A report that demonstrates the usefulness and viability of using digital image processing techniques to emphasise and describe geological, structural and topographical features captured from satellite imagery. With the use of ArcScene, ArcGIS and EDRAS Mapper.
Determining pre-slide topography using site investigation data The Maskun lan...Ali Saeidi
The geometric shape of the slide surface and the land topography before and after failure are essential factors in a back analysis procedure for estimating geomechanical parameters of a failed soil and rock mass. This paper proposes a sequential methodology: first, determine the pre-slide topography of the rock and soil mass, based on measurements of the movement for a number of reference points and mathematical relations for estimating the movement of the entire sliding mass. The second step is to determine the geometry of the slide surface based on the post-slide topographic map and field observations, especially the outcrops of the slide surface and other relevant features, such as water discharge locations, observed at the toe of the slide surface. The results indicate that the proposed methods have applicability to obtaining vital factors for back analysis and allow costlier and difficult investigation methods to be avoided.
Application of Basic Remote Sensing in GeologyUzair Khan
Application of basic remote sensing in Geology. This presentation tries to discriminate the lithology in the Landsat-7 scene located Karachi West. Although other enhanced methodology available to discriminate the rock types, here just a band ratios and simple band combination used for lithology identification.
Determining pre-slide topography using site investigation data The Maskun lan...Ali Saeidi
The geometric shape of the slide surface and the land topography before and after failure are essential factors in a back analysis procedure for estimating geomechanical parameters of a failed soil and rock mass. This paper proposes a sequential methodology: first, determine the pre-slide topography of the rock and soil mass, based on measurements of the movement for a number of reference points and mathematical relations for estimating the movement of the entire sliding mass. The second step is to determine the geometry of the slide surface based on the post-slide topographic map and field observations, especially the outcrops of the slide surface and other relevant features, such as water discharge locations, observed at the toe of the slide surface. The results indicate that the proposed methods have applicability to obtaining vital factors for back analysis and allow costlier and difficult investigation methods to be avoided.
Application of Basic Remote Sensing in GeologyUzair Khan
Application of basic remote sensing in Geology. This presentation tries to discriminate the lithology in the Landsat-7 scene located Karachi West. Although other enhanced methodology available to discriminate the rock types, here just a band ratios and simple band combination used for lithology identification.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Seismic attributes are being used more and more often in the reservoir characterization and interpretation processes. The new software and computer’s development allows today to generate a large number of surface and volume attributes. They proved to be very useful for the facies and reservoir properties distribution in the geological models, helping to improve their quality in the areas between the wells and areas without wells. The seismic attributes can help to better understand the stratigraphic and structural features, the sedimentation processes, lithology variations, etc. By improving the static geological models, the dynamic models are also improved, helping to better understand the reservoirs’ behavior during exploitation. As a result, the estimation of the recoverable hydrocarbon volumes becomes more reliable and the development strategies will become more successful.
An Integrated Study of Gravity and Magnetic Data to Determine Subsurface Stru...iosrjce
:The present study wascarried out to delineate the location, extension, trend and depth of subsurface
structures of Alamein area. To achieve this aim, the gravity and aeromagnetic data have been subjected to
different analytical techniques. The Fast Fourier Transform technique was used to separatethe residual
components from the regional ones. The resulted maps showed that the area was affected mainly bytheENE, EW,
WNWand NWtectonic trends. In addition, spectral analysis technique was applied on magnetic anomalies to
estimate the depth to basement surface, which varies from 3.03 in southern part to 7.24 Km in northern part.3DEulerdeconvloution
and tilt angle derivative techniques were carried out to detect the edges of magnetic sources
and to determine their depths.Correlation between them shows acoincidence between Euler solution and zero
lines of tilt angle map. A tentative basement structure map is constructed from the integration of these results
and geological information. This map shows alternative uplifted and downfaulted structure trending in the ENE,
NE and E-W directions. In addition, the NNW to NW strike-slip faults intersected them in later events. Finally,
2-D modeling technique was run on three gravity and magnetic profiles in the same location. Different drilled
wells and the constructed basement structure map support these modeled profiles. Theyshow an acidic basement
rocks. A general decreasing of Conrad discontinuity depths from about 20.5 km at southern part to 17.9 km at
northern part can be noticed. Moreover, the crustal thickness (depth to Moho discontinuity), varies between
31.5 and 28.5 km revealing visibly crustal stretching and thinning northerly
This document shows a suggested approach to generate geological maps from satellite images, which represent a powerful tool to characterize an area prior fieldwork, saving energy and money during the process and using the free sources from NASA and the USGS. This exercise mapped a Colombian area called Media Luna Syncline
Contouring - Surveying...for civil Engineering and Architecture..Pramesh Hada
Contouring - Surveying...for civil Engineering and Architecture students. It contains all the syllabus according to Pokhara University, Nepal
---By Assistant Professor. Pramesh Hada
Nepal Engineering College
CHangunarayan, Bhaktapur
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Seismic attributes are being used more and more often in the reservoir characterization and interpretation processes. The new software and computer’s development allows today to generate a large number of surface and volume attributes. They proved to be very useful for the facies and reservoir properties distribution in the geological models, helping to improve their quality in the areas between the wells and areas without wells. The seismic attributes can help to better understand the stratigraphic and structural features, the sedimentation processes, lithology variations, etc. By improving the static geological models, the dynamic models are also improved, helping to better understand the reservoirs’ behavior during exploitation. As a result, the estimation of the recoverable hydrocarbon volumes becomes more reliable and the development strategies will become more successful.
