchial asthama
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
ntroduction
Definition
Etiological factors
Pathophysiology
Types of asthma
Clinical manifestation Restlessness Wheezing or crackles Absent or diminished lung sounds Hyper resonance Use of accessory muscles for breathing Tachypnea with hyperventilation
Clinical manifestation
Diagnostic evaluation
Bronchoprovocation Testing: Testing that is done to identify inhaled allergens; mucous membranes are directly exposed to suspected allergen in increasing amounts. Skin Testing: Done to identify specific allergens. Exercise Challenges: Exercise is used to identify the occurrence of exercise-induced bronchospasm. Radio allergosorbent Test: Blood test used to identify a specific allergen. Chest Radiograph: May show hyper expansion of the airways.
Managemnet
Goal- Promote bronchodilationn Reduce inflammation Remove secretions Prevent ongoing symptoms Prevent asthma attack Maintain normal lung function Avoid triggers
Pharmacological therapy 1. Long term control medication- Inhaled corticosteroid Leukotriene modifiers Long acting beta agonist Methylxanthines Combine inhaler
2 Quick relief medication Short acting beta agonist Anticholinergic Oral or I/V corticosteroid
3 Bronchial thermoplasty- Form severe asthma that does not respond to medication
Non- pharmacological
Oxygen therapy Postural drainage & chest physiotherapy Coughing & deep breathing exercise Avoidance of allergen relaxation technique acupuncture
Prevention
Patients with recurrent asthma should undergo tests to identify the substances that precipitate the symptoms. Possible causes are dust, dust mites, roaches, certain types of cloth, pets, horses, detergents, soaps, certain foods, molds, and pol- lens. If the attacks are seasonal, pollens can be strongly sus- pected. Patients are instructed to avoid the causative agents whenever possible.
Complications Complications of asthma may include status asthmaticus, respiratory failure, pneumonia, and atelectasis. Airway obstruction, particularly during acute asthmatic episodes, often results in hypoxemia, requiring the administration of oxygen and the monitoring of pulse oximetry and arterial blood gases. Fluids are administered, because people with asthma are frequently dehydrated from diaphoresis and in- sensible fluid loss with hyperventilation.
Nursing diagnosis
Impaired gas exchange r/t altered oxygen supply Ineffective airway clearance r/t bronchospasm & obstruction from narrow lumen Ineffective breathing pattern r/t bronchospasm Risk for increasing attack of r
espiratory distress r/t exposure to allergens
Asthma, introduction, definition, causes, pathophysiology, classification
Asthma, introduction, definition, causes, pathophysiology, classification, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention and treatment
Asthma
This document provides information on the diagnosis and management of asthma. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by reversible airway narrowing and obstruction. The pathophysiology involves airway inflammation, wall thickening, mucus hypersecretion, and bronchial smooth muscle contraction in response to stimuli. Differential diagnoses include other lung diseases, infections, and restrictive lung disorders. Treatment involves inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids. Management is stepped up or down based on asthma control and severity.
Bronchial asthma and it's management
This document provides information on bronchial asthma, including:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing.
- It affects over 350 million people globally and causes nearly 400,000 deaths per year, most in developing countries.
- Long-term treatment involves inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Other treatments include oral corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and long-acting beta-2 agonists.
- Triggers include infections, allergens, exercise, air pollution, weather changes, drugs, stress, and smoking. Proper management is needed to prevent complications and control symptoms.
Bronchial Asthma: Definition,Pathophysiology and Management
Definition and Pathophysiology of Asthma in addition to classification and recent updates in the management of asthma based on GINA-2019 Guidelines, by Dr. Marco Makram.
Asthma
Asthma is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by airway inflammation and constriction. It is the most common chronic childhood illness, with 50% of cases beginning before age 10. An asthma attack can be life-threatening and lead to respiratory failure if not properly treated. Nurses play an important role in quickly assessing severity, administering bronchodilators and other medications, monitoring the patient, providing education on triggers and ongoing management. The goals of treatment are to maintain normal lung function and prevent exacerbations and adverse effects of medications.
Recommended
Bronchial asthma
This document provides an overview of bronchial asthma, including its definition, pathophysiology, types, triggers, symptoms, diagnosis, management, and differences from COPD. Key points include:
- Asthma is a disease characterized by reversible airway obstruction and inflammation in response to various stimuli. It is an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction.
- Common symptoms include wheezing, chest tightness, cough and breathlessness. Diagnosis is based on clinical history and pulmonary function tests showing improved airflow with bronchodilators.
- Management involves avoidance of triggers, bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, and a stepped treatment plan escalating medications based on asthma control. Acute
Bronchial asthma
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of airways resulting from hyper reactivity of the airways to Varity of stimuli
Bronchial asthama
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
ntroduction
Definition
Etiological factors
Pathophysiology
Types of asthma
Clinical manifestation Restlessness Wheezing or crackles Absent or diminished lung sounds Hyper resonance Use of accessory muscles for breathing Tachypnea with hyperventilation
Clinical manifestation
Diagnostic evaluation
Bronchoprovocation Testing: Testing that is done to identify inhaled allergens; mucous membranes are directly exposed to suspected allergen in increasing amounts. Skin Testing: Done to identify specific allergens. Exercise Challenges: Exercise is used to identify the occurrence of exercise-induced bronchospasm. Radio allergosorbent Test: Blood test used to identify a specific allergen. Chest Radiograph: May show hyper expansion of the airways.
