Art-History-and-Development.pptx

Art History and Development
 Prehistoric
 Classicism and Greco-Roman Tradition
 Roman Arts
 Medieval Arts
 Renaissance Arts
 Mannerism, Baroque, and Romanticism Arts
 Modern and Contemporary Art

River Civilization (Ancient Arts)
 Arts associated with religious
functions.
 Nomadics (10,000 B.C.) –
geographical condition.
 Banks of Rivers : Mesopotamia
(Tigris & Euphrates), Egypt
(Nile), China (Yangtze), India
(Indus &Ganges)
 Arts reflected on the building of
palaces and temples

Ancient EgyptianArts
 Arts connote a religious
function.
 Arts originate from building
tombs and preserving the
remain of dead (mummification)
 Mastaba (eternal house) -
chamber for dead (tomb)

AncientArts of Mesopotamia
 Female figurine, Samara (6000 BC)
 Nimrud ivories, Neo-Assyrian
period (9th–7th centuries BC)
 Fragment of the
Stele of the
Vultures, Early
Dynastic III
period (2600–
2350 BC)

AncientArts of China
 Terracotta Army
 Collection of
terracotta sculptures
depict the armies of
Qin Shi Huang, (first
Emperor of China)
 Discovered in 1974
(Lintong District,
Xi’an)

AncientArts of India
 Bhimbetka rock shelter
 Taj Mahal (1648) - "teardrop on the
cheek of eternity“ . Emperor Shah
Jahan (Mumtaz Mahal).

PrehistoricArts
Western Art (Primitive Age)
 Arts is related to culture (way of life/
belief)
 Early primitive people paints animal on
the wall of cave to have successful
hunting.
 Sculpture is associated with magical
belief
 Small animals statue are the first
subject of sculpture.

PrehistoricArts
Western Art (Primitive Age)
 Fertility statues are made
because of the belief (bring many
offspring/ survival of human
species)
 Architecture is learned when man
discovered burying the death.
 Gravestones are the first
architectural designs.

Gravestone
 Menhirs are monuments
consisting of a single large
piece of megalith.
 Dolmens are "stone table" in
Breton, made up of a number of
vertical megaliths with
horizontal slab.
 Cromlechs made up of a
number of megaliths in
concentric circle extending a
wide area.

Archaic Period
 Arts were influenced by
the earlier civilization of
Mesopotamia and Egypt.
 Geometric art (Pottery)
 Archaic period focuses on
nude sculpture.
 Kouros (nude male figure
of athlete)
 Kore (fully clad female
figure)

Classical Period
 Remarkable civilization of ancient
Greek.
 Golden age of Athens (Socrates/ Plato/
Aristotle)
 Outstanding period of cultural
achievement
 Aesthetic ideals (emphasize form/
implying a rigorous artistic discipline in
conforming to a schema or to a certain
artistic convention
 Exhibit an intellectual order
(philosophical)
 Follow the principle of design
(harmony/ proportion/ balance)

Classical Sculpture
 Sculpture evolved
from the frontal and
rigid “kouroi” or
“kouros”
 Sculpture gave way
the creation of the
transitional
movement.
 Phidias/ Polykleitos/
Myron/ Praxiteles

 Architecture:
Praxiteles; Ictinus; and
Callicrates
Venus Braschi
Apollo
saurotonos
Hermes
bearing infant
Dionysus
Aphrodite of
Cnidus
 Open- Air Theater:
Aeschylus; Sophocles;
and Euripides

Hellenistic Period
 End of the Golden age of Athens
 404 BC – Peloponesian War
(Spartans – Athenians)
 338 BC – Alexander the Great
conquered Greek cities.
 Greek sculpture was
influenced by the Oriental
and the political instability.
 This gave way to the rise
of new set of aesthetic
ideals.

Hellenistic Arts
 Zeuxis
 Parrhasius
 Apollodorus
Renown
Naturalistic
Painters

Apoxyomenos
Lysippos
Aphrodite of Milos
Alexandros Agesander
Laocoon

RomanArt
 The Roman sculptures imitated
the Greek forms and
techniques.
 The Romans developed a new
artistic subjects like “still life”,
“Landscape”, and “architectural
motifs”.
 The Roman architectures
imitated the certain features of
Greek architectures (Doric –
Tuscan orders)
 The Romans imitated also the
Greek literature.

