Prestressed concrete uses high-strength steel tendons or cables to put concrete members into compression prior to stresses from service loads being applied. This counters the tensile stresses induced by loading and improves the behavior of the concrete. There are two main methods - pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before concrete is cast, while post-tensioning stresses steel tendons after the concrete has hardened. Losses in prestress over time include elastic shortening, anchorage slip, friction, creep, shrinkage, and steel relaxation. Proper material selection and design can minimize these losses and optimize the performance of prestressed concrete.
Retrofitting case study of RCC structureManish Sharma
This document discusses several case studies of seismic retrofitting techniques used to improve the performance of vulnerable or earthquake damaged reinforced concrete buildings. It describes the features and damage observed in five buildings from earthquakes in Mexico and Turkey. For each building, it outlines the retrofitting techniques employed such as adding concrete shear walls, bracing, jacketing of columns and beams, and infilling frame bays with shear walls. The expected performance of the retrofitted buildings, based on analytical modeling, was improved seismic resistance and reduced vibration periods.
This slide explains different structural systems used in high rise buildings.what is the true meaning of high rise building ?
aims of high rise? objectives of high rise?
The document discusses high rise buildings and their structures. It defines high rise buildings as between 35-100 meters tall or 12-39 floors. Buildings over 100m are called skyscrapers and over 600m are mega-tall. High rises are constructed to address land scarcity in urban areas and increasing demand for space. Their structures have evolved from early stone and iron frames to steel skeleton frames to reinforced concrete shear walls and core structures. Foundations must transfer enormous loads into the ground through methods like raft or pile foundations. Interior structures use rigid frames, shear walls, and exterior structures employ tube systems to resist lateral wind and seismic loads.
This document discusses structural systems used in high-rise buildings. It defines high-rise buildings and outlines the increasing demand for them due to factors like land scarcity. It describes the development of structural systems from the first generation using stone, brick and cast iron to modern systems using steel and concrete. Interior structural systems discussed include rigid frames, shear walls and outrigger structures. Exterior systems include tube systems and diagrid systems that resist lateral loads through a rigid perimeter structure.
Modern construction formworks:-
1. Aluminium formwork
2. Precast system
3.Modular formwork
4.Tunnel formwork
5.Fiberglass shuttering
Description of each formwork with their advantages and disadvantages
The document discusses different types of vertical structural systems used in tall buildings, including bearing wall/pier structures, core/cantilever structures, rigid frame structures, core and frame systems, trussed frame structures, and tubular systems. It provides examples of landmark buildings that demonstrate each type of structural system such as the Pirelli Tower, Johnson Wax Administration Building, and John Hancock Center. The document also discusses innovations in tall building structural design by engineers like Fazlur Khan that enabled the construction of increasingly taller skyscrapers through the use of tube structures, outrigger trusses, and bundled tube designs.
This document discusses retrofitting techniques to strengthen existing structures against seismic activity. It describes upgrading reinforced concrete and masonry structures through methods like reinforced concrete jacketing, steel plate bonding, and adding new structural elements. Recent trends in Pakistan involve using carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites for flexural and shear strengthening. The document provides examples of retrofitting projects completed in Pakistan using these composite systems.
Prestressed concrete uses high-strength steel tendons or cables to put concrete members into compression prior to stresses from service loads being applied. This counters the tensile stresses induced by loading and improves the behavior of the concrete. There are two main methods - pretensioning and post-tensioning. Pretensioning involves stressing steel tendons before concrete is cast, while post-tensioning stresses steel tendons after the concrete has hardened. Losses in prestress over time include elastic shortening, anchorage slip, friction, creep, shrinkage, and steel relaxation. Proper material selection and design can minimize these losses and optimize the performance of prestressed concrete.
Retrofitting case study of RCC structureManish Sharma
This document discusses several case studies of seismic retrofitting techniques used to improve the performance of vulnerable or earthquake damaged reinforced concrete buildings. It describes the features and damage observed in five buildings from earthquakes in Mexico and Turkey. For each building, it outlines the retrofitting techniques employed such as adding concrete shear walls, bracing, jacketing of columns and beams, and infilling frame bays with shear walls. The expected performance of the retrofitted buildings, based on analytical modeling, was improved seismic resistance and reduced vibration periods.