Managemnet
Goal- Promote bronchodilationn Reduce inflammation Remove secretions Prevent ongoing symptoms Prevent asthma attack Maintain normal lung function Avoid triggers
Pharmacological therapy 1. Long term control medication- Inhaled corticosteroid Leukotriene modifiers Long acting beta agonist Methylxanthines Combine inhaler
2 Quick relief medication Short acting beta agonist Anticholinergic Oral or I/V corticosteroid
3 Bronchial thermoplasty- Form severe asthma that does not respond to medication
Non- pharmacological
Oxygen therapy Postural drainage & chest physiotherapy Coughing & deep breathing exercise Avoidance of allergen relaxation technique acupuncture
Prevention
Patients with recurrent asthma should undergo tests to identify the substances that precipitate the symptoms. Possible causes are dust, dust mites, roaches, certain types of cloth, pets, horses, detergents, soaps, certain foods, molds, and pol- lens. If the attacks are seasonal, pollens can be strongly sus- pected. Patients are instructed to avoid the causative agents whenever possible.
Complications Complications of asthma may include status asthmaticus, respiratory failure, pneumonia, and atelectasis. Airway obstruction, particularly during acute asthmatic episodes, often results in hypoxemia, requiring the administration of oxygen and the monitoring of pulse oximetry and arterial blood gases. Fluids are administered, because people with asthma are frequently dehydrated from diaphoresis and in- sensible fluid loss with hyperventilation.
Nursing diagnosis
Impaired gas exchange r/t altered oxygen supply Ineffective airway clearance r/t bronchospasm & obstruction from narrow lumen Ineffective breathing pattern r/t bronchospasm Risk for increasing attack of r
espiratory distress r/t exposure to allergens
Asthma, introduction, definition, causes, pathophysiology, classification
Asthma, introduction, definition, causes, pathophysiology, classification, symptoms, diagnosis, prevention and treatment
Asthma
This document provides information on the diagnosis and management of asthma. It defines asthma as a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by reversible airway narrowing and obstruction. The pathophysiology involves airway inflammation, wall thickening, mucus hypersecretion, and bronchial smooth muscle contraction in response to stimuli. Differential diagnoses include other lung diseases, infections, and restrictive lung disorders. Treatment involves inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids. Management is stepped up or down based on asthma control and severity.
Bronchial asthma and it's management
This document provides information on bronchial asthma, including:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing.
- It affects over 350 million people globally and causes nearly 400,000 deaths per year, most in developing countries.
- Long-term treatment involves inhaled corticosteroids to reduce inflammation. Other treatments include oral corticosteroids, leukotriene modifiers, and long-acting beta-2 agonists.
- Triggers include infections, allergens, exercise, air pollution, weather changes, drugs, stress, and smoking. Proper management is needed to prevent complications and control symptoms.
Bronchial Asthma: Definition,Pathophysiology and Management
Definition and Pathophysiology of Asthma in addition to classification and recent updates in the management of asthma based on GINA-2019 Guidelines, by Dr. Marco Makram.
Asthma
Asthma is a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caused by airway inflammation and constriction. It is the most common chronic childhood illness, with 50% of cases beginning before age 10. An asthma attack can be life-threatening and lead to respiratory failure if not properly treated. Nurses play an important role in quickly assessing severity, administering bronchodilators and other medications, monitoring the patient, providing education on triggers and ongoing management. The goals of treatment are to maintain normal lung function and prevent exacerbations and adverse effects of medications.
Asthma
The document provides information on asthma, including its pathophysiology, epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and reversible airflow obstruction. It commonly presents with wheezing, cough, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and lung function tests. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation and managing acute exacerbations.
Bronchial asthma in children
This document discusses asthma, including its symptoms, types, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Asthma is a chronic lung disease causing wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing. It affects 235 million people worldwide.
- There are two main types of childhood asthma - viral-induced wheezing in early childhood and chronic asthma associated with allergies.
- Asthma is diagnosed based on symptoms, family history, allergy tests, and pulmonary function tests. Acute exacerbations are treated with bronchodilators while long-term control involves medications to reduce inflammation and constriction.
Pathophysiology of bronchial asthma f
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing. The inflammation causes increased airway responsiveness to various stimuli. Asthma is categorized based on frequency and severity of symptoms. The pathophysiology involves genetic predisposition to allergic reactions, airway inflammation, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness triggered by allergens, viruses, pollution, and other factors. Mediators such as leukotrienes and histamine cause bronchospasm. Histological examination shows mucus plugs, eosinophils, and muscle hypertrophy in the airways.
Bronchial asthma
These lecture notes were prepared by Dr. Hamdi Turkey- Pulmonologist- Department of internal medicine - Taiz university
Do Not Forget To Visit Our Pages On Facebook on the following Links:
https://www.facebook.com/groups/569435236444761/
AND
https://www.facebook.com/groups/690331650977113/
Asthma ppt
This document is a paper presentation on pediatric asthma by Mr. Namdeo Shinde of Satara College of Pharmacy in India. The presentation defines asthma, discusses its increasing prevalence in children worldwide and in India specifically, and outlines the challenges of diagnosing and treating asthma in younger children. It also covers asthma symptoms, triggers, risk factors, investigations, differential diagnosis, long-term management including medications, and concludes by emphasizing the importance of patient education.
Asthma- Easy PPT for Nursing Students
Asthma- Easy PPT for Nursing Students
Definition & picture
Risk factors
Clinical manifestations
Pathophysiology
Assessment & diagnostic methods
Medical management
Asthma Presentation
- Asthma is a chronic lung condition that affects over 3 million Canadians and cannot be cured but can be managed. It causes reversible airway obstruction and symptoms include coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest tightness.
- Asthma symptoms are triggered by factors like allergens, infections, exercise, air pollution, emotions, and medications. Exercise is a trigger for 90% of people with asthma.
- Asthma is treated through medications like rescue inhalers to quickly reverse symptoms and preventive controller medications to reduce inflammation and prevent symptoms. Proper medication use and trigger avoidance can help asthma be managed.