 Early Christian Arts
 Byzantine Arts
 Romanesque Arts
 Gothic Arts

Early ChristianArts and
Architectures
 Art produced by Christians
or under Christian
patronage from about the
year 100 to about the year
500.
 The arts introduced a new
sense of values
(emphasizing spiritual and
life after death).
 Arts were influenced by the
early Christian symbols
(cross, fish, lamb, Alpha,
Omega, wreath, grapes,
doves, and peacocks)

ByzantineArts
 Byzantine art is the
term commonly used
to describe the artistic
products of the
Byzantine Empire from
about the 5th century
until the Fall of
Constantinople in 1453
 Merging of Classical
and Asian artistic
tradition.
 Emphasized the clarity
of line and sharpness
of outline.

RomanesqueArts
 Romanesque art refers
to the art of Europe
from approximately
1000 AD to the rise of
the Gothic style in the
13th century
 Romanesque period
developed their own
arts; metal work,
geometric designs,
and stylized animal
form.

GothicArts
 Gothic art was a style of
Medieval art that developed in
France out of Romanesque art
in the mid-12th century
 Gothic art was influenced by the
philosophy of religion (St.
Thomas’ “Summa Theologia”).
 Arts gave emphasis about
religions
 Gothic arts depicted the use of
stained glass (mosaic).
 Primary media in the Gothic
period included sculpture, panel
painting, stained glass, fresco
and illuminated manuscripts.

RenaissanceArt (15th CenturyArt)
 Renaissance art gave emphasis on man as the measure
of all things (homocentric).
 Art focused on man’s thoughts, feelings and
imaginations.
 The ideals of classicism became the artistic standards of
the renaissance orders.
 Painting and sculpture subjects remained religious by
nature (classical mythology).
 Renaissance period emphasized the ideal man (jack-of-
all-trade) – well rounded man and knowledgeable in
different fields (philosophy, science, and arts).

Versatile Men of Renaissance
 Leonardo di ser Piero
da Vinci
 Michelangelo di Lodovico
Buonarroti Simoni

Famous Works of Leonardo da Vinci

Famous Works of Michelangelo Buonarotti

Early Renaissance
 Lorenzo Ghiberti (1378 – 1455) – bronze sculptor
 Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446) – bronze sculptor
 Donatello (1386 – 1466) – best Florentine scupltor
 Andrea del Verrochio (1435 – 1488) – da Vinci’s teacher in painting
 Leon Battista Alberti (1404 – 1472) - Architecture
 Giotto di Bondone (1226 – 1337) – popular in frescoes painting
 Fra Filippo Lippi (1406-1469) – Botticelli’s teacher in painting
 Sandro Boticelli (1447 – 1510) – introduced nude painting

High Renaissance
 Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519)
 Raphael (1483 – 1520)
 Michaelangelo Buonarroti (1475 – 1564)
 Giovanni Bellini (1430 – 1516)
 Giorgione (1478 – 1511)
 Albert Durer (1471-1528)

MANNERISM, BAROQUE, AND
ROMANTICISM ARTS

MannerismArts
 A period of European art that emerged
from the later years of the Italian High
Renaissance around 1520 and lasted
until about 1580 in Italy.
 The word mannerism derives from the
Italian maniera, meaning "style" or
"manner“
 Andrea del Sarto, Jacopo da
Pontormo and Rosso Fiorentino (Early
Florencian Mannerist)
 Michelangelo was one of the great
creative exponents of Mannerism

 Andre del Sarto - An Italian painter from Florence, whose career flourished
during the High Renaissance and early Mannerism. An artist senza errori
("without errors")
 Peter Bruelghel -'Peasant Bruegel' or 'Bruegel the Peasant' Flemish
Renaissance painter and printmaker known for his landscapes and peasant
scenes.
 Jacopo Comin “Tintoretto” - Venetian painter and a notable exponent of the
Renaissance school. His work is characterized by its muscular figures,
dramatic gestures and bold use of perspective in the Mannerist style

BaroqueArts
 Relating to or denoting a style
of European architecture,
music, and art of the 17th and
18th centuries that followed
mannerism and
is characterized by ornate
detail.
 In architecture the period is
exemplified by the palace of
Versailles and by the work of
Bernini in Italy.
 Caravaggio and Rubens are
important baroque artists.

