This document discusses different types of reproduction in organisms. It describes asexual reproduction as a mode where offspring are produced from a single parent, resulting in genetically identical clones. Various forms of asexual reproduction are discussed, including binary fission, budding, fragmentation, regeneration, spore formation, and vegetative propagation. The document also provides examples to illustrate different modes of asexual reproduction like binary fission in amoeba, budding in hydra, and spore formation in rhizopus fungus.

1. HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE
MRS RITIMA MANHAS
TGT SCIENCE
APS RAKHMUTHI

2. .

3. WHAT IS REPRODUCTION?
Reproduction is the process by which new organisms (offsprings)
are produced from organisms of the same kind.
Reproduction ensures the continuity of the species and keeps it
from becoming extinct. It plays a role in evolution as it creates
variations via genetic recombinations. It helps to increase the
number of species in the ecosystem.

4. TYPES OR REPRODUCTION

5. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction in which a new
offspring is produced by a single parent. The new individuals
produced are genetically and physically identical to each other, i.e.,
they are the clones of their parents.
 Asexual reproduction is observed in both multicellular and
unicellular organisms.

6. MODES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

7. FISSION
In fission body of an organism splits into two or more daughter
cells.
Types of fission
a. Binary fission
b. Multiple fission

8. BINARY FISSION FISSION
Binary fission is a form of asexual reproduction in which an organism
divides into two daughter cells identical to their parent.
Example : Amoeba

9. MULTIPLE FISSION
 Multiple fission is a form of asexual reproduction in which an
organism divides into more than two ( many ) daughter cells
identical to their parent.
Example: Plasmodium

10. BUDDING
Budding is an asexual reproduction method in which a new
organism develops from a bud of an existing organism.
In budding, a new individual developed from a small part of the
parent called as bud. A bud that is formed during budding detaches
itself from the parent body and develops into a new organism. At
the time of separation, a new individual leaves scar tissue behind
them.
Small buds receive protein and nutrition from the parent hydra.
They grow healthy and their growth starts by developing mouth and
small tentacles. Finally, hydra separated from their parent body and
became an independent organism.

11. BUDDING IN HYDRA

12. FRAGMENTATION
It is a type of Asexual reproduction which occurs in multicellular
organism with relatively simple body organization.
In fragmentation organisms on maturation breakup into two or
more small fragments or pieces called as fragment. Each fragment
subsequently grows to form complete new organism.
This process occurs under favorable conditions of moisture,
temperature and nutrient availability.
Example: spirogyra

13. FRAGMENTATION IN SPIROGYRA

14. REGENRATION
Regeneration is the ability to form new organisms from body parts.
 Cut or broken part generates a new organism.
Example: Planarians

15. REGENRATION IN PLANARIA

16. SPORE FORMATION
Spore formation is a form of reproduction in which the
reproductive bodies called the spores are present in a sac called the
sporangia. Once these spores mature the sporangia burst and these
matured spores reach different areas by air, wind and water. Under
suitable conditions, these spores germinate to form a new plant.
Example: Rhizopus fungus

17. SPORE FORMATION IN RHIZOPUS

18. VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
It is a form of asexual reproduction seen in plants.
Vegetative propagation is a process in which plants reproduce from
stems, roots and leaves.
 Layering and cutting are the two common methods used for
vegetative propagation. For example, banana, rose, jasmine etc.
 The plant produced through vegetative propagation is genetically
identical to the parent plant.

19. DIFFERENT METHODS OF VEGETATIVE
PROPAGATION

20. GRAFTING
In grafting, two closely related plants are used to produce a new plant
that has the desired, combined traits of both the parent plants.
One plant is selected for its roots, and this is called the stock or
rootstock. The other plant is selected for its stems, leaves, flowers, or
fruits and is called the scion.
The scion contains the desired genes to be duplicated in future
production by the stock/scion plant.
The scion is attached to the stock of the second plant in this method of
artificial vegetative propagation.
Grafting is used in a variety of plants like roses, apples, avocado etc.