R t i ppt
This document discusses respiratory tract infections, which are infections that involve the respiratory tract. It describes upper respiratory tract infections such as sinusitis, pharyngitis, and otitis media, and lower respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. For each infection, it discusses the typical causative agents, affected age groups, characteristics, clinical features, and treatment approaches. It provides an overview of the pathophysiology of upper and lower respiratory tract infections.
Allergic rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis is an IgE-mediated inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa caused by an allergic reaction to inhaled allergens. It is characterized by symptoms like sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion and nasal itching. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, performing skin prick tests or measuring allergen-specific IgE levels. Management includes allergen avoidance, oral antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids and immunotherapy. Allergic rhinitis can negatively impact quality of life and is associated with conditions like asthma and sinusitis if left untreated.
Asthma
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by airway inflammation and obstruction. It has steadily increased in both developed and developing countries since 1970. Genetic and environmental factors like allergens, infections, pollutants, and diet can trigger asthma. Clinically, it manifests as dyspnea, wheezing, and cough. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, pulmonary function tests, and chest x-rays. Treatment includes oxygen, quick-relief medications during attacks, long-term preventer medications like steroids to control inflammation, and nursing management focusing on education, environment control, evaluation, and emotional support.
common cold
This document discusses the common cold, including its causes, symptoms, treatment and prevention. It notes that a cold is a mild viral infection of the upper respiratory tract that is usually caused by rhinoviruses or coronaviruses. Symptoms include a runny nose, sore throat, cough and fatigue. While self-limiting, colds can lead to complications like sinusitis or ear infections. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms with over-the-counter medications and getting plenty of rest. Proper hygiene and a strong immune system help reduce the risk of catching a cold.
Bronchial asthma in that Define, Cause, Sign and Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatme...
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the lower airways characterized by temporary narrowing of the bronchi. It is multifactorial, with predisposing factors including heredity and excitatory factors such as allergens, infections, environmental irritants, and emotional stress. Bronchial asthma is classified as allergic or nonallergic and is diagnosed through patient history, physical examination, and tests such as pulmonary function tests. Management involves medication like bronchodilators and corticosteroids, avoidance of triggers, and nursing care including monitoring, positioning, administering treatments, and providing emotional support. Prognosis depends on severity and control of symptoms, though childhood asthma often continues into adulthood.
Asthma Attack – Causes And Prevention
Respiratory system issues may lead to asthma attack, so one should not ignore respiratory illness. Check out here more on asthma attack causes, prevention and asthma medication http://www.myhealthpharma.com/generic-flovent.aspx
Asthma ppt
This document provides an overview of asthma including its incidence, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Some key points:
- Asthma prevalence has increased 61% over the last two decades and it is the leading chronic illness among children.
- It is caused by airway inflammation and obstruction from factors such as allergens, infections, pollutants, and psychosocial stress.
- Symptoms include dyspnea, wheezing, and cough. Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam, and sometimes chest X-rays.
- Treatment involves quick relievers for acute attacks, preventers to control inflammation, and environmental control/patient education. Nursing care focuses on education
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
This document provides information on bronchial asthma including its definition, classification, pathophysiology, and treatment approaches. It discusses the different types of asthma such as atopic, non-atopic, and drug-induced asthma. It describes the cells and mediators involved in asthma inflammation. It covers the mechanisms and classes of drugs used to treat asthma, including bronchodilators, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, corticosteroids, and anti-IgE antibody. It provides details on the mechanisms of action and side effects of various bronchodilators and corticosteroids. It also discusses inhalational drug delivery systems and the treatment of acute asthma attacks.
Asthma ppt
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes narrowing of the airways. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. Risk factors include allergens, air pollution, infections, stress, obesity, and family history. Symptoms are typically worse at night or early morning. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and lung function tests. Treatment focuses on preventing symptoms through avoidance of triggers and use of inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators. Nursing care emphasizes breathing treatments, monitoring for complications, patient education, and managing exacerbations.
upper respiratory tract infection
Upper respiratory tract infections are caused by viruses or bacteria that infect the nose, sinuses, pharynx, or larynx. They include conditions like the common cold, sinusitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, and pharyngitis. A nurse will assess symptoms, check for signs of infection, monitor breathing, help clear secretions, manage pain, and educate patients on treatment plans and avoiding exacerbating factors. Proper nursing care is important for relieving symptoms and supporting healing from upper respiratory infections.
Sinusitis
The document discusses sinusitis, including:
- The four pairs of paranasal sinuses located in the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones.
- Sinusitis is characterized by inflammation of the paranasal sinus linings, often caused by viral rhinitis leading to bacterial infection.
- Acute sinusitis lasts less than a month while chronic sinusitis persists over 3 months, with risk factors including allergies and structural issues.
Bronchial asthma
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. Key symptoms include coughing, especially at night, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Asthma affects over 300 million people worldwide and is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. While there is no cure, asthma can be effectively controlled through medication like inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators, and by avoiding triggers.
COPD (CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE)
This document discusses chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), specifically bronchitis. It defines bronchitis as an inflammation of the bronchi in the lungs, usually due to infection. The two main types are acute bronchitis, which usually lasts a few weeks, and chronic bronchitis, which is a persistent cough for 3 months. Common causes are smoking, viruses like rhinovirus, and bacteria like streptococcus pneumoniae. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Treatment involves antibiotics, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and airway clearance techniques.
Asthma ppt
This document provides an overview of asthma including its incidence, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Some key points:
- Asthma prevalence has increased 61% over the last two decades and it is the leading chronic illness among children.
- It is caused by airway inflammation and obstruction from factors such as allergens, infections, pollutants, and psychosocial stress.
- Symptoms include dyspnea, wheezing, and cough. Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam, and sometimes chest X-rays.