This slide explains different structural systems used in high rise buildings.what is the true meaning of high rise building ?
aims of high rise? objectives of high rise?
The document discusses high rise buildings and their structures. It defines high rise buildings as between 35-100 meters tall or 12-39 floors. Buildings over 100m are called skyscrapers and over 600m are mega-tall. High rises are constructed to address land scarcity in urban areas and increasing demand for space. Their structures have evolved from early stone and iron frames to steel skeleton frames to reinforced concrete shear walls and core structures. Foundations must transfer enormous loads into the ground through methods like raft or pile foundations. Interior structures use rigid frames, shear walls, and exterior structures employ tube systems to resist lateral wind and seismic loads.
This document discusses structural systems used in high-rise buildings. It defines high-rise buildings and outlines the increasing demand for them due to factors like land scarcity. It describes the development of structural systems from the first generation using stone, brick and cast iron to modern systems using steel and concrete. Interior structural systems discussed include rigid frames, shear walls and outrigger structures. Exterior systems include tube systems and diagrid systems that resist lateral loads through a rigid perimeter structure.
Modern construction formworks:-
1. Aluminium formwork
2. Precast system
3.Modular formwork
4.Tunnel formwork
5.Fiberglass shuttering
Description of each formwork with their advantages and disadvantages
The document discusses different types of vertical structural systems used in tall buildings, including bearing wall/pier structures, core/cantilever structures, rigid frame structures, core and frame systems, trussed frame structures, and tubular systems. It provides examples of landmark buildings that demonstrate each type of structural system such as the Pirelli Tower, Johnson Wax Administration Building, and John Hancock Center. The document also discusses innovations in tall building structural design by engineers like Fazlur Khan that enabled the construction of increasingly taller skyscrapers through the use of tube structures, outrigger trusses, and bundled tube designs.
This document discusses retrofitting techniques to strengthen existing structures against seismic activity. It describes upgrading reinforced concrete and masonry structures through methods like reinforced concrete jacketing, steel plate bonding, and adding new structural elements. Recent trends in Pakistan involve using carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites for flexural and shear strengthening. The document provides examples of retrofitting projects completed in Pakistan using these composite systems.
Base isolation is a seismic protection system that separates a structure from its foundation, allowing the structure to remain largely motionless during an earthquake by absorbing shock through devices like friction pendulums and elastomeric bearings. There are various types of base isolators including low-damping rubber bearings, lead-rubber bearings, and sliding systems. Base isolation is most suitable for low to medium-rise buildings founded on firm soil, as it reduces seismic forces and prevents damage by permitting the ground and structure to move independently.
PRECAST CONCRETE - introduction, applications, advantages, disadvantages, uses, construction and joinery details, precast components, examples of buildings using precast components and more information.
A presentation that explains the various systems and techniques of employing steel and concrete to support long span structures. The range varies from conventional beams, to trusses and portal frames.
The document discusses trussed tube structures, which use diagonal bracing on the exterior of the building. This bracing transfers both gravity and lateral loads, allowing the structure to resist wind and seismic forces more effectively. It eliminates the need for interior columns, increasing interior space flexibility. Examples given are the John Hancock Center, with distinctive x-bracing that absorbs forces in all dimensions, and the Onterie Center, with perimeter diagonal shear walls that allow for fewer, more widely spaced columns and larger windows than framed tube structures.
This document discusses tensile structures, which are buildings that rely on tension in their components like cables and fabrics to bear loads. Tensile structures include boundary tensioned membranes, pneumatic structures, and pre-stressed cable nets. They have been used since ancient times. Some key advantages are their lightweight nature, flexibility, recyclability, and unique designs. Common types include saddle roofs, mast-supported structures, arch-supported roofs, and combinations of support types. Fabric, hardware, and structural elements are described. The document concludes with a workshop model demonstrating tensile structure principles.
FERROCRETE - MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION METHODSjagrutib22
Ferrocrete is a type of reinforced concrete that uses closely spaced wire mesh or small diameter rods infiltrated with mortar. It has high density and durability to withstand various climates. Ferrocrete structures are lighter than regular reinforced concrete and do not require formwork. Some applications of ferrocrete include roofing, water tanks, bridges, and precast building components. Ferrocrete is constructed by first making a wire mesh framework, applying mortar that is worked into the mesh, and compacting it. This produces a strong, lightweight material suitable for many construction applications.
