This study assessed 50 years of glacier volume change in four glaciers in the Cordillera Blanca mountain range in Peru using digital elevation models from 1962 aerial photos and 2008 LiDAR data. The key findings were:
1) Surface area of the four glaciers decreased significantly between 1962 and 2008, with losses ranging from 31.2% to 85.7%.
2) Glacier volume also decreased substantially over this period. Total volume losses for the four glaciers ranged from 0.013 km3 to 0.137 km3.
3) To account for inaccuracies between the different elevation data sources, the 2008 LiDAR DEM was compared to the 1962 aerial photos over non-glacierized terrain
Exploring DEM error with geographically weighted regressionGeoCommunity
Michal Gallay, Christopher D. Lloyd, Jennifer McKinley: Exploring DEM error with geographically weighted regression (poster), 9th International Symposium GIS Ostrava, VŠB – Technical Univerzity of Ostrava, from 23rd to 25th January 2012
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Exploring DEM error with geographically weighted regressionGeoCommunity
Michal Gallay, Christopher D. Lloyd, Jennifer McKinley: Exploring DEM error with geographically weighted regression (poster), 9th International Symposium GIS Ostrava, VŠB – Technical Univerzity of Ostrava, from 23rd to 25th January 2012
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
Land Cover maps supply information about the physical material at the surface of the Earth (i.e. grass, trees, bare ground, asphalt, water, etc.). Usually they are 2D representations so to present variability of land covers about latitude and longitude or other type of earth coordinates. Possibility to link this variability to the terrain elevation is very useful because it permits to investigate probable correlations between the type of physical material at the surface and the relief. This paper is aimed to describe the approach to be followed to obtain 3D visualizations of land cover maps in GIS (Geographic Information System) environment. Particularly Corine Land Cover vector files concerning Campania Region (Italy) are considered: transformed raster files are overlapped to DEM (Digital Elevation Model) with adequate resolution and 3D visualizations of them are obtained using GIS tool. The resulting models are discussed in terms of their possible use to support scientific studies on Campania Land Cover.
This document shows a suggested approach to generate geological maps from satellite images, which represent a powerful tool to characterize an area prior fieldwork, saving energy and money during the process and using the free sources from NASA and the USGS. This exercise mapped a Colombian area called Media Luna Syncline
Greetings all,
Nowadays, several datasets are -or will be- available in a near future to improve operational forecasting in most aspects, like the
ocean dynamics modeling, and the assimilation efficiency, that aims now to optimize the combination of temperature/salinity in
situ profiles, drifter's velocities, and sea surface height deduce from altimeter's data and GRACE or future Goce geoid. But also
strengthen forecasting system's applications, like the climate monitoring. For all these issues, an optimal use of ocean data,
always too sparse and not enough numerous, is mandatory.
Such studies are at the heart of this Newsletter issue. It begins with a Rio M.H. and Hernandez F. review of the Goce Mission,
dedicated to focus and document the shortest scales of the Earth's gravity field. Goce satellite is due to fly in December 2007.
With the next article Guinéhut S. and Larnicol G. investigate the influence of the in situ temperature profiles sampling on the
thermosteric sea level estimation. They show that the impact is not negligible, and can introduce large errors in the estimation. In
the second article, Benkiran M. and Greiner E. are evaluating the benefits of the drifter's velocities assimilation in the Mercator
Océan 1/3° Tropical and North Atlantic operational system. A description of the assimilation scheme upgrade to take into account
velocity control is given. Castruccio F. & al. describe in the third article the performance of an improved MDT reference for
altimetric data assimilation. They concentrate their study on the Tropical Pacific Ocean. Finally, the Newsletter comes to an end
with the Benkiran M. article. In his study, based on the 1/3° Mercator system, the impact of several altimeters data on the
assimilation performance is assessed
Have a good read
Development of Methodology for Determining Earth Work Volume Using Combined S...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Modification and Climate Change Analysis of surrounding Environment using Rem...iosrjce
This review is presented in three parts. The first part explains such terms as climate, climate change,
climate change adaptation, remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS). The second part
highlights some areas where RS and GIS are applicable in climate change analysis and adaptation. Issues
considered are snow/glacier monitoring, land cover monitoring, carbon trace/accounting, atmospheric
dynamics, terrestrial temperature monitoring, biodiversity conservation, ocean and coast monitoring, erosion
monitoring and control, agriculture, flood monitoring, health and disease, drought and desertification. The
third part concludes from all illustrated instances that climate change problems will be less understood and
managed without the application of RS and GIS. While humanity is still being plagued by climate change effects,
RS and GIS play a crucial role in its management for continued human survival. Key words: Climate, Climate
Change, Climate Change Adaptation, Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing.
