Artificial Upwelling
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The process of upwelling is very essential for enhancing the primary production in oceans. The artificial upwelling is man made upwelling that is very useful in area of ocean having low productivity due to lack of upwelling.
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Water lecture
Water is essential for life, making up 75% of most living organisms. It shapes the Earth, nourishes life, moderates climate, dissolves minerals, and provides many other benefits. However, only 1/8% of the planet's water is fresh and available. We must develop stewardship approaches to sustainably manage our precious water resources.
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Thermal pollution occurs when industrial processes increase the temperature of nearby water bodies by using the water for cooling and then discharging the heated water. Power plants, industrial effluents, sewage, and hydroelectric plants are major sources of thermal pollution. A temperature increase of just 1-2 degrees Celsius can harm native aquatic life. Thermal pollution decreases oxygen levels in water and stresses organisms, potentially killing fish and driving out native species. Mitigation strategies include using alternative cooling methods, preventing deforestation and erosion that increase water temperatures.
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Renewable energy comes from natural sources that are inexhaustible or able to regenerate. There are several types of renewable energy including blue energy from salt water gradients, wind energy from air currents, geothermal energy from heat within the Earth, tidal and wave energy from oceans, and solar energy from the sun's light and heat. Each renewable source can be captured and transformed into useful energy through various technologies.
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Thermal pollution is an increase in the temperature of natural waters caused by human activities like power plants and deforestation. Nuclear power plants use water for cooling and return it to water supplies 9-20°C warmer. Deforestation increases water temperatures by reducing shade and increasing erosion. Thermal pollution can harm aquatic life by causing thermal shock, reducing oxygen levels, and increasing metabolic rates. Control methods include cooling ponds, cooling towers, and cogeneration systems that reuse waste heat.
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Hydro is the most well-established form of renewable electricity production.
Hydro comprised about 80% of all of the renewable electricity capacity in the world, and accounted for about 20% of global electricity production capacity.
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The document summarizes various renewable ocean energy technologies including ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), tidal energy, and wave energy. It provides details on the thermodynamic principles behind OTEC and discusses both open-cycle and closed-cycle OTEC plant designs. For tidal energy, it explains how tides are produced by the gravitational forces of the moon and sun and discusses single and double basin arrangements for tidal power plants. The key points are that oceans represent a large store of solar energy, less than 1% of the energy absorbed by oceans could meet humanity's total energy needs, and ocean-based renewable technologies have the potential to provide clean, reliable power from endless resources.
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The document discusses various methods for desalination of sea water using solar energy to address global fresh water scarcity. It describes different desalination technologies like solar stills, multi-stage flash distillation (MSF), and multiple effect distillation (MED). While solar desalination is not currently economically viable, further research may help reduce costs. Desalination can provide fresh water for coastal and inland cities but requires substantial investment that may be difficult for poor countries.
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Water is essential for life, making up 75% of most living organisms. It shapes the Earth, nourishes life, moderates climate, dissolves minerals, and provides many other benefits. However, only 1/8% of the planet's water is fresh and available. We must develop stewardship approaches to sustainably manage our precious water resources.
UNIT 05 Thermal-Pollution-PPT.pptx
Thermal pollution occurs when industrial processes increase the temperature of nearby water bodies by using the water for cooling and then discharging the heated water. Power plants, industrial effluents, sewage, and hydroelectric plants are major sources of thermal pollution. A temperature increase of just 1-2 degrees Celsius can harm native aquatic life. Thermal pollution decreases oxygen levels in water and stresses organisms, potentially killing fish and driving out native species. Mitigation strategies include using alternative cooling methods, preventing deforestation and erosion that increase water temperatures.
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Thermal pollution
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Thermal pollution
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Environment as important water use for hydro-infrastructure's consideration
By Chayanis Krittasudthacheewa, Stockholm Environment Institute
Presented at the Mekong Forum on Water, Food and Energy
Phnom Penh, Cambodia
December 7-9, 2011
Session 2b: Hydropower, Irrigation and Multiple-Use: Experiences from the Region
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1) Global temperatures have risen over the past few decades and are projected to continue increasing due to rising carbon dioxide levels from fossil fuel usage.
