5. INTRODUCTION
ARTIFICIAL:-
The simple definition of artificial is that
objects that are made or produced by human beings rather
than occurring naturally.
INTELLIGENCE:-
The simple definition of intelligence is a
process of entail a set of skills of problem solving,
enabling to resolve genuine problems.
6. INTRODUCTION OF A.I(CONT’D)
Artificial intelligence is a branch of science which deals with
helping machines find solution to complex problems in a more
human like fashion.
Artificial intelligence is generally associated with computer
science, but it has many important links with other fields such
as maths, psychology, cognition , biology and philosophy ,
among many others .
8. HISTORY (CONT’D)
1950s : -The Beginnings of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Research:-
The person who finally coined the term artificial
intelligence and is regarded as the father of the of AL is John
McCarthy. In 1956 he organized a conference “the
Darthmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence"
to draw the talent and expertise of others interested in machine
intelligence of a month of brainstorming.
9. HISTORY (CONT’D)
1960:-
By the 1960’s, America and its federal government starting
pushing more for the development of AI.
AI's founders were profoundly optimistic about the future of the
new field: Herbert Simon predicted that "machines will be
capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do"
.The rise of expert systems also became popular due to the
creation of Edward Feigenbaum and Robert K. Lindsay’s
DENDRAL. DENDRAL had the ability to map the complex
structures of organic chemicals.
10. HISTORY(CONT’D)
1980:-
In the early 1980s, AI research was revived by the commercial
success of expert systems, a form of AI program that simulated
the knowledge and analytical skills of one or more human
experts. By 1985 the market for AI had reached over a billion
dollars.
In the 1990s and early 21st century, AI achieved its greatest
successes, albeit somewhat behind the scenes. Artificial
intelligence is used for logistics, data mining, medical
diagnosis and many other areas throughout the technology
industry
11. HISTORY (CONT’D)
1990 :-
From 1990s until the turn of the century, AI has reached some
incredible landmarks with the creation of intelligent agents.
Intelligent agents basically use their surrounding environment to
solve problems in the most efficient and effective manner. In
1997, the first computer (named Deep Blue) beat a world
chess champion.
In 1995, the VaMP car drove an entire 158 km racing track
without any help from human intelligence.
In 1999, humanoid robots began to gain popularity as well as the
ability to walk around freely.
12. HISTORY (CONT’D)
After 1990’s AI has been playing a big role in certain
commercial markets and throughout the World Wide
Web.
The more advanced AI projects, like fully adapting
commonsense knowledge, have taken a back-burner to
more lucrative industries.
14. GOALS
The general problem of simulating (or
creating) intelligence has been broken
down into a number of specific sub-
problems.
These consist of particular traits or
capabilities that researchers would like an
intelligent system to display.
The different types of obtaining goals are
listed below are as follows.
15. GOALS(CONT’D)
Deduction, reasoning, problem solving:-
For difficult problems, most of
these algorithms can require enormous computational resources
most experience a "combinatorial explosion": the amount of
memory or computer time required becomes astronomical when
the problem goes beyond a certain size.
Knowledge representation:-
Knowledge representation and
knowledge engineering are central to AI research. Many of the
problems machines are expected to solve will require extensive
knowledge about the world.
16. GOALS(CONT’D)
Planning:-
Intelligent agents must be able to set goals
and achieve them. They need a way to visualize the future and be
able to make choices that maximize the utility (or "value") of the
available choices.
Natural language processing:-
Natural language processing gives
machines the ability to read and understand the languages that
humans speak.
17. GOALS(CONT’D)
Motion and manipulation:-
The field of robotics is closely related to
AI. Intelligence is required for robots to be able to handle such
tasks as object manipulation and navigation.
Perception:-
Machine perceptions the ability to use
input from sensors (such as cameras, microphones, sonar and
others more exotic) to deduce aspects of the world. Computer
vision is the ability to analyze visual input.
18. GOALS(CONT’D)
Social intelligence:-
Affective computing is the study and
development of systems and devices that can
recognize, interpret, process, and simulate human affects.
General intelligence:-
Most researchers think that their work will
eventually be incorporated into a machine with general
intelligence (known as strong AI), combining all the skills above
and exceeding human abilities at most or all of them. A few
believe that anthropomorphic features like artificial
consciousness or an artificial brain may be required for such a
project.
19. CATEGORIES OF A.I
1. Conventional AI.
2. Computational Intelligence (CI).
1. Conventional AI :-
Conventional AI mostly involves methods
now classified as machine learning, characterized by formalism
and statistical analysis. This is also known as symbolic AI, logical
AI, neat AI and Good Old Fashioned Artificial Intelligence
(GOFAI).
20. CATEGORIES OF A.I
Methods include:
• Expert systems
• Case based reasoning
• Bayesian networks
• Behavior based AI
21. CATEGORIES OF A.I
2. Computational Intelligence (CI) :-
Computational Intelligence involves
iterative development or learning (e.g. parameter tuning e.g. in
connectionist systems). Learning is based on empirical data and
is associated with non-symbolic AI, scruffy AI and soft
computing.