- Treatment involves quick-relief medications for acute attacks, long-term preventers to control inflammation, and patient education on trigger avoidance and proper
Asthuma in children
Asthma is a chronic lung disease that causes the airways to become inflamed and narrow, making breathing difficult. It is common in children and can be especially serious for them due to their smaller airways. An asthma attack occurs when the airways become inflamed and narrow further. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. Asthma is managed through medications to relieve symptoms during an attack and prevent future attacks, and avoiding triggers that cause airway inflammation.
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Asthma
The document provides information on asthma, including its pathophysiology, epidemiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by airway hyperresponsiveness and reversible airflow obstruction. It commonly presents with wheezing, cough, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and lung function tests. Treatment focuses on reducing inflammation and managing acute exacerbations.
Bronchial asthma in children
This document discusses asthma, including its symptoms, types, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Asthma is a chronic lung disease causing wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing. It affects 235 million people worldwide.
- There are two main types of childhood asthma - viral-induced wheezing in early childhood and chronic asthma associated with allergies.
- Asthma is diagnosed based on symptoms, family history, allergy tests, and pulmonary function tests. Acute exacerbations are treated with bronchodilators while long-term control involves medications to reduce inflammation and constriction.
Pathophysiology of bronchial asthma f
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing. The inflammation causes increased airway responsiveness to various stimuli. Asthma is categorized based on frequency and severity of symptoms. The pathophysiology involves genetic predisposition to allergic reactions, airway inflammation, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness triggered by allergens, viruses, pollution, and other factors. Mediators such as leukotrienes and histamine cause bronchospasm. Histological examination shows mucus plugs, eosinophils, and muscle hypertrophy in the airways.
Bronchial asthma
These lecture notes were prepared by Dr. Hamdi Turkey- Pulmonologist- Department of internal medicine - Taiz university
Do Not Forget To Visit Our Pages On Facebook on the following Links:
https://www.facebook.com/groups/569435236444761/
AND
https://www.facebook.com/groups/690331650977113/
Asthma ppt
This document is a paper presentation on pediatric asthma by Mr. Namdeo Shinde of Satara College of Pharmacy in India. The presentation defines asthma, discusses its increasing prevalence in children worldwide and in India specifically, and outlines the challenges of diagnosing and treating asthma in younger children. It also covers asthma symptoms, triggers, risk factors, investigations, differential diagnosis, long-term management including medications, and concludes by emphasizing the importance of patient education.
Asthma- Easy PPT for Nursing Students
Asthma- Easy PPT for Nursing Students
Definition & picture
Risk factors
Clinical manifestations
Pathophysiology
Assessment & diagnostic methods
Medical management
Asthma Presentation
- Asthma is a chronic lung condition that affects over 3 million Canadians and cannot be cured but can be managed. It causes reversible airway obstruction and symptoms include coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing, and chest tightness.
- Asthma symptoms are triggered by factors like allergens, infections, exercise, air pollution, emotions, and medications. Exercise is a trigger for 90% of people with asthma.
- Asthma is treated through medications like rescue inhalers to quickly reverse symptoms and preventive controller medications to reduce inflammation and prevent symptoms. Proper medication use and trigger avoidance can help asthma be managed.
R t i ppt
This document discusses respiratory tract infections, which are infections that involve the respiratory tract. It describes upper respiratory tract infections such as sinusitis, pharyngitis, and otitis media, and lower respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. For each infection, it discusses the typical causative agents, affected age groups, characteristics, clinical features, and treatment approaches. It provides an overview of the pathophysiology of upper and lower respiratory tract infections.
Allergic rhinitis
Allergic rhinitis is an IgE-mediated inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa caused by an allergic reaction to inhaled allergens. It is characterized by symptoms like sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal congestion and nasal itching. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, performing skin prick tests or measuring allergen-specific IgE levels. Management includes allergen avoidance, oral antihistamines, intranasal corticosteroids and immunotherapy. Allergic rhinitis can negatively impact quality of life and is associated with conditions like asthma and sinusitis if left untreated.
Asthma
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by airway inflammation and obstruction. It has steadily increased in both developed and developing countries since 1970. Genetic and environmental factors like allergens, infections, pollutants, and diet can trigger asthma. Clinically, it manifests as dyspnea, wheezing, and cough. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, pulmonary function tests, and chest x-rays. Treatment includes oxygen, quick-relief medications during attacks, long-term preventer medications like steroids to control inflammation, and nursing management focusing on education, environment control, evaluation, and emotional support.
common cold
This document discusses the common cold, including its causes, symptoms, treatment and prevention. It notes that a cold is a mild viral infection of the upper respiratory tract that is usually caused by rhinoviruses or coronaviruses. Symptoms include a runny nose, sore throat, cough and fatigue. While self-limiting, colds can lead to complications like sinusitis or ear infections. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms with over-the-counter medications and getting plenty of rest. Proper hygiene and a strong immune system help reduce the risk of catching a cold.
Bronchial asthma in that Define, Cause, Sign and Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatme...
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the lower airways characterized by temporary narrowing of the bronchi. It is multifactorial, with predisposing factors including heredity and excitatory factors such as allergens, infections, environmental irritants, and emotional stress. Bronchial asthma is classified as allergic or nonallergic and is diagnosed through patient history, physical examination, and tests such as pulmonary function tests. Management involves medication like bronchodilators and corticosteroids, avoidance of triggers, and nursing care including monitoring, positioning, administering treatments, and providing emotional support. Prognosis depends on severity and control of symptoms, though childhood asthma often continues into adulthood.
Asthma Attack – Causes And Prevention
Respiratory system issues may lead to asthma attack, so one should not ignore respiratory illness. Check out here more on asthma attack causes, prevention and asthma medication http://www.myhealthpharma.com/generic-flovent.aspx
Asthma ppt
This document provides an overview of asthma including its incidence, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Some key points:
- Asthma prevalence has increased 61% over the last two decades and it is the leading chronic illness among children.