The document discusses rigid frame systems used in high-rise buildings. It provides a history of rigid frames, an introduction to what they are, and examples of their applications. It describes the material properties and connections used. It discusses considerations for rigid frame design like behavior under lateral loads. It notes advantages like architectural freedom but also disadvantages like increased drift. It concludes with a case study on using hybrid rigid/semi-rigid frames to improve seismic performance.
1. Structural systems include architectural structures like buildings that are assemblages of components designed to support loads through interconnected members.
2. Loads on structures can be static like dead loads or dynamic like wind loads, and forces like tension, compression, bending, and shear act on structural members.
3. Common structural forms include trusses, arches, shells, frames, and cable nets which use specific geometries and materials like steel and concrete to transfer loads.
Elements of RCC Framed Structure (With Steel Detailing)Uday Mathe
This document describes the typical elements of a reinforced concrete (RCC) framed building. It discusses the major structural elements including the foundation/footing that transfers load to the soil, columns that support beams and transfer load to the footing, beams that transfer load between columns and support slabs, slabs that form floors and roofs, and staircases. It provides details on the reinforcement in each element including main bars and stirrups/lateral ties. Minor elements like lintels and sunshades are also covered.
Composite construction or Composite Structure/FrameAbdul Rahman
Composite structure of steel and concrete has been explained under this ppt with examples, type of structural members, advantages and comparison with other structures like R.C.C structure and Steel structures.
This document discusses earthquake resistant design of masonry buildings. It provides general principles for earthquake resistant structures, including using materials that are not brittle and will resist sudden collapse. It describes various construction systems for masonry, such as unreinforced, reinforced, and confined masonry. Key elements like walls, lintels, floors, and roofs are discussed. Design considerations include using uniformly distributed walls, adequate foundations, reinforced partitions, and limiting spans of cantilever slabs. Overall, masonry buildings can perform well in earthquakes if built with good quality materials and construction according to these design principles.
Composite structure of concrete and steel.Suhailkhan204
This document discusses composite structures, which combine steel and concrete materials. The key elements of composite structures are composite deck slabs, beams, and columns, along with shear connectors. Composite structures take advantage of concrete's compressive strength and steel's tensile strength. They provide benefits like increased load capacity, stiffness, fire resistance, and cost savings compared to traditional steel or concrete construction alone. An example project, the Millennium Tower in Vienna, is described. The document analyzes costs and concludes that composite structures are best suited for high-rise buildings due to reduced weight, increased ductility, and savings of around 10% compared to reinforced concrete.
This document discusses prefabrication in construction. Prefabrication involves assembling components of a structure in a factory then transporting them to the construction site. It has advantages like reduced cost, time, and waste and allows work during poor weather. Common prefabricated components include columns, beams, waffle floors/roofs which are cast and cured off-site then erected using cranes. While prefabrication offers benefits, it also has disadvantages like potential breakage during transport and need for specialized equipment and labor. The document concludes that partial prefabrication is well-suited for Indian conditions.
This document discusses various techniques for retrofitting existing structures to improve their resistance to seismic activity. It describes adding new shear walls, steel bracing, or jacketing columns as common retrofitting methods. Base isolation, which isolates the structure from foundations, is also discussed. The objectives of retrofitting are outlined as increasing strength, ductility, and protecting life safety. Different classification of retrofitting techniques are provided based on addressing local deficiencies or global irregularities.
Taipei 101 is a 508-meter tall skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan. It was the tallest building in the world from 2004 to 2010. The tower has 101 floors above ground and 5 floors underground. It was designed to withstand typhoons and earthquakes common in the area. The building uses a tube-in-tube structural system with a reinforced concrete core and steel perimeter columns. Outrigger trusses connect the core columns to the perimeter columns every eight floors to provide increased stability and resistance to strong winds.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
Base isolation is a seismic protection system that separates a structure from its foundation, allowing the structure to remain largely motionless during an earthquake by absorbing shock through devices like friction pendulums and elastomeric bearings. There are various types of base isolators including low-damping rubber bearings, lead-rubber bearings, and sliding systems. Base isolation is most suitable for low to medium-rise buildings founded on firm soil, as it reduces seismic forces and prevents damage by permitting the ground and structure to move independently.
