The document describes the bionic eye and how it aims to restore vision for the blind. It discusses how a bionic eye works using a camera and microchip to convert images into electrical pulses that stimulate the retina. Specific projects are mentioned, like the artificial silicon retina which is a microchip implanted in the eye containing photodiodes. The Argus II is highlighted as the first approved bionic eye system, which transmits wireless signals from eyeglass cameras to a retinal implant in order to produce spots of light that the brain interprets as vision.

1. THE BIONIC
EYE
A RAY OF VISION FOR THE BLIND

2. P GAYATHRI
N PRAVEENA
P KAUSHIK
MOHAMMAD MUKTAR ALI
PREPARED BY-
ANITS, ECE 1st YEAR

3. INTRODUCTION

4. WHAT IS BLINDNESS?
 Blindness is the inability to see anything, even
light. If you are partially blind, you have
limited vision. Complete blindness means that
you cannot see at all and are in total darkness.
 Due to improper treatment people suffering
from are unable to get perfect vision and
undergoing various surgeries which
sometimes further lead to loss of vision.

5. REASONS FOR BLINDNESS
 Glaucoma refers to four different eye conditions that damage the
optic nerve that carries visual information to your brain.
 Macular degeneration destroys the part of your eye that enables
you to see details. It usually affects older adults.
 Cataracts cause cloudy vision and are more common in older
people.
 A lazy eye can make it difficult to see details and may lead to vision
loss.
 Optic neuritis is inflammation that can cause temporary or
permanent vision loss.
 Retinitis pigmentosa refers to retina damage, but leads to
blindness only in rare cases.
 Tumors that affect the retina or optic nerve can also cause
blindness.

7.  Derivation of the word “BIONIC”(Bio
+ electrONIC )
 BIONIC EYE, is an experimental
visual device intended to restore
functional vision in those suffering
blindness.
 Bio-electronic eye
 Electronic device which replaces the
functionality of a part or whole of
the eye.
 Bionic eye devices are developed to
restore a sense of vision to people
with retinitis pigmentos and age-
related macular degeneration.
What is
BIONIC
EYE?

8. Parts of Bionic Eye
 A digital camera that's built into a pair of glasses. It
captures images in real time and sends images to a
microchip.
 A video-processing microchip that's built into a handheld
unit. It processes images into electrical pulses representing
patterns of light and dark and sends the pulses to a radio
transmitter in the glasses.
 A radio transmitter that wirelessly transmits pulses to a
receiver implanted above the ear or under the eye
 A radio receiver that sends pulses to the retinal implant by
a hair-thin implanted wire
 A retinal implant with an array of 60 electrodes on a chip
measuring 1 mm by 1 mm

9. THE BIONIC EYE
BIONIC EYE HUMAN EYE WITH CAMERA

10. HOW DOES IT WORK?
 The bionic vision system consists of a camera,
attached to a pair of glasses, which transmits
high-frequency radio signals to a microchip
implanted in the eye.
 Electrodes on the implanted chip convert these
signals into electrical impulses to stimulate cells
in the retina that connect to the optic nerve.
 These impulses are then passed down along the
optic nerve to the vision processing centers of the
brain, where they are interpreted as an image.

11. SOME ONGOING PROJECTS
 Implantable Miniature Telescope
 Artificial Silicon Retina(ASR)
 Harvard /MIT Retinal Implant
 Dobelle eye
 MARC Technology
 Argus
 Holographic Technology
 Virtual Retinal Display(VRD) etc…

12.  Artificial retina prosthesis is done using ‘Artificial
Silicon Retina’.
 The ASR is a silicon chip 2 mm in diameter and 1/1000
inch in thickness.
 It contains approximately 3,500 microscopic solar cells
called "micro photodiodes," each having its own
stimulating electrode
 Artificial Silicon Retina is a solid state biocompatible
chip which contains an array of photoreceptors and is
implanted to replace the functionality of defective
photoreceptors.
 It detects light and converts into electrical impulses.

13. ARTIFICIAL SILICON RETINA

14. Magnified I mage of ASR
ASR Implant in eye

17. THE BIONIC EYE SYSTEM
 When the camera captures an image -- of, say, a tree --
the image is in the form of light and dark pixels.
 It sends this image to the video processor, which
converts the tree-shaped pattern of pixels into a series
of electrical pulses that represent "light" and "dark."
 The processor sends these pulses to a radio transmitter
on the glasses, which then transmits the pulses in radio
form to a receiver implanted underneath the subject's
skin.
 The receiver is directly connected via a wire to the
electrode array implanted at the back of the eye, and it
sends the pulses down the wire.

18. When the pulses reach the retinal implant, they excite
the electrode array. The array acts as the artificial
equivalent of the retina's photoreceptors.
The electrodes are stimulated in accordance with the
encoded pattern of light and dark that represents the tree.
The electrical signals generated by the stimulated
electrodes then travel as neural signals to the visual center
of the brain by way of the normal pathways used by
healthy eyes -- the optic nerves.
In macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa, the
optical neural pathways aren't damaged. The brain, in turn,
interprets these signals as a tree and tells the subject,
"You're seeing a tree."

20. WORKING DIAGRAM
Video Camera
Video
processing unit Receiver
Retinal ImplantNeuronsBrain
ECE Dept. M.I.T. Manipur 14

22. ARGUS-II DEVICE
 The Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System (“Argus
II”) is the world’s first approved device
intended to restore some functional vision for
people suffering from blindness.
 transmits images from a small, eye-glass-
mounted camera wirelessly to a
microelectrode array implanted on a patient’s
damaged retina.

24. How
ARGUS
-II
Works?

25. THE ARGUS® II RETINAL PROSTHESIS SYSTEM

26. WORKING OF ARGUS-II DEVICE………
 The patient wears glasses
with an attached video
camera that captures
images of the surrounding
area.
 These images become an
electrical signal which is
processed by the video
processing unit. The signal
is then wirelessly
delivered to the
eye stimulating the retina

27. This electrical stimulation of the retina
is recognized by the brain as spots of
light

28. WHEN IS IT USED?
 The Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System is
intended for patients aged 25 years
 and older with bare or no light perception
vision caused by advanced retinitis
pigmentosa.

29. RESULT OF THIS SYSTEM
 identify the location or movement of objects
and people;
 recognize large letters, words, or Sentences.
 and helped in other activities of daily life, such
as detecting street curbs and walking on a
sidewalk without stepping off.

30. ADVANTAGES
 ability to perform visual tasks demonstrated in many
patients
 Upgradable external hardware and software to benefit
from future innovations
 the brain has an amazing ability to adapt to new input
and to improve his or her understanding of what is
being “seen” via an artificial vision system.
 Reduction of stress upon retina

31. DISADVANTAGES
 The cost of device is too high.
 If a single part of the chip is damaged the total
technique will be meaningless

32. CONCLUSION

33. ANY QUESTIONS?

34. THANK
YOU………