The document discusses soft computing and artificial neural networks. It provides an overview of soft computing techniques including artificial neural networks (ANNs), fuzzy logic, and evolutionary computing. It then focuses on ANNs, describing their biological inspiration from neurons in the brain. The basic components of ANNs are discussed including network architecture, learning algorithms, and activation functions. Specific ANN models are then summarized, such as the perceptron, ADALINE, and their learning rules. Applications of ANNs are also briefly mentioned.

1. Soft Computing: Artificial
Neural Networks
Dr. Baljit Singh Khehra
Professor
CSE Department
Baba Banda Singh Bahadur Engineering College
Fatehgarh Sahib-140407, Punjab, India

2. Soft Computing
 Soft Computing is a new field to construct new generation of AI , known as
Computational Intelligence.
 Soft Computing is branch in which it is tried to build Intelligent Machines.
 Hard Computing requires a precisely stated analytical model and often a lot
of computation time.
 Many Analytical models are valid for ideal cases.
 Real world problems exist in a non-ideal environment.
 Soft Computing is a collection of methodologies that aim to exploit the
tolerance for imprecision and uncertainty to achieve tractability, robustness
and low solution cost.
 The role model for Soft Computing is the human mind.

3. Soft Computing Techniques
 Soft Computing is defined as collection of techniques spanning many fields
that fall under various categories in computational intelligence.
 Soft Computing has main three branches:
 Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
 Fuzzy logic: To handle uncertainty (partial information about the problem, unreliable
information, information from more than one source about the problem that are conflicting)
 Evolutionary Computing : contains optimization Algorithms
 Genetic Algorithm (GA)
 Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm
 Biogeography based Optimization (BBO) approach
 Bacterial foraging optimization algorithm
 Gravitational search algorithm
 Cuckoo optimization algorithm
 Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO)
 Big Crunch Optimization (BBBCO) algorithm

4. Neural Networks (NNs)
 A group of interconnected people that interact with each others to exchange
information.
 CN is a group of two or more computer systems linked together to exchange
information.
 A network of neurons
 Neurons are the cells in the brain that convey information about the world around
us
 A human brain has 86 billion neurons of different kinds.
 But, we use only 10% of them.

5. Comparison b/w Real & Artificial Neurons

6. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
 To simulate human brain behavior
 Mimic information processing capability of Human Brain (Human
Nervous System).
 Computational or Mathematical Models of Human Brain based on
some assumptions:
 Information processing occurs at many simple elements called
Neurons.
 Signals are passed b/w neurons by connection Links.
 Each connection link has an Associated Weight.
 The output of each neuron is obtained by passing its input through
Activation Function.

7. A Simple Artificial Neural Network
Activation function which is Binary Sigmoid function
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8. A Simple Artificial Neural Network with Multi-layers
 Each ANN is composed of a collection of neurons grouped in layers.
 Note the three layers: input, intermediate (called the hidden layer) and output.
 Several hidden layers can be placed between the input and output layers.
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9. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)
 An ANN is characterized by
 Its pattern of connections b/w neurons
(called its architecture)
 Its method of determining weights on connections
(Training or Learning Algorithm)
 Its Activation function.
 Features of ANN
 Adaptive Learning
 Self-organization
 Real-Time operation
 Fault Tolerance via redundant information coding.
 Information processing is local
 Memory is distributed:
 Long term: Weights
 Short term: Signal sends

10. Advantages of ANNs
 Lower interpolation error
 Good extrapolation capabilities.
 Generalization ability
 Fast response time in operational phase
 Free from numerical instability
 Learning not programming
 Parallelism in approach
 Distributed memory
 Intelligent behavior
 Capability to operate based on a multivariate and noisy or error prone
training data set.
 Capability for modeling non-linear characteristics.

11. Applications of ANNs
 Designing fuzzy logic controllers
 Parameter estimation for nonlinear systems
 Optimization methods in real time traffic control
 Power system identification and control
 Power Load forecasting
 Weather forecasting
 Solving NP-Hard problems
 VLSI design
 Learning the topology and weights of neural networks
 Performance enhancement of neural networks
 Distributed data base design
 Allocation and scheduling on multi-computers.
 Signature verification study
 Computer assisted drug design
 Computer-aided disease diagnosis system
 CPU Job scheduling
 Pattern Recognition
 Speech Recognition
 Finger print Recognition
 Face Recognition
 Character/ Digit Recognition
 Signal processing applications in virtual instrumentation systems

12. Basic Building Blocks of ANNs
 Network Architecture
 Learning Algorithms
 Activation Functions
 Network Architecture: The arrangement of neurons into layers and the pattern of
connection within and in-between layer are called the architecture of the network.
 Commonly used Network Architecture are

13. Learning of ANNs
 Learning or training algorithms are used to set weights and bias in Neural
Networks.
 Types of Learning
– Supervised learning
– Unsupervised learning
 Supervised learning
• Learning with a teacher
• Learning by examples
 Training set
 Examples: Perceptron, ADALINE, MADALINE, Backpropagation etc.