Mapping Gradex values on the Tensift basin (Morocco)IJERA Editor
The aim of this study is to elaborate the cartography of Gradex parameter used in the Gradex method for estimating flood peaks in order to size hydraulic structures. Map of spatial variation is elaborated using the geostatistical method of kriging. Several reference functions (exponential model, spherical, linear, Gaussian and cubic) were used for modeling the kriging variogram. Cross-validation enabled a comparison between the results of these models and choice of spherical model with anisotropy and trend fit by a second-order polynomial as the most suitable. The use of available series of annual maximum daily rainfall recorded at 23 rainfall stations, distributed over the Tensift basin, led also to develop the cartography of standard prediction errors‟ values associated to the predicted parameter for each point of Tensift basin. These errors vary from acceptable values (16.8%) to very high ones depending on the density of the rainfall stations at the desired site.
Dia chi-ban-dan-piano-noi-tieng-o-ha-noiTrương Tử Duy
TRUNG TÂM MUSIC TALENT
Chuyên nhập khẩu và phân phối đàn piano điện các loại.
Là trung tâm số 1 về phân phối đàn giá rẻ được quý khách hàng đánh giá số 1 trên thị trường Hà Nội.
Nguồn hàng đa dạng đầy đủ mẫu mã các loại đàn piano,đàn guitar,đàn grand ... đem đến cho khách hàng sự lựa chọn hoàng hảo.
Những conterner hàng đàn về liên tục trong tháng.
Đàn lại về nhé cả nhà, giá chỉ từ 10tr/cây. Nhanh tay số lượng có hạn.
Đàn về lần này có sự góp mặt của Dàn chân Dài Yamaha, Kawai,... một dòng Piano Điện tử, là sự kết hợp giữa Piano Cơ và Piano Điện. Sở hữu thiết kế tuyệt đẹp, hệ thống bàn phím, búa gõ giống như đàn Piano Cơ, cùng với mức giá vô cùng hấp dẫn đã khiến sản phẩm này thu hút được rất nhiều sự quan tâm của các phụ huynh cũng như đông đảo khách hàng gần xa.
Land Cover maps supply information about the physical material at the surface of the Earth (i.e. grass, trees, bare ground, asphalt, water, etc.). Usually they are 2D representations so to present variability of land covers about latitude and longitude or other type of earth coordinates. Possibility to link this variability to the terrain elevation is very useful because it permits to investigate probable correlations between the type of physical material at the surface and the relief. This paper is aimed to describe the approach to be followed to obtain 3D visualizations of land cover maps in GIS (Geographic Information System) environment. Particularly Corine Land Cover vector files concerning Campania Region (Italy) are considered: transformed raster files are overlapped to DEM (Digital Elevation Model) with adequate resolution and 3D visualizations of them are obtained using GIS tool. The resulting models are discussed in terms of their possible use to support scientific studies on Campania Land Cover.
This document shows a suggested approach to generate geological maps from satellite images, which represent a powerful tool to characterize an area prior fieldwork, saving energy and money during the process and using the free sources from NASA and the USGS. This exercise mapped a Colombian area called Media Luna Syncline
Greetings all,
Nowadays, several datasets are -or will be- available in a near future to improve operational forecasting in most aspects, like the
ocean dynamics modeling, and the assimilation efficiency, that aims now to optimize the combination of temperature/salinity in
situ profiles, drifter's velocities, and sea surface height deduce from altimeter's data and GRACE or future Goce geoid. But also
strengthen forecasting system's applications, like the climate monitoring. For all these issues, an optimal use of ocean data,
always too sparse and not enough numerous, is mandatory.