An Integrated Study of Gravity and Magnetic Data to Determine Subsurface Stru...iosrjce
:The present study wascarried out to delineate the location, extension, trend and depth of subsurface
structures of Alamein area. To achieve this aim, the gravity and aeromagnetic data have been subjected to
different analytical techniques. The Fast Fourier Transform technique was used to separatethe residual
components from the regional ones. The resulted maps showed that the area was affected mainly bytheENE, EW,
WNWand NWtectonic trends. In addition, spectral analysis technique was applied on magnetic anomalies to
estimate the depth to basement surface, which varies from 3.03 in southern part to 7.24 Km in northern part.3DEulerdeconvloution
and tilt angle derivative techniques were carried out to detect the edges of magnetic sources
and to determine their depths.Correlation between them shows acoincidence between Euler solution and zero
lines of tilt angle map. A tentative basement structure map is constructed from the integration of these results
and geological information. This map shows alternative uplifted and downfaulted structure trending in the ENE,
NE and E-W directions. In addition, the NNW to NW strike-slip faults intersected them in later events. Finally,
2-D modeling technique was run on three gravity and magnetic profiles in the same location. Different drilled
wells and the constructed basement structure map support these modeled profiles. Theyshow an acidic basement
rocks. A general decreasing of Conrad discontinuity depths from about 20.5 km at southern part to 17.9 km at
northern part can be noticed. Moreover, the crustal thickness (depth to Moho discontinuity), varies between
31.5 and 28.5 km revealing visibly crustal stretching and thinning northerly
This document shows a suggested approach to generate geological maps from satellite images, which represent a powerful tool to characterize an area prior fieldwork, saving energy and money during the process and using the free sources from NASA and the USGS. This exercise mapped a Colombian area called Media Luna Syncline
Contouring - Surveying...for civil Engineering and Architecture..Pramesh Hada
Contouring - Surveying...for civil Engineering and Architecture students. It contains all the syllabus according to Pokhara University, Nepal
---By Assistant Professor. Pramesh Hada
Nepal Engineering College
CHangunarayan, Bhaktapur
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Applied geophysics - 3D survey of the Lesser Antilles subduction zone present...Riccardo Pagotto
Presentazione in lingua inglese di un tema assegnato: "Structure of the Lesser Antilles subduction forearc and backstop from 3D seismic refraction tomography"
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
This mini project is assigned by our lecturer, Madam SN Fathiyah Jamaludin, for our geophysics course; Seismic Attributes and 3D Volume Interpretation. This course requires students to utilize several different seismic attributes in order to properly delineate structural components as well as identifying geobodies in Alwyn North Sea exploration field. In this project, the chronology and processes done using the data set provided are shown in detail via Petrel Software. For instance, horizon and faults are plotted, facies are identified and multiple choices of seismic attributes are applied to further enhance seismic interpretation.
Triangular interactions among climate, erosion and tectonics happen during the course of formation and development of a mountain range. In this study mountain range of Nyainqentanglha of Himalaya has been focused to assess which element played the vital role in this case. Altitude data of the catchments have been used as the primary key of analysis. Significant concentration of catchment areas near glacier equilibrium line altitudes (ELA) proved the presence of glacial buzzsaw mechanism. Swath analysis confirmed the presence of Teflon peak. Finally web of interrelationship has been explored behind the development of this mountainous range.