14. Supervising Learning

15. Unsupervised Learning
 Self-organizing
 Clustering
– Form proper clusters by discovering the similarities and
dissimilarities among objects
 Examples: Kohonen Self-organizing MAP, ART1,ART2 etc.

16. Activation Functions
 Activation Function: Activation Function is used to calculate the output
response of a neuron.
 Various types of activation functions
 Step function
 Hard Limiter function

17. Activation Functions
 Various types of activation functions
 Ramp function
 Unipolar Sigmoid function

18. Activation Functions
 Various types of activation functions
 Bipolar Sigmoid function

19. Rosenblatt’s Perceptron
 In 1962, Frank Rosenblatt developed an ANN called Perceptron.
 Perceptron is a computational model of the retina of the eye.
 Weights b/w S and A are fixed
 Weights b/w A and R are adjusted by Perceptron Learning Rule.
 Learning of Perceptron is supervised.
 Training algorithm is suitable for either Bipolar or Binary input with Bipolar
target, fixed threshold and adjustable bias.

20. Perceptron Training Rule
 For each training pattern, net calculates the response of the output unit.
 The net determines whether an error occurred for the pattern.
 This is done by comparing the calculated output with target value.
 If an error occurred for a particular training pattern (y ≠ t), then weights are
changed according to the following formula:
wi (new) = wi (old)+ wi
b (new ) = b (old)+ b
where wi = α t xi
b = α t
t is target output value for the current training example
y is Perceptron output
α is small constant (e.g., 0.5) called learning rate
 The role of the learning rate is to moderate the degree to which weights
are changed at each step.

21. Activation Function for Perceptron
 Binary Step Activation Function
 Output of Perceptron
 Perceptron only handle tasks which are linearly separable
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22. Perceptron Training Algorithm
Step1. Initialize weights and bias.
Set weights and bias to small random values
Set Learning rate (0 < α ≤ 1)
Set Threshold Value (θ)
Step2. While stopping condition is False, do Steps 3-8
Step3. For each training pair (s : t), do Steps 4-7
Step 4. Set activation of input units, i = 1, …..,n
xi = si
Step 5. Compute response of output unit
y-in = b + w1x1 + … + wnxn
y = f (y-in)
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23. Perceptron Training Algorithm
Step.6 Update Weight and bias
If an error occurred for a particular training pattern (y ≠ t),
then, weights are changed according to the following formula:
wi (new) = wi (old)+ wi
b (new ) = b (old)+ b
where wi = α t xi
b = α t
t is target output value for the current training example
y is Perceptron output
α is small constant (e.g., 0.5) called learning rate
Else
wi (new) = wi (old)
b (new ) = b (old)
Step 7. Test stopping condition

24. Perceptron Testing Algorithm
Step1. Set calculated weights from training algorithm
Set Learning rate (0 < α ≤ 1)
Set Threshold Value (θ)
Step2. For each input and target (s : t), do Steps 3-5
Step 3. Set activation of input units, i = 1, …..,n
xi = si
Step 4. Compute response of output unit
y-in = b + w1x1 + … + wnxn
y = f (y-in)
Step.5 Calculate Error
E=(t – y)
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25. Development of Perceptron for AND Function
Input Output
1 1 1
1 -1 -1
-1 1 -1
-1 -1 -1
Input Output
1 1 1
1 -1 -1
-1 1 -1
-1 -1 -1

26. Perceptron Training Algorithm for AND function
x=[1 1 -1 -1;1 -1 1 -1];
t=[1 -1 -1 -1];
w=[0 0];
b=0;
alpha=input('Enter Learning Rate=');
theta=input('Enter Threshold Value=');
epoch=0;
maxepoch=100;