- It is caused by airway inflammation and obstruction from factors such as allergens, infections, pollutants, and psychosocial stress.
- Symptoms include dyspnea, wheezing, and cough. Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam, and sometimes chest X-rays.
- Treatment involves quick relievers for acute attacks, preventers to control inflammation, and environmental control/patient education. Nursing care focuses on education
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
This document provides information on bronchial asthma including its definition, classification, pathophysiology, and treatment approaches. It discusses the different types of asthma such as atopic, non-atopic, and drug-induced asthma. It describes the cells and mediators involved in asthma inflammation. It covers the mechanisms and classes of drugs used to treat asthma, including bronchodilators, leukotriene antagonists, mast cell stabilizers, corticosteroids, and anti-IgE antibody. It provides details on the mechanisms of action and side effects of various bronchodilators and corticosteroids. It also discusses inhalational drug delivery systems and the treatment of acute asthma attacks.
Asthma ppt
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes narrowing of the airways. It is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. Risk factors include allergens, air pollution, infections, stress, obesity, and family history. Symptoms are typically worse at night or early morning. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms and lung function tests. Treatment focuses on preventing symptoms through avoidance of triggers and use of inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators. Nursing care emphasizes breathing treatments, monitoring for complications, patient education, and managing exacerbations.
upper respiratory tract infection
Upper respiratory tract infections are caused by viruses or bacteria that infect the nose, sinuses, pharynx, or larynx. They include conditions like the common cold, sinusitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, and pharyngitis. A nurse will assess symptoms, check for signs of infection, monitor breathing, help clear secretions, manage pain, and educate patients on treatment plans and avoiding exacerbating factors. Proper nursing care is important for relieving symptoms and supporting healing from upper respiratory infections.
Sinusitis
The document discusses sinusitis, including:
- The four pairs of paranasal sinuses located in the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones.
- Sinusitis is characterized by inflammation of the paranasal sinus linings, often caused by viral rhinitis leading to bacterial infection.
- Acute sinusitis lasts less than a month while chronic sinusitis persists over 3 months, with risk factors including allergies and structural issues.
Bronchial asthma
Bronchial asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing. Key symptoms include coughing, especially at night, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Asthma affects over 300 million people worldwide and is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. While there is no cure, asthma can be effectively controlled through medication like inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators, and by avoiding triggers.
COPD (CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE)
This document discusses chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), specifically bronchitis. It defines bronchitis as an inflammation of the bronchi in the lungs, usually due to infection. The two main types are acute bronchitis, which usually lasts a few weeks, and chronic bronchitis, which is a persistent cough for 3 months. Common causes are smoking, viruses like rhinovirus, and bacteria like streptococcus pneumoniae. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Treatment involves antibiotics, bronchodilators, corticosteroids, and airway clearance techniques.
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Asthma ppt
This document provides an overview of asthma including its incidence, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. Some key points:
- Asthma prevalence has increased 61% over the last two decades and it is the leading chronic illness among children.
- It is caused by airway inflammation and obstruction from factors such as allergens, infections, pollutants, and psychosocial stress.
- Symptoms include dyspnea, wheezing, and cough. Diagnosis involves patient history, physical exam, and sometimes chest X-rays.
- Treatment involves quick-relief medications for acute attacks, long-term preventers to control inflammation, and patient education on trigger avoidance and proper
Asthuma in children
Asthma is a chronic lung disease that causes the airways to become inflamed and narrow, making breathing difficult. It is common in children and can be especially serious for them due to their smaller airways. An asthma attack occurs when the airways become inflamed and narrow further. Symptoms include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and shortness of breath. Asthma is managed through medications to relieve symptoms during an attack and prevent future attacks, and avoiding triggers that cause airway inflammation.
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- Treatment involves bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids, and other controllers. Correct inhaler technique is important for effective treatment.
Pneumonia in children
This clinical guideline provides recommendations for diagnosing and treating pneumonia in children. Pneumonia is common in children under 2 years old and can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or mixed infections depending on the child's age. Clinical features like fever, cough, difficulty breathing, and fast breathing should prompt consideration of pneumonia. Chest x-rays are not needed for most cases but can help in complicated cases. Most children can be treated with oral antibiotics at home, while those with more severe symptoms require hospital admission and intravenous antibiotics. Complications like lung abscesses may occur and require longer treatment and follow up to ensure full recovery. Recurrent pneumonia may indicate underlying conditions that require further investigation.
Tuberculosis in children.pptx
Tuberculosis is a chronic illness caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that mainly affects the lungs of children under 15 years old. It is a serious infection that can spread through close contact with an infected individual. Symptoms in children may include fever, weight loss, cough, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves tests like chest x-rays, skin tests, and blood work. Treatment requires isolating the infected child and using a combination of antibiotic drugs over a long period of time along with supportive nursing care.
Acute Respiratory Infections - for UGs
This document discusses acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in India. It notes that ARIs affect over 700 million people annually in India and cause over 52 million cases of pneumonia. Mortality from ARIs ranges from 3,200 to 6,900 deaths annually. Risk factors for ARIs include low literacy, suboptimal breastfeeding, malnutrition, and unsatisfactory immunization coverage. Common types of ARIs discussed include the common cold, croup, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies for ARIs are also outlined.
ASTHMA GINA CLASSIFICATION
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that causes recurring episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing. It affects people of all ages and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. Asthma can be diagnosed based on symptoms and medical history and confirmed through lung function tests. Effective asthma management requires a partnership between the patient and doctor to control symptoms, identify and reduce risk factors, treat exacerbations, and monitor the condition.
Pediatrics CME 2006
This document provides an overview of pediatric emergency medicine for EMT training. It covers general pediatric assessment techniques, common pediatric emergencies like respiratory issues, seizures, and more. Key points include differences in pediatric airways, treatments for conditions like foreign body airway obstruction, epiglottitis, croup, asthma and more. Normal vital sign ranges are provided by age.