PRECAST CONCRETE - introduction, applications, advantages, disadvantages, uses, construction and joinery details, precast components, examples of buildings using precast components and more information.
A presentation that explains the various systems and techniques of employing steel and concrete to support long span structures. The range varies from conventional beams, to trusses and portal frames.
The document discusses trussed tube structures, which use diagonal bracing on the exterior of the building. This bracing transfers both gravity and lateral loads, allowing the structure to resist wind and seismic forces more effectively. It eliminates the need for interior columns, increasing interior space flexibility. Examples given are the John Hancock Center, with distinctive x-bracing that absorbs forces in all dimensions, and the Onterie Center, with perimeter diagonal shear walls that allow for fewer, more widely spaced columns and larger windows than framed tube structures.
This document discusses tensile structures, which are buildings that rely on tension in their components like cables and fabrics to bear loads. Tensile structures include boundary tensioned membranes, pneumatic structures, and pre-stressed cable nets. They have been used since ancient times. Some key advantages are their lightweight nature, flexibility, recyclability, and unique designs. Common types include saddle roofs, mast-supported structures, arch-supported roofs, and combinations of support types. Fabric, hardware, and structural elements are described. The document concludes with a workshop model demonstrating tensile structure principles.
FERROCRETE - MATERIAL AND CONSTRUCTION METHODSjagrutib22
Ferrocrete is a type of reinforced concrete that uses closely spaced wire mesh or small diameter rods infiltrated with mortar. It has high density and durability to withstand various climates. Ferrocrete structures are lighter than regular reinforced concrete and do not require formwork. Some applications of ferrocrete include roofing, water tanks, bridges, and precast building components. Ferrocrete is constructed by first making a wire mesh framework, applying mortar that is worked into the mesh, and compacting it. This produces a strong, lightweight material suitable for many construction applications.
The document discusses rigid frame systems used in high-rise buildings. It provides a history of rigid frames, an introduction to what they are, and examples of their applications. It describes the material properties and connections used. It discusses considerations for rigid frame design like behavior under lateral loads. It notes advantages like architectural freedom but also disadvantages like increased drift. It concludes with a case study on using hybrid rigid/semi-rigid frames to improve seismic performance.
1. Structural systems include architectural structures like buildings that are assemblages of components designed to support loads through interconnected members.
2. Loads on structures can be static like dead loads or dynamic like wind loads, and forces like tension, compression, bending, and shear act on structural members.
3. Common structural forms include trusses, arches, shells, frames, and cable nets which use specific geometries and materials like steel and concrete to transfer loads.
Elements of RCC Framed Structure (With Steel Detailing)Uday Mathe
This document describes the typical elements of a reinforced concrete (RCC) framed building. It discusses the major structural elements including the foundation/footing that transfers load to the soil, columns that support beams and transfer load to the footing, beams that transfer load between columns and support slabs, slabs that form floors and roofs, and staircases. It provides details on the reinforcement in each element including main bars and stirrups/lateral ties. Minor elements like lintels and sunshades are also covered.
Composite construction or Composite Structure/FrameAbdul Rahman
Composite structure of steel and concrete has been explained under this ppt with examples, type of structural members, advantages and comparison with other structures like R.C.C structure and Steel structures.
This document discusses earthquake resistant design of masonry buildings. It provides general principles for earthquake resistant structures, including using materials that are not brittle and will resist sudden collapse. It describes various construction systems for masonry, such as unreinforced, reinforced, and confined masonry. Key elements like walls, lintels, floors, and roofs are discussed. Design considerations include using uniformly distributed walls, adequate foundations, reinforced partitions, and limiting spans of cantilever slabs. Overall, masonry buildings can perform well in earthquakes if built with good quality materials and construction according to these design principles.