 Gian Lorenzo Bernini - An Italian artist
who is popular in marble sculpture and a
prominent architect. He is the leading
figure in the emergence of Roman
Baroque architecture.
 Micheangelo da Caravaggio -His
paintings, which combine a realistic
observation of the human state, both
physical and emotional, with a dramatic
use of lighting, had a formative influence
on the Baroque school of painting
 Peter Paul Rubens - Flemish Baroque
painter, and a proponent of an
extravagant Baroque style that
emphasised movement, colour, and
sensuality

Romanticism Arts
 A movement in the arts and
literature that originated in the
late 18th century, emphasizing
inspiration, subjectivity, and the
primacy of the individual.
 Romanticism is a reaction against
the order and restraint of
classicism and neoclassicism.
 Romanticism rejects rationalism,
and characterized the
Enlightenment.
 Leading visual artist: Eugene
Delacroix and Francisco Goya

 Ferdinand Victor Eugene Delacroix - French Romantic artist
regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the
French Romantic school.
 Delacroix's use of expressive brushstrokes and his study of
the optical effects of color profoundly shaped the work of the
Impressionists.

 Francisco Jose de Goya y Lucientes - Spanish romantic painter
and printmaker, and court painter to the Spanish Crown.
 1792 and early 1793, a serious illness, whose exact nature is not
known, left Goya deaf, and he became withdrawn and
introspective
 1814 to 1819 his works are mostly commissioned portraits

THE MODERN ARTS: THE AVANT GARDE

Modern Arts: The Avant Garde
 Avant Garde refers to a
new and unusual or experimental
ideas, especially in the arts. It derives
from French word vanguard (avant
“before” + garde “guard”), referring to
a group of people (movement) who led
the way in new developments or
ideas.
 Modern denotes a current
or recent style or trend in
art, architecture, or other
cultural activity marked by a
significant departure from traditional
styles and values.
 Modern Art Movements begin in the
19th century until the late 20th century.
Movement/ Style of
Arts
Year Started
Impressionism 1870 to 1900
Post-Impressionism 1880 to 1920
Symbolism 1880 to 1910
Fauvism 1905 to 1908
Expressionism 1905 to 1925
Cubism 1908 to 1920
Futurism 1909 to 1918
Abstract Arts 1910 -
Dada Arts 1916 to 1923
Precisionism 1915 to 1945
Surrealism 1920 -
Art Deco 1920 –o 1935
Pop Arts 1956 to 1960

 Impressionism – a style or movement in painting originating in
France in the 1860s, characterized by a concern with
depicting the visual impression of the moment, especially in
term of the shifting effect of light and color
 Impressionism (Impressionist painters) – repudiated both the
precise academic style and the emotional concerns of
Romanticism, and their interest in objective representation,
especially of landscape
 Pivotal figure: Edourd Manet (from realism to impresionism)
 Chief exponents: Claude Monet; Pierre-Auguste Renoir;
Camille Pissarro; Paul Cezanne; Edgar Degas, and Alfred
Sisley
The ModernArts: TheAvant Garde

 Edouard Manet (The French Modernist) - a French modernist painter and
one of the first 19th century artists to paint modern life. He was a pivotal
figure in the transition from Realism to Impressionism
The Luncheon on the Grass (Le
déjeuner sur l'herbe), originally Le
Bain. The Paris Salon rejected it for
exhibition in 1863, but Manet
agreed to exhibit it at the Salon des
Refusés (Salon of the Rejected)
Olympia (1863), a nude portrayed
in a style reminiscent of early
studio photographs, but whose
pose was based on Titian's Venus
of Urbino (1538). The painting is
also reminiscent of Francisco
Goya's painting The Nude Maja
(1800)

 Oscar Claude Monet (The Landscaper) - Founder of French impressionist
painting and the most consistent and prolific practitioner of the movement’s
philosophy of expressing one’s perception before nature
Le déjeuner sur l'herbe (right
section), 1865–1866,
with Gustave Courbet, Frédéric
Bazille and Camille Doncieux,
first wife of the artist, Musée
d'Orsay, Paris
Camille Monet on a Garden
Bench, 1873, Metropolitan
Museum of Art, New York

 Pierre-Auguste Renoir (The Feminist) - a French modernist painter and a
leading painter in the development of impressionist style. His style and
subject matter was inspired by Camille Pissaro and Edourd Manet.
Luncheon of
the Boating
Party, 1880–
1881
Mme. Charpentier
and her children,
1878,
Metropolitan
Museum of Art,
New York

 Edgar Degas (The Dancer
Painter) - French impressionist,
famous for his paintings,
sculpture, prints, and drawings.
One of the founders of
impressionism and a History
painter – classical painter of
modern life.
Ballet Rehearsal (1873) Rehearsal on Stage (1874)
Dancing Class (1871)

 Paul Cezanne – French artist and post-
impressionist painter whose works laid
the foundations of the transition from
19th century conception of artistic
endeavor to a new and radically
different world of art in the 20th century.
Femme au
Chapeau Vert
(Woman in a
Green Hat.
Madame
Cézanne.)
1894–1895
Les Grandes Baigneuses,
1898– 1905: the triumph of
Poussinesque stability and
geometric balance