Such studies are at the heart of this Newsletter issue. It begins with a Rio M.H. and Hernandez F. review of the Goce Mission,
dedicated to focus and document the shortest scales of the Earth's gravity field. Goce satellite is due to fly in December 2007.
With the next article Guinéhut S. and Larnicol G. investigate the influence of the in situ temperature profiles sampling on the
thermosteric sea level estimation. They show that the impact is not negligible, and can introduce large errors in the estimation. In
the second article, Benkiran M. and Greiner E. are evaluating the benefits of the drifter's velocities assimilation in the Mercator
Océan 1/3° Tropical and North Atlantic operational system. A description of the assimilation scheme upgrade to take into account
velocity control is given. Castruccio F. & al. describe in the third article the performance of an improved MDT reference for
altimetric data assimilation. They concentrate their study on the Tropical Pacific Ocean. Finally, the Newsletter comes to an end
with the Benkiran M. article. In his study, based on the 1/3° Mercator system, the impact of several altimeters data on the
assimilation performance is assessed
Have a good read
Development of Methodology for Determining Earth Work Volume Using Combined S...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Modification and Climate Change Analysis of surrounding Environment using Rem...iosrjce
This review is presented in three parts. The first part explains such terms as climate, climate change,
climate change adaptation, remote sensing (RS) and geographical information systems (GIS). The second part
highlights some areas where RS and GIS are applicable in climate change analysis and adaptation. Issues
considered are snow/glacier monitoring, land cover monitoring, carbon trace/accounting, atmospheric
dynamics, terrestrial temperature monitoring, biodiversity conservation, ocean and coast monitoring, erosion
monitoring and control, agriculture, flood monitoring, health and disease, drought and desertification. The
third part concludes from all illustrated instances that climate change problems will be less understood and
managed without the application of RS and GIS. While humanity is still being plagued by climate change effects,
RS and GIS play a crucial role in its management for continued human survival. Key words: Climate, Climate
Change, Climate Change Adaptation, Geographical Information System and Remote Sensing.
Mapping Gradex values on the Tensift basin (Morocco)IJERA Editor
The aim of this study is to elaborate the cartography of Gradex parameter used in the Gradex method for estimating flood peaks in order to size hydraulic structures. Map of spatial variation is elaborated using the geostatistical method of kriging. Several reference functions (exponential model, spherical, linear, Gaussian and cubic) were used for modeling the kriging variogram. Cross-validation enabled a comparison between the results of these models and choice of spherical model with anisotropy and trend fit by a second-order polynomial as the most suitable. The use of available series of annual maximum daily rainfall recorded at 23 rainfall stations, distributed over the Tensift basin, led also to develop the cartography of standard prediction errors‟ values associated to the predicted parameter for each point of Tensift basin. These errors vary from acceptable values (16.8%) to very high ones depending on the density of the rainfall stations at the desired site.
Dia chi-ban-dan-piano-noi-tieng-o-ha-noiTrương Tử Duy
TRUNG TÂM MUSIC TALENT
Chuyên nhập khẩu và phân phối đàn piano điện các loại.
Là trung tâm số 1 về phân phối đàn giá rẻ được quý khách hàng đánh giá số 1 trên thị trường Hà Nội.
Nguồn hàng đa dạng đầy đủ mẫu mã các loại đàn piano,đàn guitar,đàn grand ... đem đến cho khách hàng sự lựa chọn hoàng hảo.
Những conterner hàng đàn về liên tục trong tháng.
Đàn lại về nhé cả nhà, giá chỉ từ 10tr/cây. Nhanh tay số lượng có hạn.
Đàn về lần này có sự góp mặt của Dàn chân Dài Yamaha, Kawai,... một dòng Piano Điện tử, là sự kết hợp giữa Piano Cơ và Piano Điện. Sở hữu thiết kế tuyệt đẹp, hệ thống bàn phím, búa gõ giống như đàn Piano Cơ, cùng với mức giá vô cùng hấp dẫn đã khiến sản phẩm này thu hút được rất nhiều sự quan tâm của các phụ huynh cũng như đông đảo khách hàng gần xa.