Pulmonary Complications in pediatric population.pptx
This document discusses several common respiratory disorders that affect children, including the common cold, pneumonia, bronchitis, asthma, and sinusitis. It provides details on the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of each disorder. The common cold is usually caused by rhinoviruses and can be treated with rest, hydration, and over-the-counter medications. Pneumonia often requires antibiotics and can have serious complications. Bronchitis is usually acute and viral in children and treated with supportive care. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease treated with inhalers and medications. Sinusitis causes nasal congestion and pain and its causes include viral infections, allergies, and anatomical abnormalities.
Tetanus.pptx
Tetanus is a neurological disease caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria. It causes painful muscle spasms and can be fatal. It occurs worldwide but is more common in developing nations. Neonatal tetanus is a major cause of death in infants. Prevention relies on immunizing mothers during pregnancy through tetanus toxoid vaccines. Treatment involves managing spasms and complications through supportive care like mechanical ventilation. Strict clean delivery practices and ensuring mothers receive tetanus vaccines can eliminate neonatal tetanus globally.
Bronchial asthma by dr.bakul
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that causes periodic breathing difficulties. It affects over 300 million people worldwide, including 30 million people in India alone. The prevalence of asthma has been increasing significantly, especially in children. Asthma symptoms include coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. While the exact causes are unknown, asthma development is thought to involve genetic and environmental factors interacting early in life. Asthma can be controlled through medication, allergen avoidance, and treatment plans tailored to each individual patient. The goals of asthma management are to control symptoms, prevent exacerbations, and maintain normal lung function and activity levels.
Anaphylaxis Management: Problems with the Current Paradigm and the need for ...
Michael Langan, MD
Geriatrician, MGH Senior Health
September 10, 2012
Epi-Port (cartridge housing, portable, fashionable, easy to use)
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Twist, Turn, Push (TTP)
From concept to patent to market
1:30P.M.-2:30P.M.
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Bronchial asthma
The document defines bronchial asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing due to bronchospasm and variable airflow limitation. Common triggers include allergens, infections, exercise, and tobacco smoke. A diagnosis is usually made clinically based on symptoms, family history of atopy, and spirometry testing. Treatment involves managing acute exacerbations with bronchodilators and corticosteroids, and long-term control with inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting bronchodilators, and avoidance of triggers.
Presentation on asthma
An 8-year-old male child presented with a 1-month history of cough, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. He had been previously diagnosed with asthma 2 years prior. His physical exam and tests showed signs consistent with an asthma exacerbation. He was started on medications including inhaled corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and oral steroids to treat his symptoms and prevent future attacks. Nursing care focused on teaching the family about asthma management, medication administration, and when to seek emergency help.
Pink Puffer Kids Final
This document presents a case study of a family with multiple asthmatic children who experience recurrent breathing difficulties. The family has limited financial resources. The case focuses on a 2-year-old child with mild persistent asthma and nutritional deficiencies. Interventions discussed include regular medical checkups, environmental controls, medication adherence, and addressing the family's social determinants of health.
Asthmatic patient in dental cliniic
This document discusses the dental management of asthmatic pediatric patients. It begins by defining asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder characterized by recurrent wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing. It notes that asthma prevalence has increased in children in recent decades. The document then discusses the burden of asthma in children, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, medications and management during dental treatment. It provides guidance on avoiding triggers, monitoring the patient, and treating acute asthma attacks if they occur during dental procedures.
Asthmatic patient in dental cliniic
This document discusses the dental management of asthmatic pediatric patients. It begins by defining asthma as a chronic inflammatory airway disorder characterized by recurrent wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and coughing. It notes that asthma prevalence has increased in children over the past 20 years. The document then discusses the burden of asthma in children, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, medications used to treat and manage asthma, as well as considerations for treating asthmatic patients in a dental setting including avoiding triggers and properly managing acute asthma attacks.
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Behavioral problems in children
This document discusses various behavioral problems in children including their causes, types, and management approaches. It covers problems such as temper tantrums, breath holding spells, thumbsucking, nail biting, bedwetting, encopresis, pica, tics, and speech problems. For each issue, the document outlines contributing factors, characteristics, potential complications, and recommended treatment strategies involving parental counseling, behavioral modification, psychotherapy, and in some cases medical intervention.
Cerebralpalsy
Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect movement and muscle coordination, appearing in early childhood. It can be caused by complications during pregnancy like infection or problems with brain development. Babies at higher risk are premature, low birth weight, or had complicated labor. Signs include poor balance, shaky movements, and abnormal speech or gait. Diagnosis involves neurological exams and scans. Treatment focuses on physical, occupational and speech therapy as well as orthotics, medications, and sometimes surgery. Prevention involves prenatal care and immunizations.
Meningitis
Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges covering the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. Bacterial meningitis is the most serious type. Common symptoms in infants and children include fever, irritability, vomiting, and lethargy. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture, CSF examination, and imaging tests. Treatment consists of antibiotics, anticonvulsants, managing increased intracranial pressure, and supportive care like IV fluids and monitoring the patient's condition. Nursing care focuses on isolation, medication administration, seizure control, comfort, nutrition, and guiding parents.
Hydrocephalus
Hydrocephalus is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the intracranial spaces, which can be caused by increased CSF production, obstruction of CSF pathways, or impaired CSF absorption. This results in dilation of the cerebral ventricles and enlargement of the head. Hydrocephalus can be congenital or acquired later in life due to factors such as infection, birth trauma, tumors, or connective tissue disorders. Treatment involves surgical placement of a shunt to divert CSF from the ventricles to the peritoneal cavity, atrium, or other sites to relieve pressure on the brain. Long-term risks include shunt complications, infections, neurological deficits, and developmental delays.