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Tang 04 side group isomers & aromatic hydrocarbons
Here are the solutions to the Rebus puzzles:
1) aspirin = acetylsalicylic acid
2) caffeine = trimethylxanthine
3) paracetamol = acetaminophen
4) codeine = methylmorphine
5) morphine = morphine
So in Rebus puzzle form:
aspirin = two hands holding a heart
caffeine = three bees flying above a yellow flower
paracetamol = para see a sea tom all
codeine = a code with an eye next to it
morphine = more fine
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Thermal pollution occurs when water or air is degraded by increasing its temperature from processes like power generation. This disrupts natural water temperatures and harms animal and plant life. Major sources are power plants and industrial uses that return heated water. Thermal pollution decreases dissolved oxygen levels, increases toxins, and affects organisms by impacting reproduction and metabolic rates, potentially reducing biodiversity over time. Prevention methods include cooling water before release and restricting dumping near water bodies through regulations.
causes of Thermal pollution
Thermal pollution is the degradation of water quality caused by any process that increases water temperature. Many industries release hot effluents directly into water sources from high-temperature furnaces and boilers used in manufacturing. This document discusses several sources of thermal pollution, including nuclear power plants, coal-fired power plants, domestic sewage, industrial effluents, hydroelectric power plants, and deforestation, and explains how each contributes to increased water temperatures and decreased dissolved oxygen levels, damaging marine life.
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The document discusses using solar power to provide energy for desalination systems. It notes that 97% of the world's water is salt water, while only 3% is freshwater. It proposes investigating whether current desalination methods could be powered by photovoltaic cells to provide fresh drinking water in a sustainable way. Key questions examined are the energy requirements of different desalination techniques and how those requirements compare to the power output of solar arrays.
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Thermal pollution is the increase of water temperature that can harm aquatic life. Major sources are the discharge of heated water from power plants, industrial effluents, and sewage. Nuclear power plants, coal plants, and industrial facilities use water for cooling and return it at higher temperatures, reducing oxygen levels. Dams for hydroelectric power may also impact water temperatures. Thermal pollution decreases dissolved oxygen, increases organisms' metabolic rates, and can cause thermal shock from abrupt temperature changes. It harms reproduction and growth of aquatic species.
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The need for renewable energy sources has never been bigger than today. To meet the current global energy requirement and to take into consideration the environmental aspects, a new renewable energy sources must be explored and improved.
A relative unknown, renewable energy source is osmotic energy. It has been known for a long time that mixing two solutions with different salinities releases energy. The process of PRO pressure retarded osmosis is used to capture this energy.
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The document discusses various alternative energy sources including nuclear fusion, geothermal energy, solar power, hydroelectric power, biomass, wind energy, and hydrogen fuel. It provides details on how each works, potential advantages and disadvantages, and technology challenges. For example, it notes nuclear fusion currently requires more energy than it produces but may be useful in the future if technology advances.
Thermal pollution
Thermal pollution is defined as the addition of excess heat to water that makes it harmful to aquatic life. Thermal pollution is caused by the discharge of heated water or hot waste material into water bodies from various sources like nuclear power plants, industrial effluents, domestic sewage, hydroelectric power plants, and coal fired power plants. The document discusses the impacts of thermal pollution from these sources and some control measures that can be implemented like cooling towers, cooling ponds, spray ponds, and artificial lakes.
Thermal pollution
Thermal pollution occurs when human activities, like power plants and factories, release excess heat into natural bodies of water, increasing their temperature. This disrupts local ecosystems by lowering dissolved oxygen levels and increasing toxins and metabolic rates in aquatic organisms. While cooling ponds, towers, and water recycling can help control thermal pollution, many industries still directly discharge waste heat without treatment, threatening biodiversity. Increased awareness of thermal pollution's impacts is needed to better address the issue.