Integration of Aeromagntic Data and Landsat Imagery for structural Analysis f...iosrjce
In this study, different digital format data sources including aeromagnetic and remotely sensed
(Landsat 8 and ASTER) images were used for structural and tectonic interpretation of the Mahabubnager
and Gulbarga districts of Telangana and Karnataka states in the Eastern Dharwarcraton. From analysis of
Landsat and ASTER images, the surface morphology and major lineaments trending in the NW–SE, E-W and
NE-SW were identified. Qualitative analysis of IGRF corrected aeromagnetic data were carried out using the
analytical signal, reduction to pole, horizontal & vertical gradient maps, several lineaments trending in three
major directions NE-SW, NW-SE and E-W were delineated. The structural features inferred from image
analysis were corroborated, the zones of intersection of these structural trends which could have acted as
potential sites for kimberlites emplacement were accordingly delineated at 21 locations. Subsequently,
quantitative analysis of magnetic inversion at 21 profiles are carried out utilizing GM-SYS and Geosoft
software, brought out the subsurface configuration of kimberlites. The inferred magnetic models are exhibiting
V-shaped / Oval type structure. Depth of the inferred structures has been revealed by the Euler deconvolution
methods suggest depth varies from 536 to 1640 mts
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Astronomy Update- Curiosity’s exploration of Mars _ Local Briefs _ leadertele...
Shoemaker impact structure
1. The Shoemaker Impact Structure
Digital Geoscience techniques
1008829
7 band true colour RGB321 Landsat image showing impact crater, highlighting salt
lake system (processed using EDRAS Mapper)
3. 1. Background
The aim of this report is to demonstrate the usefulness and viability of using digital image processing
techniques to emphasise and describe the geological, structural and topographical features captured
from satellite imagery. A variety of satellite images were retrieved and processed using EDRAS
Mapper, ArcGIS and ArcScene software programs. A number of Landsat images using different
combinations of bands (RGB321 etc.) are presented here and discussed, as well as a display of
digitally processed Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). The report is based on a piece of existing
literature which primarily focuses on describing the geological, structural, geochemical and
geophysical characteristics of the Shoemaker impact structure in Western Australia.
The reviewed article is called ‘Shoemaker impact structure, Western Australia’ (Pirajno et al, 2003).
This will be continually referred to throughout the report.
25 50'80.06"S
120 53'43.41"E
º
º
The Shoemaker impact structure is situated in the central part of Western Australia (see figure 1). It
consists of two distinct concentric ring structures with an outer diameter of approximately 30 km.
Among and surrounding the circular structures are ‘splatter-like’ marks/indents which form a
prominent part of the landscape features. Overtime, these low lying depressions have formed a flat
Figure 1: Location map showing the location of the Shoemaker impact structure in the central arid region of
Western Australia. Coordinates and 30 km scale shown (Images courtesy of the USGS, Earth Explorer
programme).
30 km
4. playa lake system consisting of highly saline waters encrusting evaporate salt deposits. These low
relief seasonal and dry lakes are common in arid/semi-arid regions (e.g. deserts).
There is strong evidence to suggest that this is an impact crater which resulted from a meteorite
impact, as confirmed by a recent study by Shoemaker and Shoemaker, 1996. However previous
research (Bates and Jackson, 1987; Nicolaysen and Ferguson, 1990) has suggested an igneous origin,
with the occurrence a volcanic explosion linked to pressure build up beneath the surface. Yet limited
direct evidence has been provided to support the structures direct association with volcanism. The
precise age of the structure is uncertain, although it is estimated to be between 600-1000 million years
old with no reliable age constraints evident from the literature.
A vast expanse of the area is characterised by low lying gentle topography with a few prominent sharp
features - including areas of basement uplift exhibiting ridge like features, fragmented material and
the main radial ring structures (surrounding elevated core).
2. Geological and structural overview
As discussed by Pirajno et al (2003), the impact structure is situated on the margin (boundary) of a
Palaeoproterozoic sedimentary basin (Earaheedy Basin) and an Archaean basement (Yilgarn craton).
It is composed of an inner ring syncline (most prominent) and outer ring anticline (partially eroded)
surrounding the central core, showing overall basement uplift. These ring folds take on a bowl shape
which is common amongst meteorite impacts (cratering impact effect). The inner impact crater rim
(syncline) is predominantly composed of Proterozoic ironstone which has experienced little erosion.