Scoliosis
Scoliosis is a back problem that causes a curvature of the spine from side to side. About 3 in 100 people have some form of scoliosis, though for many it is not a major problem. The most common type, called idiopathic scoliosis, has no known cause but may run in families. It typically affects children between 10-12 years old during periods of rapid growth. Treatment depends on the patient's age, amount of curvature, and type of scoliosis, and may include monitoring, bracing, or surgery.
Kyphosis lordosis-
Kyphosis-Lordosis is a document that defines and describes two spinal conditions: kyphosis and lordosis. There are three main types of kyphosis - postural, Scheuemann's, and congenital. Postural kyphosis is the most common type and results from poor posture. Scheuemann's kyphosis develops during adolescence due to structural vertebral deformities. Congenital kyphosis is the rarest type and caused by abnormal vertebral development before birth. Lordosis refers to an inward curvature of the lumbar or cervical spine and can be caused by conditions like achondroplasia or poor posture. Both kyphosis and lordosis are diagnosed using x-rays or
IMNCI
The document discusses the Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMNCI) strategy developed by WHO and UNICEF to provide integrated care for young infants and children for common childhood illnesses. The IMNCI strategy includes improving the case management skills of health staff, strengthening the overall health system, and improving family and community health care practices. It provides guidelines for assessing, classifying, treating and counseling caretakers of sick young infants and children based on their symptoms and condition.
Bronchitis
Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses, bacteria, or other irritants. It can be acute, lasting a few weeks after a cold or flu, or chronic, characterized by a persistent cough for at least three months per year over two years. Risk factors include smoking, secondhand smoke, air pollution, age, and weak immune system. Symptoms include cough, mucus production, shortness of breath, wheezing and fatigue. Diagnosis involves exams, tests, and imaging. Treatment focuses on antibiotics for bacteria, cough medicine, bronchodilators, and lifestyle changes.
Adolescent health
This document discusses adolescent health issues. It describes adolescence as the period from ages 10-19 characterized by physical, psychological, and social maturation. Some key issues discussed include the importance of adolescent health for developing countries, changes in social and sexual behaviors, common health problems adolescents face, and the need for nutrition, sexual health education, mental health support, and adolescent-friendly healthcare services. The document emphasizes promoting adolescent reproductive health and preventing health risks like STIs through vaccination programs and legal protections.
Integrated child development services
The mid-day meal programme and Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) aim to improve child nutrition, health, and development in India. The mid-day meal programme provides school lunches to attract and retain children in schools. ICDS provides an integrated package of services including supplementary nutrition, immunization, health check-ups, and non-formal education to children under 6, pregnant women, and nursing mothers. The objectives are to improve nutritional status, health, development, and school retention of children while enhancing mothers' health knowledge. Services are delivered through anganwadi centers and include food, healthcare, education and community outreach.
Infant growth and development
1) The document discusses the typical growth and development milestones in infants from 1 month to 9 months of age. These include physical growth measures as well as motor, sensory, language, and social/emotional development.
2) Key motor developments include progressing from head lifting to sitting, crawling, and pulling to stand. Fine motor skills advance from grasping to transferring objects between hands.
3) Sensory abilities increase from following objects visually to localizing sounds. Language skills grow from cooing and babbling to understanding words and imitating sounds.
Toddler g n d
The document summarizes developmental milestones for toddlers aged 2 to 3 years old across various domains. Key points include:
- Weight gain slows and height increases more rapidly, with average heights of 82.5-85cm and weights of 11.8-12.7kg.
- Motor skills progress from walking without support to jumping, kicking balls, and climbing on furniture. Language development increases from 2-6 words to 300 words and use of pronouns. Cognitive abilities transition from sensorimotor thinking to preoperational stage with symbolic thought and imitation.
Schooler g n d
School age children experience significant growth and development between ages 6-12 years. They grow taller and gain weight. Their motor skills improve as they participate in more coordinated activities. Cognitively, they progress from preoperational to concrete operational thought. Socially, peer relationships become important as they develop a sense of industry. Their language skills expand greatly during this period. Providing a variety of age-appropriate activities supports healthy development across domains during these middle childhood years.
Schooler g n d
School age children experience significant growth and development between ages 6-12 years. They experience growth spurts where their weight increases from 21kg at age 6 to 40kg at age 12 for boys and 30-50kg for girls at age 12. Their motor skills improve allowing them to engage in more complex physical activities. Cognitively, they transition from preoperational thought to concrete and then formal operational thought, gaining abilities like deductive reasoning. Socially, peer relationships become important as they develop a stronger sense of identity and industry.
4 growth and development theory
The document summarizes several major theories of child development, including those proposed by Freud, Erikson, Piaget, Kohlberg, and Fowler. It describes Freud's psychosexual stages of development and concepts of the id, ego, and superego. Erikson's eight stages of psychosocial development are also outlined. Piaget's stages of cognitive development, including sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational periods, are reviewed. Kohlberg's stages of moral development and Fowler's stages of faith development are briefly presented as well. Communication strategies for different age groups are discussed.
3 principles of growth and development
This document outlines 11 principles of child growth and development:
1) Cephalocaudal - Development proceeds from the head downwards
2) Proximodistal - Development proceeds from the center of the body outwards
3) Continuous process - Growth and development is a continuous process from conception to death
4) Orderly sequence - Development follows an orderly sequence from simple to complex skills
5) Influenced by genetics and environment - Growth is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors
2 factors affecting growth and development
This document discusses child growth and development. It defines growth as a quantitative change that results in increased size and weight through cell division and protein synthesis. Development is defined as a qualitative change that involves the gradual expansion of capacities through maturation and learning. The document outlines several factors that can affect child growth and development, including prenatal factors like maternal nutrition, stress, illness and placental function, as well as postnatal influences such as nutrition, infections, trauma, socioeconomic status, family dynamics and access to healthcare services.