Thermal pollution
Thermal pollution occurs when the temperature of water bodies increases due to the release of heated water from industrial and power generation processes. Coal-fired power plants, nuclear power plants, hydroelectric plants, textile mills, and other industries withdraw large amounts of water for cooling purposes and then discharge it at higher temperatures back into rivers, lakes, and streams. This warms the surface water and can negatively impact aquatic life by decreasing oxygen levels and interfering with reproduction. Methods to control thermal pollution include requiring industries to use cooling towers, ponds, or artificial lakes to lower the temperature of wastewater before releasing it.
Thermal pollution
Thermal pollution is the harmful increase in water temperature from industrial and power plant discharges and other human activities. Major sources include nuclear power plants, coal power plants, industrial effluents, and sewage. Even a small temperature increase of 1-2 degrees Celsius can negatively impact native fish and plant populations. Prevention efforts include using alternative energy sources to nuclear and coal, protecting shoreline vegetation to prevent temperature increases, and limiting soil erosion.
Thermal pollution
Thermal pollution is the addition of excess heat to water bodies that makes the water harmful to aquatic life. It is caused by the discharge of heated water or waste from power plants, industries, sewage, and hydroelectric plants. This warms the water and lowers dissolved oxygen levels, suffocating fish and altering the food web. Nuclear power plants, industries, sewage, coal plants, and sometimes hydro plants all contribute to thermal pollution by releasing heated water.
Environment as important water use for hydro-infrastructure's consideration
By Chayanis Krittasudthacheewa, Stockholm Environment Institute
Presented at the Mekong Forum on Water, Food and Energy
Phnom Penh, Cambodia
December 7-9, 2011
Session 2b: Hydropower, Irrigation and Multiple-Use: Experiences from the Region
Rising Oceans
1) Global temperatures have risen over the past few decades and are projected to continue increasing due to rising carbon dioxide levels from fossil fuel usage.
2) Warming effects will be greater at higher latitudes and polar regions, and land areas will warm more rapidly than oceans.
3) Melting glaciers are contributing significantly to rising sea levels, which are estimated to be rising at 1.5 to 2 millimeters per year.
Thermal pollution
Thermal pollution occurs when industrial and urban processes increase the temperature of natural waterways. Power plants and manufacturers often use water as a coolant, then return it at higher temperatures, decreasing oxygen levels and harming ecosystems. Urban runoff from hot roads and parking lots can also thermally pollute streams. Warm water reduces dissolved oxygen and harms aquatic life through effects on metabolism, reproduction, and cellular processes. Controls for thermal pollution include cooling ponds, towers, cogeneration systems, and stormwater management facilities.
Thermal pollution
Thermal pollution occurs when the temperature of water bodies increases suddenly due to the discharge of heated effluents from industries. Major sources of thermal pollution include power plants, industrial plants, nuclear plants, domestic sewage, and some natural causes. Effects of thermal pollution include decreased dissolved oxygen levels, changes in water properties, increased toxicity, and loss of biodiversity. Methods to control thermal pollution include using cooling towers, non-evaporative cooling towers, and cooling ponds. Soil pollution is caused by dumping of industrial and urban wastes, radioactive pollutants, and certain agricultural practices. Pesticides used in agriculture can also pollute soil if not properly managed.
Lecture 3 atmosp climorganis
The Indian Point Nuclear Power Plant uses over 2 billion gallons of water per day from the Hudson River to cool its reactors. The water is returned to the river at a temperature 20-30 degrees hotter, killing fish and other aquatic organisms. It provides up to 30% of New York City's electricity but its license expires in 2013. Over $100 billion will be spent to clean up radioactive waste at the Hanford Site in Washington, where plutonium was produced for nuclear weapons from 1943 to 1987 and over 50 million gallons of waste remains. Earth's atmosphere helps regulate temperatures and the ozone layer protects the surface from harmful radiation.