The rim is surrounded by mainly low lying alluvium, lacustrine deposits, calcrete, and gypsum. A
small number of Archaean granite outcrops (Teague granite) are also present on and adjacent to the
inner rim. It is discussed that the inner uplifted core (dome-shape) is composed of the Teague granite).
The outer ring is generally poorly exposed, particularly in the east. Small outcrops occurring in the
south indicate it is too made up of Proterozoic ironstone deposits where it forms a raised ridge shape
above the low relief salt lakes.
A number a minor normal and thrust faults exist within the structure – a few shear the limbs of the
two concentric folds, thus giving the crater a more complex structure. No distinct trend is evident in
the faults seen on the simplified geology map by Pirajno et al (2003) – however a number of them
appear to have mafic dykes and sills emplaced.
Hydrothermal systems were activated by the impact event and have since formed economic mineral
deposits. Shock metamorphic features such as shatter cones occur in the uplifted Proterozoic
ironstones, this is significant as it indicates that a shock pressure must have occurred, causing the
development of these structures. Evidence supporting hydrothermal alteration is visible in various
locations throughout the Teague granite. It is altered, fractured and silicified with many metamorphic
minerals present within the cracks and microfractures, some of these include tremolite and garnet.
5. 3. Digital Elevation Models (DEMs)
The practicality of using satellite Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) is assessed in this section. They
are found to provide high amounts of information on topography, contour lines, landscape features
and elevation values. In addition to this, the manipulation of topographic features allows a clear
visualisation of the landscape to be made.
It is observed that the crater is located on a relatively low lying/flat land surface with gentle hills both
north and south of the ring structure (figure 3). The flat lying green area shows various detailed
depressions in the landscape which resemble splatter marks possibly associated with the impact (salt
lakes). This image was downloaded from USGS EarthExplorer programme and processed in
ARCMAP. It has been modified to show hillshade patterns, with standard deviation (2.5) and using
three colour classes to represent different elevations (red, yellow and green)
The model shows a fault running through the south west corner of the concentric ring structures
(bottom right of figure 3), cutting both the syncline and anticline fold limbs – see low green gap
between concentric raised walls. A number of minor faults are also visible within the inner radial ring
(west side) – the DEM shows breaks in the raised (yellow coloured) walls
Figure 3: Digital Elevation Model (DEM) showing varying elevations at and around the impact
structure. Green colours representing topographic lows and reds indicating higher elevations.
Three colour classes used (green, yellow and red).
25 km
6. The contour Digital Elevation Map (DEM) map was processed by the manual addition of contour
lines using the ‘Create Contour’ tool on ARCMAP. This allowed key features to be selected and thus
highlighted. Dominant features and significant topographical and slope changes are emphasized. As
with the previous DEM, this image was also modified to show hillshade, standard deviation (2.5) and
using three colour classes (red, yellow and blue). From the image, the two ring formations are more
well-defined and the depression in the centre is sharper. Again the surrounding low lying hill range is
also evident (north and south in image). Pirajno et al (2003) discuss how the impact structure intrudes
the chain of hills trending from north to south of the diagram (Frere range). The expanse to the left of
the concentric rings (adjacent) can be seen as relatively flat with no significant rises in elevation of the
landscape.
Figure 4: Digital Elevation Model (DEM) contour map displayed using three colour classes
(washed out colours: blue, yellow and red). Key features are highlighted by selective contour
insertions.
~ 22 km
7. The three dimension DEM image above (see figure 5.) provides a clear visualisation of the nature of
topographical relief throughout the area. The uplift of basement associated with the impact is clear –
concentric inner ring is more distinct in this image with the outer ring less so. The chain of uplifted
Ironstones (directly left of circular structure) is also very prominent in this image – which shows the
larger extent of the uplift. Higher elevations present to north of the crater are directly noticeable by
the sharp rises in relief. This image was processed on ARC Scene by altering the ‘base heights’ tab to
‘floating on a custom surface’ and having the ‘elevation from features’ on metres to feet (3.2810). The
‘rendering tab’ was also edited to ‘shade areal features relative to scenes position’ and ‘smooth
shading’. As previous DEMs, this image was also processed via the ‘symbology’ tab to display
background value (2), hillshade effect (z = 1) and standard deviation (n = 2.5).