Composite structure of concrete and steel.Suhailkhan204
This document discusses composite structures, which combine steel and concrete materials. The key elements of composite structures are composite deck slabs, beams, and columns, along with shear connectors. Composite structures take advantage of concrete's compressive strength and steel's tensile strength. They provide benefits like increased load capacity, stiffness, fire resistance, and cost savings compared to traditional steel or concrete construction alone. An example project, the Millennium Tower in Vienna, is described. The document analyzes costs and concludes that composite structures are best suited for high-rise buildings due to reduced weight, increased ductility, and savings of around 10% compared to reinforced concrete.
This document discusses prefabrication in construction. Prefabrication involves assembling components of a structure in a factory then transporting them to the construction site. It has advantages like reduced cost, time, and waste and allows work during poor weather. Common prefabricated components include columns, beams, waffle floors/roofs which are cast and cured off-site then erected using cranes. While prefabrication offers benefits, it also has disadvantages like potential breakage during transport and need for specialized equipment and labor. The document concludes that partial prefabrication is well-suited for Indian conditions.
This document discusses various techniques for retrofitting existing structures to improve their resistance to seismic activity. It describes adding new shear walls, steel bracing, or jacketing columns as common retrofitting methods. Base isolation, which isolates the structure from foundations, is also discussed. The objectives of retrofitting are outlined as increasing strength, ductility, and protecting life safety. Different classification of retrofitting techniques are provided based on addressing local deficiencies or global irregularities.
Taipei 101 is a 508-meter tall skyscraper in Taipei, Taiwan. It was the tallest building in the world from 2004 to 2010. The tower has 101 floors above ground and 5 floors underground. It was designed to withstand typhoons and earthquakes common in the area. The building uses a tube-in-tube structural system with a reinforced concrete core and steel perimeter columns. Outrigger trusses connect the core columns to the perimeter columns every eight floors to provide increased stability and resistance to strong winds.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
The document describes the multi-step process for preparing a Town Planning Scheme (TPS) in Ahmedabad, India. It involves detailed surveying, establishing land ownership details, reconciling maps and records, publicizing the plan, allocating land for roads and amenities, determining plot sizes and values, consulting landowners, and obtaining governmental approvals. The long process aims to systematically plan infrastructure, compensate landowners, and capture increases in land value to fund development.
The document provides an overview of topics to be covered in a Professional Practice lecture plan, including valuation, types of leases, dilapidation, repairs, easements, land acquisition, rent control, and fire insurance. Key points include:
1) Easements are rights over another's land that allow the use or enjoyment of one's own land, such as rights of way. They have dominant and servient lands.
2) They can be acquired by grant, necessity, or prescription of continuous use for 20 years. Ancient lights protect long-standing windows from new obstructions.
3) The Land Acquisition Act allows compulsory land acquisition for public purposes, with compensation at market rate plus 30
Here are the key points about easements:
- An easement is a non-possessory right to use and/or enter onto the real property of another without possessing it. It allows access to property or resources.
- Examples of easements include rights of way, access to fishing ponds or beaches across private land.
- An easement is considered a property right at common law and treated as such in most jurisdictions.
- An easement can be imposed by anyone who can transfer their interest in the land, such as a leaseholder or life tenant.
- An easement can be acquired by the owner of the land benefited by the easement, or someone in possession of that land.
The document summarizes the legal responsibilities and obligations of a promoter who constructs or intends to construct apartment buildings to sell individual flats. It outlines that the promoter must:
1. Make full disclosure about the title and any encumbrances on the land, and allow inspection of approved building plans.
2. Disclose the nature of fixtures, fittings, amenities and construction details. Specify possession dates and prepare a list of flats sold.
3. Disclose the organization that will govern flat owners and not allow possession until required certificates. Make full disclosure of outgoings and other prescribed information.
The document discusses the Indian Easement Act of 1882 and provides definitions and examples of easements. It also discusses different types of easements, how they can be acquired or imposed, and factors that can lead to the suspension of an easement. Some key points include:
- An easement is a non-possessory right to use or enter onto another's land for beneficial use and enjoyment without possessing it, such as for access.
- Easements can be acquired through grant, necessity, or prescription over many years of open and continuous use.
- Types of easements include utility, private, prescriptive, and public easements.