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This document discusses ecological succession, which is the gradual process of change and replacement of species in a community over time. There are two types of succession - primary succession, which occurs on new surfaces without an existing ecosystem, and secondary succession, which occurs after a disturbance to an existing ecosystem. Both end with a climax community, a stable ecosystem that will remain the same if undisturbed. Primary succession follows steps of weathering rock to form soil, then grasses, shrubs, pine trees and finally shade-tolerant deciduous trees. Secondary succession reestablishes more quickly on existing soil and also progresses from pioneer species like grasses to shrubs to trees.
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The document discusses various processes that affect the salinity of ocean water. Processes that increase salinity include evaporation and formation of sea ice. Processes that decrease salinity include precipitation, runoff from land, and melting of icebergs and sea ice. The document also describes ocean layering, with three main layers - a surface mixed zone, a transition zone between 300-1000 meters, and a deep zone below 1000 meters.
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Environment as important water use for hydro-infrastructure's consideration
Environment as important water use for hydro-infrastructure's consideration
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Carbohydrates
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Tang 04 side group isomers & aromatic hydrocarbons
Here are the solutions to the Rebus puzzles:
1) aspirin = acetylsalicylic acid
2) caffeine = trimethylxanthine
3) paracetamol = acetaminophen
4) codeine = methylmorphine
5) morphine = morphine
So in Rebus puzzle form:
aspirin = two hands holding a heart
caffeine = three bees flying above a yellow flower
paracetamol = para see a sea tom all
codeine = a code with an eye next to it
morphine = more fine
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The document discusses alkanes, which are hydrocarbons made of carbon and hydrogen. Alkanes form covalent bonds and their structures include methane, ethane, propane, butane, and pentane. The physical states of alkanes depend on the number of carbon atoms, with those under 4 being gases, 4-17 being liquids, and over 17 being solids. Alkanes burn but do not react with acids or alkalis due to the strength of their carbon-carbon single bonds.
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This document provides a summary of covalent bonding and molecular compounds in 3 paragraphs:
Covalent bonds result from the sharing of valence electrons between nonmetallic elements. Atoms joined by covalent bonds form molecules, the smallest units of a molecular substance. Molecules have a molecular formula showing the number and type of atoms, and may be represented by Lewis structures or structural formulas.
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This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including:
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- Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic compounds and can be aliphatic or aromatic. Aliphatic hydrocarbons include alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes which differ by their carbon bonding.
- IUPAC nomenclature systematically names organic compounds based on carbon chain length and functional groups. Functional groups determine a molecule's properties.
2012 ppt unit 2 4 covalent bonding djy r1 (draft)
Covalent bonds form between non-metallic elements by atoms sharing electrons so that each atom has a full outer valence shell. The number of covalent bonds an atom can form depends on the number of electrons it needs to fill its outer shell - carbon forms 4 bonds, nitrogen 3 bonds, oxygen 2 bonds, and fluorine 1 bond. Chlorine, with 7 valence electrons, forms diatomic chlorine gas molecules where each chlorine shares one pair of electrons in a single covalent bond. Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points due to weak attractions between molecules, most are not soluble in water as they do not conduct electricity, and they exist as solids, liquids or gases made of molecules rather than crystalline ion
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The document discusses aromatic hydrocarbons, which contain a benzene ring as a base. Michael Faraday first isolated benzene from gas lines in London. Most aromatic compounds are volatile and have distinct aromas. Benzene has a molecular formula of C6H6 and is a planar molecule with delocalized electrons shared around its six carbon ring. The IUPAC naming system for aromatic compounds is described, including naming compounds with substituents on the benzene ring and indicating their positions.
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Aromatic hydrocarbons are compounds containing benzene rings. Benzene, the parent aromatic hydrocarbon, has six carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal ring with alternating single and double bonds between carbons. The stability of benzene is explained by resonance, where the double bond positions are continuously shifting so that the pi-electrons are delocalized across the whole ring. Key features of aromatic compounds include planar, conjugated ring structures with (4n+2) pi electrons that undergo substitution rather than addition reactions. Common aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene, naphthalene, and anthracene.