Introduction of growth and development
This document discusses various theories of child development, including psychosexual, psychosocial, cognitive, moral, and spiritual development. It outlines several major stages of development according to Freud, Erikson, Piaget, Kohlberg, and Fowler. Key aspects of development covered include trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, and identity. The roles of nurturing and meeting basic needs in early development are also emphasized.
Child adoption
The document discusses Indian laws governing adoption, including the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act of 1956, Guardian and Wards Act of 1890, and Juvenile Justice Act of 2000. It outlines the requirements for a valid adoption, who may adopt a child, the capacity to give a child for adoption, and conditions that must be fulfilled by adoptive parents. It also describes the multi-step process of adoption under these acts.
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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Physiology of Special Chemical Sensation of Taste
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
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Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
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Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
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Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
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Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
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Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
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Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Asthma
- 2. Introduction Asthma is a non-communicable chronic lung disease, characterized by the following features: Airway inflammation Airway obstruction mainly due to associated with mucosal edema
- 3. INCIDENCE The incidence of asthma has steadily increased in both developed and developing countries from 1970 to 2000.The prevalence of asthma has increased 61% over the last two decades. Asthma is the leading chronic illness among children. Asthma results in 10 million lost school days and 3 million lost work days. Deaths from asthma have increased by 31% since 1980. By 1 year – 26% 1-5 years – 51.4% > 5 years – 22.3% 77% Of Asthma Begins In Children Less Than 5 Years.
- 4. ETIOLOG Y1. Host factors: 1. Genetic; Genes 2.Sex: More in males 2:1 2.Environmental factors: 1. Allergens – 2.Infections: (predominantly viral in 40% of children) 3.Seasonal: Seasonal variation of asthma attacks is experienced by 35% of children. 4.Diet: ( eggs, wheat).
- 5. 3. Sensitization to allergen. 4. Pollutants (particularly environmental tobacco smoke, mosquito coil smoke, sprays, perfumes etc). 5. Respiratory (viral) infections. 6. Psychosocial factors. 7. Drugs (aspirin, beta blockers)
- 6. Due to etiology Inflammation & edema of the mucous membranes. Accumulation of secretions from mucous glands. Spasm of the smooth muscle of the bronchi & bronchioles
- 7. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS:The classical manifestations are: dyspnea, wheezing, & cough. Nocturnal Cough/Breathlessness. Asthmatic child may complain headache, feeling tired, & chest tightness.
- 8. Respiratory symptoms: Recurrent cough: Post-tussive vomiting (vomiting after a bout of coughing) occurs in 5% of cases Chest pain is present rarely. Other comorbid conditions like allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, serous otitis media, etc. Shortness of breath.
- 9. DIAGNOSIS 1. HistorY collection(Ask) Has the child had an attack or recurrent episode of wheezing (high-pitched whistling sounds when breathing out)? Does the child have a troublesome cough which is particularly worse at night or on waking? Is the child awakened by coughing or difficult breathing? Does the child cough or wheeze after physical activity (like games and exercise) or excessive crying? Does the child experience breathing problems during a particular season?
- 10. 2. Physical Examination (Look). Dyspnea Irritability to Cough Allergic Rhinitis 3. Chest x ray: Chest X-ray is not needed to diagnose asthma. It is needed only when the diagnosis is not clear or any complications are suspected.
- 11. MEDICAL MANAGEMENT 1. Oxygen : Give oxygen to keep oxygen saturation > 95% in all children with asthma who are cyanosed (oxygen saturation ≤ 90%) or whose difficulty in breathing interferes with talking, eating or breastfeeding. • Pharmacotherapy: Quick relievers: Used for acute attacks to relieve bronchospasm as and when needed. Salbutamol Terbutaline Adrenaline Aminophylline Preventers: Used for long-term to control the inflammation and to prevent further attacks. - Steroids ( Oral and Inhaled) like prednisolone. - Theophylline
- 12. Long-term symptom relievers: Used to relievebronchospasm for longer hours. – Salmeterol – Formoterol – Bambuterol Always use with inhaled Steroids
- 13. If the methods of delivering salbutamol are not available, give a subcutaneous injection of adrenaline at 0.01 ml/kg of 1:1000 solution (up to a maximum of 0.3 ml), measured accurately with a 1-ml syringe. If there is no improvement after 15 min, repeat the dose once. Magnesium sulfate : Intravenous magnesium sulfate may provide additional benefit in children with severe asthma treated with bronchodilators and corticosteroids. Give 50% magnesium sulfate as a bolus of 0.1 ml/kg (50 mg/kg) IV over 20 min.
- 14. NURSING MANAGEMENT The management of asthma includes: Education Environment control Evaluation Emotional support Regular follow-up.
- 15. 1. Education: The nurse must spend time to clear the misconceptions about the disease, sexual bias, non-communicability of the disease, fear of inhalers, steroids, etc. 2. Environment Control It is the most important factor in the control of asthma. The aim should be to avoid allergens and irritants:
- 16. 3. Evaluating respiratory status and patients general condition Frequent assessment of respiratory pattern. Cyanosis Breath sounds Vital signs
- 17. 4. Providing emotional support:- Calm and quiet approach Trusting relationship Play and recreation 5. Positioning:- Comfortable sitting position and supporting with pillow. Leaning forward with support may be allowed Administering oxygen
- 18. 6. Administering fluid therapy:- During asthma they take less fluid. Maintain input output chart 7. Maintaining adequate dietary intake:- Clear liquids in small amounts. Allergic foods to be avoided. Spicy and gas forming foods to be avoided. Balanced diet.
- 19. 8. Maintenance of hygienic measures:- Routine hygiene care. Dust and allergen free environment. Aseptic technique. 9. Supporting parents and family Emotional support Parent participation in care Discuss treatment plan.