Sangha 2012 Biodiversity in Pigmy Land - Presentation at Geomorphology 2013rousselin
Geomorphologic analysis method using ASTER GDEM v2 digital elevation model over the tropical rainforest : implementation to lakes problematic in
Sangha National Park (Central African Republic)
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
For topographical mission, the airbrone LiDAR technology can collect a huge amount of data and a single survey can easily collect millions of x,y,z points on huge areas with an accuracy between 5 and 20 cm.
Products:
Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
Digital Terrain Model (DTM)
Slopes, contours, TINs, Rasters
Some applications :
Planimetric and slope mapping
Trees or houses height analysis
Images ortho-rectification
Terrain analysis3-D modeling
Floodplain mapping and planning
Disaster management
Coastal erosion
Forestry
Land use mapping and planning
Volumetric studies - 3-D modeling
Electrical lines / pipes corridor mapping
Geology analysis
3D viewing - Anaglyph
Sample :
COTONOU
We compared the accuracy of geospatial data derived from a RPAS and an RTK GPS
Aim: To understand the mapping applications RPAS can deployed for
Objective: By the end of this presentation the audience will be able to list the horizontal and vertical accuracies achieved by a RPAS
Check http://www.rpas.ie
Surface and soil moisture monitoring, estimations, variations, and retrievalsJenkins Macedo
This presentation explored five leading articles in the remotely sensed and in situ surface and soil moisture monitoring, estimations, variations, and retrievals for global environmental change. The presentation gives insight to the purpose of each study, subjects of investigations, methods used to collect and analyze data sets, results and implications, and conclusions. This project is in fulfillment of the course on remote sensing for global environmental change and precedes our preview on water resources monitoring. This project was conducted by Christina Geller, 5th year accelerated graduate student in Geographic Information Systems for Development, and Environment and Jenkins Macedo, 2nd year graduate students in Environmental Science and Policy at the Department of International Development, Community, and Environment (IDCE) at Clark University. All academic materials used in this study were appropriately referenced (see bibliography for details).
Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to estimate soil attributes of Brazilian wet...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The study of soils and characterization of its attributes are continually evolving, however, for the condition of wetlands, such information is still scarce and poorly distributed. Thus, the objective of this work was to characterize spectrally the soils of a wetland area. On the study area were collected georeferenced soil samples and sent for chemical and physical analysis routine and then subjected to spectral evaluation. Were identified seven soil classes with hydromorphic characteristics in their spectral curves? The information contained in these curves then led the development of equations for soil attributes. Sand was the physical attribute of a better correlation with laboratory data and Cationic Exchange Capacity (CEC), the chemical attributes that showed better results.
This deals with the assessment of several parameterizations of longwave radiation. The parametes were calibrated using a calibration tool on Ameriflux data.
A report that demonstrates the usefulness and viability of using digital image processing techniques to emphasise and describe geological, structural and topographical features captured from satellite imagery. With the use of ArcScene, ArcGIS and EDRAS Mapper.
Applied geophysics - 3D survey of the Lesser Antilles subduction zone present...Riccardo Pagotto
Presentazione in lingua inglese di un tema assegnato: "Structure of the Lesser Antilles subduction forearc and backstop from 3D seismic refraction tomography"
The Subansiri River Basin Of Eastern Himalaya And The Alaknanda River Basin O...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Similar to Assessing 50 years of tropical Peruvian glacier volume change from multitemporal digital elevation models (20)
Assessing 50 years of tropical Peruvian glacier volume change from multitemporal digital elevation models
1. Kyung In Huh1,3, Bryan G. Mark1, Chris Hopkinson2, Yushin Ahn3
1Department of Geography, The Ohio State University, 1036 Derby Hall, 154 North Oval Mall, Columbus, Ohio, 43210, U.S.A. (huh.26@osu.edu, mark.9@osu.edu)
2Department of Geography, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive West, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada (c.hopkinson@uleth.ca)
3School of Technology, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan, 49931, U.S.A. (yahn@mtu.edu)
Assessing 50 years of tropical Peruvian glacier volume change
from multitemporal digital elevation models (DEMs)
Figure 1. The Coverage of 1962 Aerial photos and 2008 LiDAR flights over Cordillera Blanca, Peru.