Figure 5: Three dimensional digital elevation model (DEM) generated on ARCSCENE using weak vertical
exaggeration and hillshade effects. Represented by using three colour classes (red, yellow and blue). Defines the
uplift present in the inner concentric ring structure and directly west/north-west of the crater where a distinctive
line of gently uplifted basement can be seen.
25 km
8. Figure 6 shows an elevation model cutting across two converging faults which form a small graben
system at the rim of the impact structure. The profile shows that localized uplift has occurred around
the edge of the crater whereas the surrounding areas of land are relatively flat/low lying.
Figure 6: Elevation profile across two faults which are seen to displace the rim of the impact structure
(courtesy of Google Earth). White line: line of section, red line: converging faults
~33 km
9. 4. Multispectral Landsat TM (4-5) images
Remote sensing: Landsat TM band images are significant as they can provide useful information on
the spectral reflectance signatures of several materials present e.g. vegetation, water and more
relevantly, rocks types. The absorption of electromagnetic energy on rock surfaces depends on the
geochemistry/molecular content of the material and the wavelength of incoming light. Therefore this
depends on rock forming mineral phases e.g. quartz, gypsum, feldspars, calcite etc.
Band 7 (shortwave infrared – wavelength 2.09-2.35) is proven particularly useful when applied to this
particular location as it accentuates hydrothermally altered rocks associated with evaporated mineral
deposits. This is significant in relation the area which has a history of hydrothermal activity resulting
from the impact event (hydrothermal mapping) – see table 1 below.
Band 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Wavelength 0.45-0.52 0.52-0.60 0.63-0.69 0.76-0.90 1.55-1.75 10.4-12.5 2.08-2.35
Landsat 5
TM spectral
bands
Blue Green Red
Near
infrared
(NIR)
Shortwave
infrared
(SWIR)
Thermal
infrared
(reflected)
Shortwave
infrared
(SWIR)
Applications/
usefulness
Water
penetration,
distinguishing
between soil
and vegetation
Stronger
vegetation
response
and plant
vigour
Plant species
estimation/
chlorophyll
absorption
Biomass
content,
vegetation
type/soil
moisture
Vegetation
moisture
/soil
moisture
Thermal
mapping,
vegetation
stress
Determining
mineral and
rock types
(hydrotherm
al alteration)
Figure 6: Landsat RGB721 (greyscale image) of the impact structure processed on EDRAS Mapper to show TM
bands 7, 2 and 1 (shortwave infrared). Dark brown/purple fragmented material is ironstones which are seen
to make up the inner ring and adjacent uplifted material (directly north-west of crater).
Table 1: Summary of landsat 4-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) spectral bands and their principle remote sensing
applications (Harris et al, 2011).
~25 km
10. Deformed ironstones from the Proterozoic Frere Formation form a very distinctive part of the impact
structure. Due to their resistance, iron-formation units are the most prominent feature of the crater
showing clear deformation and uplift of basement rock. These are visible in the majority of satellite
images retrieved. In multispectral remote sensing, Iron-oxide alteration minerals are detected by their
reflectance spectra. These are visible in figure 6 (above) and figure 7 (below). The uplifted deposits
are heavily fragmented and seen to form the inner rim of the impact crater, as well as the elongate
uplifted segments directly north-west of the crater. The strong contrast between the iron oxide
segments/fragments and surrounding flat lying playa lakes is visually effective in figures 6 and 7. In
figure 6 the small outcrop of Teague granite is also visible around the inside of the inner ironstone
ring. It is visible as a light pink rounded outcrop in the N-E area of the concentric circle.
As seen in figure 7 – the sandplain/dune and alluvium deposits are highlighted white/pale and yellow
colours, showing the extent of sediment accumulation from rivers. Gypsiferous saline beds are also
seen to occur across the expanse of the impact rings and are related to the playa lake system
surrounding the entire structure.
Figure 7: Landsat RGB754 (greyscale image) soil moisture content (light green/white?) distinguished
between surrounding vegetation.
26 km
11. The true colour landsat image shown in figure 8 was simply processed on EDRAS Mapper by the
addition of a red layer containing Band 3, green layer containing Band 2 and blue layer containing
Band 1. All other bands were uploaded into red layers (4, 5, 6 and 7).
Water response is particularly strong in this image – with the saline lakes appearing in bright yellow
and green which are speckled across the entire area. All river systems converging at the impact site
appear to be dried up.
