The document discusses the bio electronic eye, which replaces some or all functionality of the eye using electronics. It provides a history of the development of the bionic eye, describes how the human eye works compared to the bionic version, and details the key components and working principle of the MARC retinal prosthesis system. Some advantages are that it can be implanted with minimal surgery and has low power needs, though limitations include the difficulty of repairs and high costs. The conclusion is that while full vision may not be restored, bionic eyes can help the blind see shapes and objects.

2. contents
 introduction
 history
 human eye v/s bio electronic eye
 Features
 working principle
 advantages
 disadvantages
 conclusion
 future scope

3. Introduction
 bio electronic eye is derived from the combination of two words biology and electronics
 This device replaces functionality of a part or whole part of the eye
 The researchers took inspiration from the device of cohlear implant(concerned to
hearing capability)

4. History
 Dr. Mark Humayun, Dr. Eugene Dejuan along with few more scientists demonstrated
that a visually impaired person could be made to see light by stimulating the optic
nerves behind the retina with electrical impulses. This test proved that the nerves
behind retina still functioned even when the retina had degenerated.
The main target of the research was:
 small enough to be implanted in the eye.
 supplied with a continuous source of power.
 bio-compatible with eye tissues and its surroundings

5. Human eye
 The mechanism behind that is Once light
reaches our eyes, signals are sent to our
brain, and our brain deciphers the
information in order to detect the
appearance, location and movement of
the objects we are sighting at.
 The important part of an eye is that is
responsible for vision is retina.
 There are main 3 types of light sensitive
cells in the retina.
.Rod cells
Cone cells
Ganglion cells

6. Causes of blindness
 There are a number of retinal diseases that attack these cells, which can lead to blindness.
The most notable of these diseases are:
 Retinitis Pigmentosa
 It is the name given to a group of hereditary diseases of the retina of the eye.
 macular degeneration
 It a layer beneath the retina, called the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE), gradually wears
out from its lifelong duties of disposing of retinal waste products
 Both of these diseases attack the retina causing either loss of peripheral vision or total
blindness. However, it’s been found that neither of these retinal diseases affects the ganglion
cells or the optic nerve.

7. Normal vision Defective vision
Retinitis Pigmentosa
Macular degeneration

8. Bio electronic eye
 The scientists develop the artificial cones and artificial rods to transmit the information
to brain and implemented in bioelectronics eye.
 Bio electronic eye consist of electronic systems which consist of image sensors,
processors, receivers, radio transmitters and retinal chips

9. Features
Artificial silicon retina
 It is a silicon chip of 2mm in
diameter and 1/1000 inch in
thickness
 It consists of micro photo diodes

10. The MARC system
The MARC system Circuit of MARC system

11.  MARC means multiple unit artificial retinal chip.
 External camera captures image and it will be sent into microprocessor .
 It will be converted into encoded data stream.
 The data stream will be modulated by ASK modulator .
 The modulated wave sent to demodulator.
 Electrodes are stimulated according with input encoded data.
 The electric signals are passed through optical nerve to brain.

12. working of bio electronic eye

13. Role of BIOELECTRONIC EYE
in tracking objects
- It provides information about the edges
of images rather than a whole picture.
Edge information is usually sufficient for
detecting and tracking objects.
- The top image shows the raw output of
the retina chip.
- The middle one is a picture processed
from it.
- The third one shows how moving face
would appear.

14. Prototypes
Wide-View device
 It will use 100 electrodes
 It will help to differentiate light and dark shapes
 It is used for retinitis pigmentosa
High acuity device
 It will use 1000 electrodes
 It will use help to recognize the faces
 It will suitable for macular degeneration
Diamond device
 It will be implemented in soon

15. Advantages
 Very Early in the visual pathway
 No Batteries implanted within body
 No complicated surgical procedure
 Power Requirement – ¼ of milli watt

16. Limitations
 Repairing is difficult if any of the devices got damaged.
 Those who lost their visions due to other reasons could not use this device.
 It may not work for people blinded as children or as infants, because the visual cortex
do not develop normally.
 Surgery is required to implant the electrode array.
 The approximated cost of the device is $70,000.

17. conclusion
 Bionic devices are being developed to do more than replace defective parts
 We may not restore the vision fully, but we can help them at least to find their way,
recognize faces, read books, distinguish between objects
 Restoration of sight for the blind is no more a dream today. Bionic Eyes have made this
true.
 We are sure that higher quality, better resolution, and even color are possible in the
future

18. Future scope