Background is ASTER mosaic image. Yellow boxes show the LiDAR data coverage and Red boxes show 4
glaciers. 1962 aerial photo coverage is also shown as Black boxes. Green boxes show GPS base stations
for the LiDAR flight in 2008.
Figure 2. The selection of Non-glacierized terrain (within overlap of LiDAR DEM and aerial photo DEM) for
the comparison of DEMs in Site 2 (near Uruashraju).
Introduction
Although far smaller than large polar ice caps, mountain glaciers are significant contributors
to sea level rise and tropical glaciers in particular are sources of critical water resources to
regional societies. Monitoring tropical glaciers using remotely sensed data with time-lapse
analysis has provided important variability information of tropical glacier recession. The
motivation of this study is to quantify glacier volume change on four target glaciers in the
Cordillera Blanca, Peruvian Andes, for almost 50 years by intercomparison of the surface
elevation DEMs based on aerial photo remotely sensed image data: stereo-paired aerial
photo photography and airborne LiDAR. We characterize the limitations inherent in
processing historic aerial photo photography with different viewing geometries over highly
rugged terrain relief and uncertainties in the processing stage as well as DEM comparison
by analyzing DEMs over non-glacierized terrain.
Results and Discussion
LiDAR Strip by Strip Comparison
To evaluate the LiDAR DEM data quality, we checked vertical discrepancies between
overlapping strips of flight line elevations, all flight lines were converted to a triangulated
surface, and then overlapping flight line data common to both flight lines were extracted as
points. These points were compared to the surface of the overlapping adjacent flight line using
a residual analysis (Table 1).
Data and Method
High resolution airborne LiDAR (Light Detection and Range) data acquired during July 2-
16, 2008 (Red boxes in Figure 1) and DEMs (Digital Elevation Models) from stereo-paired
aerial photographs on a scale of 1:60,000 taken on June 17,1962 (Black boxes in Figure 1)
can reveal both current glacial surface topography and glacial profiles spanning almost 50
years, enabling calculation of the surface area changes and the total volume loss.
However, the accuracies of data from LiDAR, aerial photo, and ASTER can vary at different
sites. To calculate a reasonable accuracy level for the measured glacier volume changes
based on different DEMs from various different aerial sensors, we first compared the
surface elevations in non-glacierized regions of the airborne LiDAR DEM and the aerial
photo derived DEM.
Delineation of non-glacierized terrain
To assess the consistency of the three different DEMs (LiDAR, aerial photo and ASTER),
the surface elevation profiles of non-glacier terrains in the study area were compared. The
non-glacierized terrains were defined as areas without continuous glacier ice and fresh
snow that were included within the spatial extent of all three DEMs for each study area.
This method for the definition of non-glacierized terrains was adapted and formulated from
the Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS) application (Racoviteanu and
others, 2009). The non-glacierized terrains for the comparison of all three DEMs were
delineated by manually digitizing using ASTER false-color imagery of 2007- 2008 taken
during the dry season (April to October) with ArcGIS software (Figure 2).
Lichen
Aerial photo DEM vs. LiDAR DEM over non-glacierized terrain
ASTER
(June 27, 2004)
References
Ames, A., G. Muñoz, J. Verástegui, R. Vigil, M. Zamora and M. Zapata, 1989. Glacier Inventory of Peru. Part I.
Hidrandina S.A. Unit of Glaciology and Hydrology. Huaraz-Peru
Hastenrath, S. and A. Ames, 1995a. Recession of Yanamarey Glacier in Cordillera Blanca, Peru, during the
20th century. Journal of Glaciology, 41(137), 191-196.
Kaser, G., A. Ames, and M. Zamora, 1990. Glacier fluctuations and climate in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru,
Annals of Glaciology, 14, 136-140.
Mark, B.G., Seltzer, G.O. 2005. Evaluation of recent glacier recession in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru (AD 1962
-1999): spatial distribution of mass loss and climatic forcing. Quaternary Science Reviews 24, p2265-2280.