 Eugene Henri Paul
Gaugin – French
post-impressionist
painter who was
recognized for his
experimental use
of color and
synthetic style. He
was an important
figure in the
Symbolist
movement as
painter, sculptor,
printmaker,
ceramist, and
writer.
Aline Marie Chazal
Tristán, (1825–
1867) "The Artist's
Mother", 1889,
Staatsgalerie
Stuttgart
Gauguin's
maternal
grandmother,
Flora Tristan
(1803–1844) in
1838

 Pointillism – a technique of
neo-impressionist painting
using tiny dots of various
pure colors, which become
blended in the viewer’s eye
 Pointillism – was developed
by George Seurat with the
aim of producing a greater
degree of luminosity and
brilliance of color.
George Seurat (The Pointillism)
 Born on December 2, 1859 at Paris,
France
 Founder of the 19th century French
school of Neo-Impressionism
 1875 – took course from a sculptor,
Justin Lequien
 1878 – took art course in Ecole des
Beaux-Arts with Henri Lehmann
 1883 - Une Baignade, Asnieres (studied
sketches and panels)
 1884 – participated in the foundation of
the Groupe des artiste independants
 1885 – Camille Pissaro (impressionist
master) was introduced
 1886 (May 15 – June 15) – Exhibit of La
Grande Jatte

The Sunday Afternoon
on the Island of La
Grande Jatte, 1884–
1886, at The Art
Institute of Chicago
Le Chahut, 1889–1890,
Kröller-Müller Museum,
Otterlo, Netherland

 Expressionism – a style of painting, music, or drama in which the
artist or writer seeks to express emotional experience rather
impressions of the external world
 Expressionism – characteristically rejects traditional ideas of
beauty or harmony, use of distortion, exaggeration, and other
non-naturalistic devices in order to emphasize and express the
inner world of emotion
 Expressionism – emphasized and insisted on the primacy of the
artist’s feelings and mood, which often incorporating violence and
grotesque (shocking)
 El Greco and Grunewald’s paintings exemplify the earliest
expressionism
 It was first used in the late 19th to 20th century in Europe and
specifically in Germany (German movement led by Van Gogh,
Eduard Munch, and James Ensor)

 Vincent Willem van
Gogh - Dutch post-
impressionist painter
and most famous and
influential figure in the
history of Western art.
 In the last two years of
his life, he created
around 860 oil
paintings and in just
over decade, he
created about 2,100
artworks
 Landscapes, still life,
portraits, and self-
portraits
Bedroom in Arles,
1888. Van Gogh
Museum,
Amsterdam
The Night Café,
1888. Yale
University Art
Gallery, New
Haven
Connecticut
The Yellow
House, 1888.
Van Gogh
Museum,
Amsterdam

 Cubism – an early 20th century style and movement in the field of
visual arts, especially in painting.
 Cubism emphasizes the use of simple geometric shapes,
interlocking planes, and later, collage.
 Cubism is a reaction against the traditional modes of
representation and impressionist concerns with light and color
 Cubism was inspired by the later work of Paul Cezanne and by
the African sculpture
 Cubism was first named by the French critic, Loius Vaucelles
(1908)
 Cubism was popularized by Pablo Picasso and George Braque
(synthetic cubism and illusory)

 Pablo Picasso - Pablo
Diego Jose Francisco de
Paula Juan Nepomuceno
Maria de los Remedios
Cipriano de la Santisima
Trinidad Ruiz y Picasso
 A Spanish painter,
sculptor, printmaker,
ceramicist, stage
designer, poet and
playwright
 His prolific inventiveness
and technical versality
made him the dominant
figure in avant-garde art in
the first half of the 20th
century. He developed
cubism in 1908-14.
Portrait of Gertrude Stein,
1906, Metropolitan Museum
of Art, New York City. When
someone commented that
Stein did not look like her
portrait, Picasso replied,
"She will"
La Vie (1903), Cleveland
Museum of Art
The Old Guitarist
(1903), Chicago Art Institute

Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (1907),
Museum of Modern Art, New York
Les Grandes Baigneuses, 1898– 1905:
the triumph of Poussinesque stability and
geometric balance