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Crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation based on differences in boiling points. The fractions include refinery gas, light gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, gas oil, and residue. These fractions are used to produce fuels like petrol, diesel, and jet fuel. Petrol is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons, mainly alkanes and aromatics. Its octane rating, which indicates its resistance to premature ignition, can be increased through processes like isomerization, dehydrocyclization, and catalytic cracking that produce more branched and cyclic molecules.
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This document discusses the structure and properties of aliphatic hydrocarbons. It defines aliphatic hydrocarbons as hydrocarbons containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms arranged in straight or branched chains or rings, excluding benzene rings. The three main types of aliphatic hydrocarbons are alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Alkanes have the general formula CnH2n+2 and include methane, ethane, propane, etc. Alkenes have the formula CnH2n and contain carbon-carbon double bonds. Alkynes have the formula CnH2n-2 and contain carbon-carbon triple bonds. Physical properties like state, solubility,
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Other chemical fuels
The document discusses the chemical alkynes, specifically ethyne (C2H2). It describes the laboratory preparation of ethyne from calcium dicarbide and water, which produces ethyne gas. Ethyne is colorless, insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents, and burns with a very hot, smoky flame when combusted. It can be used to cut and weld steel in oxy-acetylene torches. The document also discusses the manufacture and uses of hydrogen, including from natural gas reforming and electrolysis of water, and its use in the Haber process and as a fuel. Fuel cells that use hydrogen are also mentioned.
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Aromatic hydrocarbons are unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons that contain delocalized pi bonds. Benzene is an example of an aromatic hydrocarbon with a six-carbon ring structure. The true structure of benzene involves delocalized pi electrons that can move around the ring rather than alternating single and double bonds. Naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene are examples of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that contain fused benzene rings. Some aromatic hydrocarbons like benzanthracene, dibenzanthracene, and benzpyrene are potent carcinogens that are formed during incomplete combustion and present in substances like tobacco smoke.
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The document contains exam questions and answers related to hydrocarbons that can be used as fuels. Some key details include:
- Butane is a major component of LPG, which stands for liquefied petroleum gas.
- Methane is a major component of natural gas. Mercaptans are often added to natural gas to give it an odor to detect leaks. Methane's release contributes to the greenhouse effect and global warming.
- The heat of combustion of butane is calculated to be -2881 kJ/mol based on heats of formation of products and reactants.
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Benzene is an aromatic hydrocarbon with a planar hexagonal ring structure. Each carbon atom in the ring forms four bonds - one with a hydrogen atom and three sigma bonds with the other carbon atoms in the ring. The sixth valence electron of each carbon is delocalized and shared among all six carbon atoms, giving benzene unusual stability and properties compared to other unsaturated hydrocarbons. Aromatic compounds contain a benzene ring in their structure and include benzene itself along with methylbenzene and ethylbenzene. These aromatic hydrocarbons are liquids that are insoluble in water but soluble in non-polar solvents.
Covalent bonds - Chemistry
Covalent bonds form between nonmetal atoms by sharing valence electrons. Atoms share electrons to attain stable electron configurations like noble gases. Lewis structures show how valence electrons are arranged between bonded atoms. To draw Lewis structures, count the total valence electrons and distribute them to form single or double bonds between atoms until each atom has an octet of electrons. Examples of molecules held by covalent bonds are hydrogen, oxygen, and chlorine.
CBSE Class XI Chemistry :- Organic chemistry (Basics)
Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds as it has 4 valence electrons. It can gain 4 electrons to form C4- anion or lose 4 electrons to form C4+ cation, moving it away from stability by the octet rule. Carbon overcomes this by sharing electrons in covalent bonds, allowing it to catenate or link together by forming sigma and pi bonds to itself due to orbital overlap.
Chapter 8 Covalent Bonds
1. Covalent bonds form when two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons in order to achieve a stable octet of electrons.