Racoviteanu, A.E., P. Frank, B. Raup, S. J. S. Khalsa, R. Armstrong, 2009. Challenges and recommendations
in mapping of glacier parameters from space: results of the 2008 Global Land Ice Measurements from Space
(GLIMS) workshop, Boulder, Colorado, USA. Annals of Glaciology 50(53), pp. 53 – 69.
Vullie, M., B. Francou, P. Wagnon, I. Juen, G. Kaser, B.G. Mark, R.S. Bradley, 2008. Climate change and
tropical Andean glaciers: Past, present and future. Earth-Science Reviews 89,79-96..
31. 2% Loss 38.9% Loss 85.7% Loss 56.3% Loss
Volume change of all glaciers (1962-2008)
Figure 3. Plots of Surface Area change of glaciers between 1962 and 2008 in the four glaciers (red boxes, Figure 1).
Acknowledgment
This project was funded from NASA New Investigator Program (NASA Grant #NNX06AF11G), National Geographic and The
Climate, Water and Carbon (CWC) Program from The Ohio State University.
Table 2. Statistics of Aerial photo DEM minus LiDAR DEM over non-glacierized terrains
(a) Site 1 (near Glacier #1 at Laguna Cuchillacocha) (b) Site 2 (near Glacier #2 at Uruashraju)
(c) Site 3 (near Glacier #3 at Yanamarey) (d) Site 4 (near Glacier #4 Queshque and Mururaju)
(a) Site 3
(b) Site 4
Table 1. Comparison of LiDAR flight lines within Site 3
(a) and Site 4 (b)
Surface Area Change of All glaciers
Figure 1 Figure 2
Each mean values from the comparison (Aerial photo DEM [1962] minus LiDAR DEM [2008]) were
applied for the adjustment to the calculation of volume change (Table 2, Red underlined).
Glacier1 Glacier2 Glacier3 Glacier4 (QueMain) Glacier4(QueEast) Glacier4(Muru)
[Meter] Before
After
Adjustment
(4.35) Before
After
Adjustment
(7.71) Before
After
Adjustment
(5.86) Before
After
Adjustment
(5.14) Before
After
Adjustment
(5.14) Before
After
Adjustment
(5.14)
Min ‐29.47 ‐25.12 ‐29.47 ‐19.53 ‐28.95 ‐28.95 ‐29.09 ‐23.95 ‐14.26 ‐19.90 ‐29.88 ‐24.74
Max 79.44 83.79 121.77 129.48 151.70 157.56 170.10 175.14 135.76 140.90 89.91 95.05
Mean 8.83 9.50 31.61 39.58 58.31 64.06 58.44 63.01 44.50 47.69 23.66 28.62
[km3] Glacier1 Glacier2 Glacier3 Glacier4 (QueMain)
Glacier4
(QueEast)
Glacier4
(Muru)
Before 0.013 0.103 0.054 0.137 0.021 0.028
After
Adjustment 0.019 0.128 0.060 0.150 0.026 0.034
Surface Lowering (1962-2008)
Figure 4. Plots of Volume change of glaciers between 1962 and 2008.
Glacier #1 Glacier #2 Glacier #3
Glacier #4 (Main & East) Glacier #4 (Mururaju)
[km2] Glacier1 Glacier2 Glacier3
Glacier4
(QueMainEast)
1962 1.38 3.52 1.16 3.53
2008 0.95 2.15 0.165 1.54
Glacier #1 Glacier #2 Glacier #3 Glacier #4
Site Lat Lon DGPS LiDAR
GPS-
LiDAR
1 -9.415 -77.354 4682.40 4682.46 -0.06
3-(1) -9.660 -77.275 4704.60 4696.64 7.96
3-(2) -9.661 -77.274 4702.15 4702.08 0.07
3-(3) -9.674 -77.289 4350.30 4350.91 -0.61
4-(1) -9.798 -77.252 4774.69 4771.73 2.96
4-(2) -9.796 -77.289 4767.99 4766.95 1.10
Table 3. Statistics of DGPS points minus LiDAR DEM over
non-glacierized terrains (Left)
Table 4. Surface Area Change of All glaciers (Below)
Table 5. Statistics of Surface Lowering of all glaciers by comparing two DEMs (1962-2008)
Table 5. Volume change of all
glaciers with before and after
adjustment (adjustment values
from Table 2)