- An easement can be suspended if both parties
Depreciation is the process of allocating the cost of a tangible asset over its useful life rather than deducting the full cost in the year it was acquired. A sinking fund is a fund created by regular member contributions to pay for future repairs or reconstruction of a building. Key aspects of a sinking fund include mandatory member contributions of at least 0.25% of construction costs annually, long-term investment of the funds, and use of the money for major repairs approved by members. Societies must properly track and manage sinking funds according to regulations.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
This document discusses dilapidation reports, which record the condition of a property before and after nearby construction work to identify any damage caused by the work. Dilapidation reports are conducted by experienced consultants and include notes, measurements, photos and diagrams providing an accurate record of the property's state. The document also provides details on what a dilapidation report should include when inspecting different areas of a building, such as the roof, floors, staircase, walls and drainage.
Fair market value is the estimated price a property would sell for on the open market. It is not the same as the value to an individual owner. Depreciation refers to both the decrease in an asset's value over time and the allocation of an asset's cost over its useful life. Factors that can affect a property's valuation include location, geographical stability, age and condition, size and improvements, population movement, and legal/tax factors. For the student's own flat valued at Rs. 100,000, the estimated fair market value is Rs. 85,000, reserve sale value is Rs. 80,000, and distress sale value is Rs. 90,000 based on its age and the structure's expected life.
The document discusses several key factors for consideration in developing India:
1) Population and employment - India faces overpopulation which leads to unemployment as generating jobs is difficult and infrastructure cannot keep pace with population growth.
2) Resources are overexploited as land, water, and forests face scarcity issues due to the large population.
3) Infrastructure development has not kept up with rapid population growth, creating issues like lack of transportation, housing, and other facilities.
As an architect, one can advise flat owners in MHADA buildings on the redevelopment process and benefits under DCR 33(5). This includes increased permissible floor space index (FSI) and amenities. In the initial stages of redevelopment, the architect would survey the existing building, obtain land conveyance information, consider applicable policies and regulations, and get details on available FSI and TDR. They would also take member recommendations and prepare a project report within two months.
The document discusses Transfer of Development Rights (TDR) and Fungible Floor Space Index (FSI) in Mumbai.
TDR allows land owners to transfer unused construction rights to other land owners in exchange for money. Fungible FSI was introduced to curb overbuilding by developers. It allows for a 35% increase in permissible FSI with a cap on total construction area and charges developers for previously exempted areas like balconies.
As an architect's role is to educate members of society on how to utilize TDR and Fungible FSI rights. This includes advising societies on selling unused FSI and educating tenants that fungible FSI costs are partially passed to them by developers as
The document discusses legislation related to the sale of ownership flats in Maharashtra, India and the process for forming a cooperative society for a block of flats. It notes that the Maharashtra Ownership Flats Act was passed in 1963 to regulate promotion, construction, sale, management and transfer of flats and protect buyers from exploitation. It outlines the process for registering a cooperative society, including requirements for membership and submitting an application. It also discusses how the rights of individual flat owners are assessed in terms of future development potential like transferable development rights and additional floor space index in a cooperative housing society.
Explain the various factors that influence a structure?Anupama Krishnan
The document discusses six factors that influence architectural structures: geographical, geological, climate, religion, social/political, and historical. It provides examples of how each factor shapes architecture. Geography influences architecture based on the lay of the land. Geology influences the materials used based on natural resources available. Climate influences construction methods and protection needs. Religion shapes architecture through powerful priesthoods and traditions. Social/political structures enable large public works through available labor. Architecture reflects surrounding culture over time through historical influences.
The document discusses the legislative structure and development of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) in Maharashtra, India. The MMR consists of Mumbai and surrounding satellite towns covering an area of 4,355 km2 and population of over 20 million people. It is overseen by the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) which is responsible for planning, development, transportation and housing. The region has experienced problems with unorganized and illegal development due to rapid urbanization. Coastal Regulation Zones (CRZ) are notified areas along India's coastline classified into four types - CRZ-1 to CRZ-4 - based on their ecological sensitivity and the activities permitted within each. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
This document discusses strategies for optimizing building services to enhance energy efficiency and environmental performance. It covers passive design techniques like building orientation, shading, and thermal mass to reduce loads. It also discusses natural and mechanical ventilation, passive and low-energy cooling/heating, lighting, electrical systems, HVAC, commissioning and renewable energy options. The goal is to minimize artificial energy usage through integrated and climate-responsive building design.
