hope my slide proves helpful t

1. Prepared by
Mairembam Rakesh Kumar Singh
M.U. Roll no. : 012313
8th Semester (ECE)-2014 batch
MANIPUR INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY

2. Introduction
• How eye work?
• Disease related to eye
Artificial Eye
• What is Artificial Eye?
• Component
• Working
• Working Diagram
Image Identification
Normal and artificial vision
Limitations
Future Scope
Conclusion
References
ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur
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3. How eyes work?
The light coming from an object enters the
eye through cornea and pupil. The eye
lens converges these light rays to form a
real, inverted and diminished image on the
retina. The light sensitive cells of the
retina gets activated with the incidence of
light and generate electric signals. These
electric signals are sent to the brain by the
optic nerves and the brain interprets the
electrical signals in such away that we see
an image which is erect and of the same
size as the object.
ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur
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4. DISEASE RELATED TO EYE
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur
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5. CONTINUED…..
Four stages of Retinal Pigmentosa
ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur
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6. IT WOULD BE BETTER TO TELL - “WE SEE WITH OUR
BRAINS THAN WITH OUR EYES”
THE SOLE PRINCIPLE USED TO VISIONISE A BLIND IS
“DECEIVING OUR BRAINS”
ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur
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7. • Form of neural prosthesis to
restore vision.
• An externally worn camera and a
retinal implanted chip makes it
possible.
• It is often usable for those who
suffers from age-related macular
degeneration (AMD) or retinal
pigmentosa.
What is
artificial
eye?
ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur
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8. Component
Digital camera
Video-
processing
unit
Radio
transmitter
Radio
receiver
Retinal
implant
ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur
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9. Digital Camera
• The camera used for
this is the CMOS image
sensor.
• The camera captures
the image and converts
it into pixels of black and
white.
• This camera is placed
on the goggles.
• The battery required for
this is provided from the
video processing unit.
ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur
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10. Video Processing Unit
• Video Processing Unit acts as a
optogenic transducer unit which
simplifies the image as spots of
light and then reduces the image
to the number of photodiodes.
• This is connected to goggles
through router.
• This unit majorly consists of
• Video decoder
• Video scaler
• DSP processor
• Video processor
ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur
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11. Retinal implant
• Electrode implantation is one
of the most critical jobs in this
artificial vision system
• The first step done in this
electrode implantation is
perforating a platinum foil with
each hole having a diameter of
3mm
• 68 flat platinum electrodes of
1mm diameter are pierced
through the holes into the
nucleus of neurons of the
occipital lobe
ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur

12. Continued…….
• Each electrode is connected by separate Teflon
insulated wire to a connector contained in the
pedestal
• The group of wires pass the electrical impulses
which are generated by the processor
• When the electrode is stimulated by the processor
by sending an electrical impulse, the electrode
produces closely spaced phosphene (light spots
seen by visual field)
• By sending the electrical impulses in different
combinations and permutations the phosphene can
be created in a regular fashion describing the image
ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur
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13. Camera on glasses views image
Signals are sent to video
processing microchip
Processed information is sent
back to receiver
Receiver sends information to
electrodes in retinal implant
Electrodes stimulate retina to
send information to brain
ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur
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14. Video Camera
Video
processing
unit
Receiver
Retinal ImplantNeuronsBrains
ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur
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15. By using this technology the person can
read large letters or identify the objects
before him.
ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur
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16. Normal vision-
Begins when light
enters and strike on
photoreceptor cells.
These cells convert
light to electric
impulses that are
sent to brain via
optic nerves.
Artificial vision-
The camera
captures images
and sends to retina
implant. It
stimulates neurons.
The stimulated
neurons send
information to brain
via optic nerves.
ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur
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17. Surgery is required to implant the
electrode array.
Repairing is difficult if any of the
devices got damaged.
Those who lost their visions due to
other reasons could not use this
device.
The approximated cost of the
device is $70,000
ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur
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18. ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur
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19. Revolutionary piece of
technology.
Good news for AMD and
retinal pigmentosa patients
ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur
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20. • www.howstuffworks.com
• Chandu Gude,"Bionic Eye", Scribd, 2009.
• www.wikipedia.org
• www.sciencedaily.com
• www.electrooptic.com
ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur
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21. ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur
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