27. while epoch<mepoch
for i = 1:4
yin=b*x(1,i)*w(1)+x(2,i)*w(2);
if yin>theta
y=1;
end
if yin<=theta & yin>=-theta
y = 0;
end
if yin<-theta
y = -1;
end
if y – t(i) ~= 0
for j = 1:2
w(j) = w(j) + alpha*t(i)*x(j, i);
end
b=b + alpha*t(i);
end
end
epoch=epoch+1;
end

28. disp('Perceptron for AND function');
disp('Final Weight Matrix');
disp(w);
disp('Final Bias');
disp(b);
 OUTPUT
 Enter Learning Rate=1
 Enter Threshold Value=0.5
 Perceptron for AND function
 Final Weight Matrix
0 2
 Final Bias
0

29. Perceptron Testing Algorithm for AND function
x=[1 1 -1 -1;1 -1 1 -1];
w=[0 2];
b=0;
for i=1:4
yin=b*x(1,i)*w(1)+x(2,i)*w(2);
if yin>theta
y(i)=1;
end
if yin<=theta & yin>=-theta
y(i)=0;
end
if yin<-theta
y(i)=-1;
end
end
y
OUTPUT: 1 -1 1 -1
Input Target Actual
Output
1 1 1 1
1 -1 -1 -1
-1 1 -1 1
-1 -1 -1 -1

30. ADALINE
 In 1960, Widrow and Hoff developed ADALINE.
 It uses Bipolar (+1 or -1) activations for its input signals and target output.
 Weights and bias are updated using Delta Rule.
wi (new) = wi (old)+ wi
b (new ) = b (old)+ b
where wi = α (t –y-in)xi
b = α (t –y-in)
t is target output value for the current training example
y-in is input of output unit
α is learning rate

31. ADALINE Training Algorithm
Step1. Initialize weights and bias.
Set weights and bias to small random values
Set Learning rate (0 < α ≤ 1)
Step2. While stopping condition is False, do Steps 3-7
Step3. For each training pair (s : t), do Steps 4-6
Step 4. Set activation of input units, i = 1, …..,n
xi = si
Step 5. Compute net input of output unit
y-in = b + w1x1 + … + wnxn
Step.6 Update Weight and bias
wi (new) = wi (old) + α(t-y-in) xi
b (new ) = b (old) + α(t-y-in)
Step 7. Test stopping condition

32. ADALINE Testing Algorithm
Step1. Set calculated weights from training algorithm
Set Learning rate (0 < α ≤ 1)
Step2. For each input and target (s : t), do Steps 3-5
Step 3. Set activation of input units, i = 1, …..,n
xi = si
Step 4. Compute response of output unit
y-in = b + w1x1 + … + wnxn
y = f (y-in)
Step.5 Calculate Error
E=(t – y)
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33. MADALINE
 In 1960, Widrow & Hoff developed MADALINE.
 Many ADALINES arranged in a multilayer net.
 A MADALINE with two hidden ADALINES and one output ADALINE.
 MADALINE uses Bipolar (+1 or -1) activations for its input signals and target
output.
 Weights and bias on output ADALINE are fixed.
 Weights and bias on hidden ADALINES are updated using Widrow & Hoff rule.

34. MADALINE
 Activation Function
 Weights and bias on output ADALINE are fixed: v1 = v2 = b3 = 0.5
 Weights and bias on hidden ADALINES are updated using Widrow & Hoff rule:
If t = y,
then, no weights and bias are updated
Otherwise
If t = 1,
then, weights and bias are updated on zJ (unit whose net input is closed to 0)
wiJ (new) = wiJ (old) + α (t –z-inJ)xi
bJ (new ) = bJ (old) + α (t –z-inJ)
If t = -1,
then, weights and bias are updated on zK (unit whose net input is +tive)
wiK (new) = wiK (old) + α (t –z-inK)xi
bK (new ) = bK (old) + α (t –z-inK)
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35. MADALINE Training Algorithm
Step1. Initialize weights and bias.
Set weights and bias on output units to v1 = v2 = b3 = 0.5
Set weights and bias on hidden ADALINES to small random values
Set Learning rate (0 < α ≤ 1)
Step2. While stopping condition is False, do Steps 3-10
Step3. For each training pair (s : t), do Steps 4-9
Step 4. Set activation of input units, i = 1, …..,n
xi = si
Step 5. Compute net input of each hidden ADALINE unit
z-in1 = b1 + w11x1 +w21x2
z-in2 = b2 + w12x1 +w22x2
Step 6. Determine output of each hidden ADALINE unit
z1 = f (z-in1)
z2 = f (z-in2)