2. Molecules are formed when atoms are bonded together by covalent bonds, and molecular compounds are composed of molecules.
3. Molecular compounds tend to have lower melting and boiling points than ionic compounds and many are gases or liquids at room temperature.
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Artificial Upwelling
- 1. Vaisakh Gopinathan FRM-PA3-01 “Emulating natural upwelling” 13/01/14
- 2. Acts like a ‘biological pump’ encourages the growth of lush oceanic pastures
- 6. The divergence of currents that bring deeper, colder, nutrient rich waters to the surface
- 7. W E
- 11. Bringing relatively nutrient-rich deep water (>200m) to the surface ocean Stimulate phytoplankton activity Draw down atmospheric carbon dioxide
- 12. Productive coastal upwelling area - 1% of total ocean area 90% of the ocean area is considered as biological deserts Artificial upwelling helps to enhance primary production in these areas
- 13. Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC): • Temperature difference of 20 degree C between upper and bottom layers • Upwelling as byproduct, mainly to produce electricity
- 14. The cold and nutrient rich water is pumped from the deeper ocean layer to the condensor The water is poured back to the surface layer after use Hence the nutrients will reach the surface layer
- 15. • Used in ocean deserts • Upwelling occurs due to temperature and salinity gradients between the upper and bottom layers of water • Vertical motion by buoyant force
- 16. Model used in the open ocean off the south coast of Oahu Single device with a buoy 4.0 meters in diameter and a tail pipe 300 meters long and 1.3 meters in diameter It could generate a flow of about 1.0 cubic meter per second in random waves. This rate is sufficient to develop DOW- enhanced open ocean mariculture. The control will open upward only, preventing the cold water from backward flow
- 18. Deployment of thousands of plastic tubes (~300-600 feet long and ~30 feet in diameter) Bridging the nutrient poor surface water and the colder nutrient rich surface water
- 19. By pumping water to the deeper layer of fjords, mainly in summer The submerged water bring the nutrients trapped in bottom layer to the surface To enhance primary production, reduce the growth of toxic algae etc.
- 21. A wave driven pump to lift the deep, cool water to the surface and enhance ocean fertility It sinks the hot surface water like a siphon and exploit the gravity to drain the hot water to bottom layers The warm water reaches the depth will mix with cold water and rise outside the tube Brings the nutrient rich water to surface
- 26. Enhance the open ocean mariculture
- 31. Cost is high Corrosion problem Stress at the ocean conditions
- 32. The potential benefit from the concept is enormous To be formulate at low cost and high flow rate OTEC good for larger installations, while wave powered inertia pump is much simpler
- 33. Muni Krishna, K., 2008. Coastal upwelling along the southwest coast of India – ENSO modulation Ann. Geophys., 26: 1331–1334 http://www.energinat.com/future_upwelling.shtml Karl, D. M., Letelier, R. M., 2008. Nitrogen fixation- enhanced carbon sequestration in low nitrate, low chlorophyll seascapes. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 364: 257-268 White, A., Karin B., David K. and Eric G., 2009. An Open Ocean Trial of Controlled Upwelling Using Wave Pump Technology. J. Atmo. and Oce. Tech., 10. pp 1175 Shigenao, M., Koutaro, T., Keisuke T. and Seigo, S. , 2004 Artificial Upwelling of Deep Seawater Using the Perpetual Salt Fountain for Cultivation of Ocean Desert. Journal of Oceanography, Vol. 60, pp. 563 to 568
- 34. http://curry.eas.gatech.edu/Courses/6140/ency/Chapter2/ www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/02-03/ocean_the Stommel, H., Arons, A. B. and Blanchard, D. ,1956. An ocean curiosity: the perpetual salt fountain. Deep-Sea Res., 3. 152-153 Liu, C. C. K. and Qiao, J., 1995. Artificial upwelling in regular and random waves. Ocean Engng., 22(4). 337-350
- 35. Open for discussion… For your kind attention…