The difference in rock weathering is visible between the northern and southern sections (figure 8),
with the granitoids exhibiting a paler pink like weathering (south) and the sediments showing a darker
brown weathering colour (north). The overlying rock sediment layers across the northern part of the
image are also more distinctive. The top right corner of the image shows a drop in elevation and an
irregular shaped orange coloured feature, however the exact material this is composed remains
unknown.
Figure 8: Landsat RGB321 truecolour containing all 7 bands - entire area (~180x180 km). Archaean and
Proterozoic Basement rocks (greenstone and granitoid) present in the southern half of the image are easily
distinguished between the northern section consisting of a variety of sedimentary rocks (marine-clastic).
12. Figure 9 is nice example which shows the clay response (purple) within the sediments surrounding
northern edge of the fragmented ironstones. Band 4 is seen to highlight clay minerals such as kaolinite
and Illite in the sediments in and surrounding the impact.
Evaporites can be seen encrusting playa lakes (salt deposits evaporated from highly saline waters).
Gypsiferous, saline and calcite beds being the key minerals highlighted (bright green).
This band combination also confirms that the area is sparsely vegetated.
Figure 9: Landsat 741 (greyscale) – Hydrothermal mapping, evaporite deposits, clay content and
vegetation response
~25 km
13. Figure 10 is a Landsat RGB764 emphasises river profiles travelling down from higher elevations -
band 6 is showing the thermal infrared spectral band (shown in bright purple). The small gap seen on
the south west side of the ring structure is the graben fault system discussed previously. This is more
distinct here as a small river is flowing through it. Purple colour surrounding the river also understood
to be Proterozoic sediments.
Figure 10: Landsat TM 764 (greyscale) shows distinctive sediments (purple) surrounding the river profiles
travelling downhill towards the impact crater.
28 km
14. 5. Economic Significance
The occurrence of Proterozoic Ironstones within the formation gives the area possible high economic
value for primary exploration companies. These ancient sediments are commonly recognized as rich
sources of iron ore which is significant in terms of ore extraction. Mining of iron ore has taken place
in a number of nearby areas e.g. Pilbara craton area
6. Summary
Here is it demonstrated how the combination remote sensing and digital geoscience can provide
useful insights into the physical and geological characteristics of a chosen region, in particularly
arid/semi-arid regions
By the use of digital processing techniques, it can be concluded that the Shoemaker Impact Structure
in Western Australia has:
A series of fragmented ironstones (Proterozoic basement) and small exposures of Archaean
granite basement which have been uplifted due to the impact event
Hydrothermal alteration and metamorphism as a result of the impact pressure
Low lying/flat land which is sparsely vegetated adjacent to the crater
A high abundance of alluvium and sandplain dune deposits (from rivers converging into the
craters imprint on topography).
Ancient sandstones are also very common throughout the area.
A playa lake system which has caused the deposition of evaporite minerals (gypsum, calcrete
and saline beds) surrounding the crater
A collection of minor faults which have little/no tectonic activity (show little movement) with
an associated converging fault graben system cutting across the rim of the crater
15. References
F. Pirajno, P. Hawke, A. Y. Glikson, P. W. Haines and T. Uysal. 2003. Shoemaker impact structure,
Western Australia. Australian journal of Earth Sciences. 50: 775-796
Google Earth, 2015. Shoemaker Impact Crater and Elevation profile. 25°50’80.06”S, 123°53’43.41”E
[Accessed 7 March 2015].
J. R. Harris, L. Wickert, T. Lynds, P. Behnia, R. Rainbird, E. Grunsky, R. McGregor and E.
Schetselaar. 2011. Optical Remote Sensing – A Review for Remote Predictive Geological Mapping in
Northern Canada. Journal of the Geological Association of Canada. 38:2
Earth Science Data Interface, 2015. Landsat images. Available through:
http://glcfapp.glcf.umd.edu:8080/esdi/ [Accessed 2 March 2015].
USGS Earth Explorer programme (2014). Digital Elevation Model image ASTGTM. Available at:
http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/ [Accessed 1March 2015]
US Geological Survey (2013) Landsat spectral band information. Available at:
http://landsat.usgs.gov/best_spectral_bands_to_use.php
http://landsat.usgs.gov/band_designations_landsat_satellites.php [Accessed 4 March 2015].