36. MADALINE Training Algorithm
Step 7. Compute net input of the output ADALINE unit
y-in = b3 + v1z1 +v2z2
Step 8. Determine output of the output ADALINE unit
y = f (y-in)
Step9. Update Weights and bias using Widrow & Hoff rule:
If t = y, then, no weights and bias are updated
Otherwise
If t = 1, then, weights and bias are updated on zJ
wiJ (new) = wiJ (old) + α (1 –z-inJ)xi
bJ (new ) = bJ (old) + α (t –z-inJ)
If t = -1, then, weights and bias are updated on zK
wiK (new) = wiK (old) + α (-1 –z-inK)xi
bK (new ) = bK (old) + α (-1 –z-inK)
Step10. Test stopping condition

37. MADALINE Testing Algorithm
Step1. Set calculated weights from training algorithm
Set Learning rate (0 < α ≤ 1)
Step2. For each input and target (s : t), do Steps 3-8
Step 3. Set activation of input units, i = 1, …..,n
xi = si
Step 4. Compute net input of each hidden ADALINE unit
z-in1 = b1 + w11x1 +w21x2
z-in2 = b2 + w12x1 +w22x2
Step 6. Determine output of each hidden ADALINE unit
z1 = f (z-in1)
z2 = f (z-in2)
Step 7. Compute response of output unit
y-in = b3 + v1z1 +v2z2
y = f (y-in)
Step.8 Calculate Error
E=(t – y)
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38. MADALINE Training Algorithm for XOR function
Step 1.
w11=0.05, w21=0.2,b1=0.3
w12=0.1,w22=0.2, b2=0.15
v1 = v2 = b3 = 0.5
α=0.5
Step2. Begin Training, do Steps 3-10
Step3. For 1st training pair (s : t) = (1 1:-1), do Steps 4-9
Step 4. Activation of input units, i = 1, 2
xi = si
x1 = 1, x2 = 1
Step 5. Compute net input of each hidden ADALINE unit
z-in1 = b1 + w11x1 +w21x2 z-in1 = 0.3+0.05b+0.2=0.55
z-in2 = b2 + w12x1 +w22x2 z-in2 = 0.15+0.1+0.2=0.45
Step 6. Determine output of each hidden ADALINE unit
z1 = f (z-in1) z1 = 1
z2 = f (z-in2) z2 = 1
Input Target
s1 s2 t
1 1 -1
1 -1 1
-1 1 1
-1 -1 -1

39. MADALINE Training Algorithm for XOR function
Step 7. Compute net input of the output ADALINE unit
y-in = b3 + v1z1 +v2z2 y-in = 0.5 + 0.5 +0.5=1.5
Step 8. Determine output of the output ADALINE unit
y = f (y-in) y = 1
Step9. Update Weights and bias because Error occurred (t-y=-1-1=-2)
If t = -1, then, weights and bias are updated on zK
(unit whose net input is +tive)
wiK (new) = wiK (old) + α (-1 –z-inK)xi
bK (new ) = bK (old) + α (-1 –z-inK)
b1 (new ) = b1 (old) + α (-1 –z-in1)=0.3+0.5(-1-0.55)= - 0.475
w1 1(new ) = w1 1(old) + α (-1 –z-in1) x1=0.05+0.5(-1-0.55)1= -0.725
Similarly
w21(new) = -.0575, b2(new) = -0.575
w12(new) = -0.625, w22(new) = -0.525
Step10. Test stopping condition

40. MADALINE Training Algorithm for XOR function
After 1st Training pair of 1st Iteration, New Weights and bias
w11= -0.725, w21= -0.575, b1= -0.475
w12= -0.625, w22= -0.525, b2= -0.575
These weights and bias are used for 2nd training pair (1 -1: 1) in 1st iteration to get
new weights and bias.
New weights and bias obtained from 2nd training pair are used for 3rd training pair
(-1 1: 1) in 1st iteration to get new weights and bias.
New weights and bias obtained from 3rd training pair are used for 4th training pair
(-1 -1: -1) in 1st iteration and get new weights and bias.
Thus 1st Iteration is completed
weights and bias obtained in 1st Iteration (obtained from 4th training pair ) are used
for 1st training pair in 2nd Iteration to get new weights and bias
Step10. Test stopping condition

41. Thanks