 It was both modernist and contemporary art which is based on modern popular
culture and mass media, especially as a critic or ironic comment on traditional fine
arts values
 It started out by depicting a more up-to-date reality, using images of film-stars and
other celebrities, as well as mass-made consumer goods. But this was rapidly
eclipsed by an increasing post-modern focus on impact and style
 Andy Warhol (Andrew Warhola) – painter, graphic artist, and filmmaker. A major
exponent of pop art, he achieved fame for a series of silkscreen prints and acrylic
paintings of familiar objects (such as Campbell's soup cans) and famous people
(such as Marilyn Monroe), that are treated with objectivity and precision
 Roy Lichtenstein and Jasper Johns are also considered as leading exponents

 It was a brand new form of painting or sculpture which used text-
based imagery.
 It associated with artist like: Robert Indiana; Jasper Johns; On
Kawara; Barbara Kruger; and Christopher Wool
 Jasper Johns – a US painter, sculptor, and printmaker. A key figure in
the development of pop art who depicted commonplace and
universally recognized images. (Flags; Number series; and Target).

 A postmodernist art movement founded on the principle that art is a concept rather than a
material object (Dada arts/ Marcel Duchamp)
 Art in which the idea presented by the artist is considered more important than the finished
product (essential component)
 Important exponents: Sol LeWitt; Joseph Beuys; Felix Gonzales-Torres; Eva Hesse; Jenny
Holzer; Joseph Kosuth; Barbara Kruger; Jean Tinguely; and Lawrence Weiner
 Joseph Beuys – German artist, one of the most influential figures of the avant-garde movement
in Europe in the 1970’s and 1980’s. his works consisted of assemblages of various articles of
rubbish

 Pop Art (1960s onwards)
 Word Art (1960s onwards)
 Conceptualism (1960s onwards)
 Performance (Early 1960s onwards)
 Fluxus Movement (1960s)
 Installation (1960s onwards)
 Video Installations (1960s onwards)
 Minimalism (1960s onwards)
 Photo-Realist Art (Hyperrealism) (1960s, 1970s
 Earthworks (Land or Environmental Art) (1960s, 1970s)
 Contemporary Photography (1960s onwards)
 Arte Povera (1966-71)
 Supports-Surfaces (1966-72)
 Contemporary Realism
 Post-Minimalism (1971 onwards)
 Feminist Art (1970s)
 Body Art (1990s)
 Chinese Cynical Realism (1990s)
 Neo-Pop (late 1980s onwards)
 Stuckism (1999 onwards)
 New Leipzig School (2000 onwards)
 Projection Art (21st Century)
 Computer Art (21st Century)

Art imitates Life but now it is
Life that imitates Art

REFERENCES:
Textbook
Tabotabo, Claudio V. (2010). Art Appreciation: Introduction to the Humanities (Revised Edition). Manila. Mindshapers Co.,
Inc.
Marcos, Lucivilla L. (2006). Introduction to the Humanities Visual and Performing Arts. Manila. Mindshapers Co., Inc.
Zulueta, Francisco (2003). The Humanities (Revised Edition). Mandaluyong City. National Book Store inc.
Sanchez, Custodiosa A., Abad, Paz F., & Jao, Loreto V. (2002). Introduction to the Humanities (Revised Edition). Q.C. Rex
Printing Company Inc.
WEBSITE RESOURCES:
Birth of Venus. Retrieved from http://www.italianrenaissance.org/botticelli-birth-of-venus/
Armstrong, John. (2013). What is Art For? Retrieved from https://www.city-journal.org/html/what-art-13616.html
Herman, Judith (2014). 27 Responses to the Question “What is Art?” Retrieved from https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/57501/27-responses-
question-what-art
Gilman, Ernest B. (n.d.). The Subjects of Art. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/378341?read-now=1&seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
The Humanities: The Visual Arts Medium. Retrieved from http://scchumanities.blogspot.com/2010/06/lesson-three-visual-arts.html
Mesopotamia, 8000-2000 B.C. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History retrieved from https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/wam.html
Ancient Chinese Art. Ancient History Encyclopedia retrieved from https://www.ancient.eu/Chinese_Art/
Art in Ancient India.Cultural India: History of India: India Timeline retrieved from https://www.culturalindia.net/indian-history/timeline.html
Ancient Greek Arts. History. Com Editors retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-history/ancient-greek-art
Famous Ancient Greek Sculptors retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/6-ancient-greek-sculptors-116915#phidias-of-athens
Ancient Roman Arts retrieved from https://www.artic.edu/highlights/19/ancient-roman-art
Malbon, Elizabeth S. (1990).The Iconography of the Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus: Neotifus lit Ad Deum. Princeton University Press retrieved from
https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7ztnkm
Leonardo da Vinci: Paintings, Drawings, Quotes, and Biography. Retrieved from https://www.leonardodavinci.net

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