23. CATEGORIES OF A.I
Typical problems to which AI methods are applied :-
• Pattern recognition
• Optical character recognition
• Handwriting recognition
• Speech recognition
• Face recognition
• Natural language processing, Translation and Chatter bots
• Non-linear control and Robotics
• Computer vision, Virtual reality and Image processing
• Game theory and Strategic planning
25. FIELDS OF A.I
1. Automation:-
Automation is the use of machines, control
systems and information technologies to optimize productivity in
the production of goods and delivery of services.
26. FIELDS (CONT’D)
2. Cybernetics:-
Cybernetics is that of artificial intelligence, where
the aim is to show how artificially manufactured systems can
demonstrate intelligent behavior.
3. Hybrid intelligent system :-
Hybridization of different intelligent
systems is an innovative approach to construct computationally
intelligent systems consisting of artificial neural network, fuzzy
inference systems, rough set, approximate reasoning and
derivative free optimization methods such as evolutionary
computation, swarm intelligence, bacterial foraging and so on.
27. FIELDS(CONT’D)
4. Intelligent agent:-
In artificial intelligence, an intelligent agent (IA) is
an autonomous entity which observes through sensors and acts
upon an environment using actuators (i.e. it is an agent) and
directs its activity towards achieving goals.
5. Intelligent control:-
Intelligent Control or self- organising/learning
control is a new emerging discipline that is designed to deal with
problems. Rather than being model based, it is experiential based.
28. FIELDS(CONT’D)
6. Automated reasoning:-
The study of automated reasoning helps produce
software that allows computers to reason completely, or nearly
completely, automatically.
7. Data mining:-
The overall goal of the data mining process is to
extract information from a data set and transform it into an
understandable structure for further use.
8. Behavior-based robotics:-
Behavior-based robotics is a branch of robotics
that bridges artificial intelligence (AI), engineering and cognitive
science.
29. FIELDS(CONT’D)
9. Developmental robotics:-
Developmental Robotics (DevRob), sometimes
called epigenetic robotics, is a methodology that uses metaphors
from neural development and developmental psychology to
develop the mind for autonomous robots.
10. Evolutionary robotics:-
Evolutionary robotics (ER) is a
methodology that uses evolutionary computation to develop
controllers for autonomous robots.
30. FIELDS(CONT’D)
11. Chatbot:-
Chatterbot, a chatter robot is a type of
conversational agent, a computer program designed to
simulate an intelligent conversation with one or more human
users via auditory or textual methods.
12. Knowledge Representation:-
Knowledge representation (KR) is an area of
artificial intelligence research aimed at representing
knowledge in symbols to facilitate inferencing from those
knowledge elements, creating new elements of knowledge.
32. APPLICATIONS OF A.I
1. Hospitals and medicine:-
A medical clinic can use artificial intelligence
systems to organize bed schedules, make a staff rotation, and
provide medical information.
2. Heavy industry:-
Robots have become common in many industries.
They are often given jobs that are considered dangerous to
humans.
3. Game Playing :-
This prospered greatly with the Digital
Revolution, and helped introduce people, especially children, to a
life of dealing with various types of Artificial Intelligence
33. APPLICATIONS OF A.I
4. Speech Recognition :-
It is possible to instruct some computers using
speech, most users have gone back to the keyboard and the
mouse as still more convenient.
5. Understanding Natural Language :-
The computer has to provide with an
understanding of the domain the text is about and this is presently
possible only for very limited domains.
34. APPLICATIONS OF A.I
6. Computer Vision :-
The world is composed of three-dimensional
objects, but the inputs to the human eye and computer’s TV
cameras are two dimensional. Some useful programs can work
solely in two dimensions, but full computer vision requires partial
three-dimensional information that is not just a set of two-
dimensional views.
7. Expert Systems :-
A ``knowledge engineer'' interviews experts in a
certain domain and tries to embody their knowledge in a
computer program for carrying out some task.
35. APPLICATIONS OF A.I
8. Heuristic Classification :-
One of the most feasible kinds of expert system
given the present knowledge of AI is to put some information
in one of a fixed set of categories using several sources of
information.
36. FUTURE SCOPE OF A.I
In the next 10 years technologies in narrow fields such as
speech recognition will continue to improve and will reach
human levels.
In 10 years AI will be able to communicate with humans in
unstructured English using text or voice, navigate (not
perfectly) in an unprepared environment and will have some
rudimentary common sense (and domain-specific intelligence).
However the field of artificial consciousness remains in its
infancy.
The early years of the 21st century should see dramatic strides
forward in this area however.
37. CONCLUSION
We conclude that if the machine could successfully pretend to be
human to a knowledgeable observer then you certainly should
consider it intelligent. AI systems are now in routine use in
various field such as economics, medicine, engineering and the
military, as well as being built into many common home
computer software applications, traditional strategy games etc.
38. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Programs with Common Sense :-
John McCarthy, In Mechanization of Thought Processes, Proceedings of the
Symposium of the National Physics Laboratory, 1959.
• Artificial Intelligence, Logic and Formalizing Common Sense :-
Richmond Thomason, editor, Philosophical Logic and Artificial Intelligence.
Klüver Academic, 1989.
• Logic and artificial intelligence :-
• Richmond Thomason.
In Edward N. Zalta, editor, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Fall 2003.
http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2003/entries/logic-ai/.
LINKS:-
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
http://www.aaai.org/
http://www-formal.stanford.edu/
http://insight.zdnet.co.uk/hardware/emergingtech/
