The document discusses bionic eyes and their development. It begins by defining a bionic eye as an electronic device that replaces some or all of the eye's functionality. It then covers the anatomy and biology of the normal eye, common causes of blindness, and several technologies that have been applied to create bionic eyes, including the MIT-Harvard device, artificial silicon retina (ASR), Argus II, and holographic technology. A key technology discussed is MARC (Multiple Unit of Artificial Retinal Chipset System), which uses a chip implanted behind the retina to simulate remaining retinal cells. The document concludes by noting the challenges of powering implants and connecting them to the brain, but the promise of bionic devices

2. CONTENTS:-
 WHAT IS BIONIC EYE ?
 BIOLOGY OF EYE
 BLINDNESS
 TECHNIQUES FOR BIONIC EYE
 MARC
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
 CONCLUSION

3.  WHAT IS BIONIC EYE?
 BIONIC EYE REFERS TO BIOELECTRONIC
EYE.
 THE ELECTRONIC DEVICE WHICH
REPLACES FUNCTIONALITY OF A PART
OR WHOLE OF THE EYE.

4. BIOLOGY OF EYE

5. RETINA

7. BLINDNESS
 BLINDNESS MEANS LOSS OF VISION.
 A COMPLETELY BLIND INDIVISUAL UNABLE TO SEE
ANYTHING EVEN WITH THE USE OF EYE GLASSES
, CONTACT LENSES , MEDICINE OR SURGERY.
 8O% OF BLINDNESS OCCURS IN PEOPLE OVER 50
YEARS OLD.
 COMMON CAUSES :- MACULAR DEGENERATION
, TRAUMATIC INJURIES , GLAUCOMA etc.
 LESS COMMON CAUSES :- VIT-A DEFICIENCY
, RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA , RETINOPATHY OF
PREMATURITY etc.

8. TECHNOLOGIES APPLIED IN BIONIC EYE :-
 MIT – HARVARD DEVICE
 ASR(ARTIFICIAL SILICON RETINA)
 MARC
 ARGUS II
 HOLOGRAPHIC TECHNOLOGY

9. MIT-Harvard device
 Epi-Retinal Approach
 Microelectrode array replaces damaged photoreceptors
 Image Acquisition - Using CCD Camera
 Patient spectacle holds the camera and power source

10.  Epiretinal Approach involves a
semiconductor based device positioned
on the surface of the retina to try to simulate
the remaining overlying cells of the retina.
 Subretinal Approach involves
implanting the ASR chip behind the
retina to simulate the remaining
viable cells.
ASR (ARTIFICIAL SILICON RETINA)

11. ARGUS II
 The Argus II epiretinal
prosthesis system allows
letter and word reading
and long-term function
in patients with profound
vision loss.
 Test I: letter identification
 Test II: letter size reduction
 Test III: word recognition

12. HOLOGRAPHIC TECHNOLOGY
 Computer-generated
holography, could be used in
conjunction with a technique called
optogenetics, which uses gene
therapy to deliver light-sensitive
proteins to damaged retinal nerve
cells.
 “The basic idea of optogenetics is to
take a light-sensitive protein from
another organism, typically from
algae or bacteria, and insert it into a
target cell, and that photosensitizes
the cell,”

13. MARC(Multiple Unit Of Artificial Retinal Chipset System)

14. Photograph of MARC Chip

15. MARC Photoreceptor

16. MARC System Block Diagram

18. MARC TECHNIQUE LOOKS LIKE THIS >

19. Advantages Disadvantages
Compact Size – 6x6 mm
 Diagnostic Capability
 Reduction of stress upon
retina
Costly
If a single part of the chip is
damaged the total technique
will be meaningless.

20. Conclusion
 Its been 40 years since Arne Larsson received the first fully implanted
cardiac pacemaker at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm.
 Researchers throughout the world have looked for ways to improve
people's lives with artificial, bionic devices.
 Bionic devices are being developed to do more than replace defective
parts.
 Researchers are also using them to fight illnesses.
 Providing power to run bionic implants and making connections to the
brain's control system pose the two great challenges for biomedical
engineering.
 Scientist are now looking at devices like bionic arms, tongues, noses
etc.

21. References:-
 www.ai.rug.ni/~lambert/projects/BCI/literature/misc/bio.ppt
 www.met.edu/institute/ICS/NCNHIT/papers/0.5.pdf
 www.bionicsinstitute.org/publications/...../Factsheet_Bionic eye.pdf
 www.hansmalab.physics.ucsb.edu/phys150/Bionic_Eyes.pdf

22. THANKING YOU !!!

24. PRESENTED BY :-
SHUBHASHREE GAYATRI DAS
MSC(BIOTECHNOLOGY)
1ST YEAR , 13MBT007
RAVENSHAW UNIVERSITY,
CUTTACK
SEMINAR TOPIC- THE BIONIC EYE
Dated-21st MARCH 2014