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s s h a ll r e m a in th e s a m e a n d d e s ig n s s u b m itte d a t b o th s ta g e s a r e e x h ib ite d /
n o t e x c e e d s ix m o n th s u n til o th e r w is e e x c e p tio n a l c ir c u m s ta n c e s o c c u r . T h e B o a r d o f
th e A s s e s s o rs
ı
a w a r d fo r th e fif s t s ta g e a n d s u b m i io n o f d e s ig n s fo r th e s e c o n d s ta g e s h n ll
c o m p e titio n s h a ll b e lim ite d to a p a r t o f th e s u b j
e c t d a lt n th e fir s t s ta g e . T he tim e b e tw m
s h a ll n o t b e d is c lo s e d to th e c o m p e tito r s o f f ir s t s ta g e in a n y w a y . T h e s e c o n d s ta g e o f
fo r tb e b e n e fit o f th e s e c o n d s ta g e c o m p e tito rs . T he p o in ts o f c la r ific a tio n / a m p lific a tio n
A lı
ïe r th e e n d o f firs t s ta g e , t h e c o n d itio n s o f th e c o m p e titio n a le fi】
r th e r c la ń ñ e d o r a m p lffie d
c o m tito r in d i
v id u a lly to p a r tic ip a te o r n o t to p a r tic ip a te in th e s e c o n d s ta g e c o m p e titio n .
p a id a s p e c ifie d s u m . T he p r o m o te r o r h is a d v is o r to maitain th e a n o n y m ity in fo rm s e a c ı
ı
s e læ te d d e s ig n s a re in v ite d to ta k e p a r t in th e s e c o n d s ta g e o f th e c o m p e tit io n a n d th e y a l e
a t th is s ta g e a r e a s s e s s e d fo r th e s e le c tio n o f 5 to 1 o c o m p e tito r s . T h e a u th o r s o f th e
s trita b le s c a le s u f fic ie n t to explainep,
r o
i
e c t s c h e n le o n c o n c e p tu a l le v e l. M e e n trie s s u b m itte d
H e n c e e n tr ie s a t th is s ta g e a r e k e p t lim ite d to p la n n in g o n b r o a d b a s is a n d d r a w in g s to a
In tw o s ta g e o p e n c o m p e tit io n s , th e firs t s ta g e is b a s Ic a lly m c iu l Ĺ ıu ı . . _ . . _ .
.
_ _ _ _ _ _
T h o s ta g e c o m p e t itio n s
t h e s in ◆e s ta g e o p e n c o m p e titio n s a f e g o d fo r s m a ll a n d s im p e p ro j
e c ts .
a s s e t o u t in th e c o m p e tiū o n c o n d itio n s .
L e .
p la n s , s e c tio n s a n d e le v a tio n s e tc . To a s u ita b e s c a e a n d s u f ū c ie n t to e x p la in th e s c h e m e
In s in g le s ta g e c o titio n th e e n tr ie s a re re q u ir e d to b e fa ir ı
y c o m p le te in d r a w in g w o rk
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the jo b . ]n su c h a c o m p e titio n p a rtic ip a ū o n b y
.
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i
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ly lim ite d to fin d o u t b e st so lu tio n fo r a rc h ite c tu ra la n d t o w a
ge n era lly c o m m is s io n e d fo r th e p ro j
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c o m
pe titio n s . 】
n c a s e o f P r o j
e c t C o m p e titio n , th e su c c e ss fu l a rcM te c t is
a rc M te c 加 i
r aM y w ith in th e fm a n c ia l lim its s e t o u t. T his le a d s to e ith e r W e c ts
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o r
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e c t o r to g e t id e a s a s to th e b e s t s o lu tio n fo r c e rta in a sp e c ts a t h a n d
so lu tio n w h c h th e p ro m o te rs s ire to a c h ie v e w h e th e r b e s t s o lu tio n fo r a n a c tu a l
A n o th er v a ria tio n iį th e n a tu r e o f c o m p e titio n d e p e n d s u p o n th e .
Typ e o f
o r c o m p le x p ro j
e c t.
T he tw o sta g e
.
c o m p e titio n is s u ita b le fo r tó w n p la n n in g a 】
ı
d fo r largscale
m in im u m o f ū v e o n ly .
tho se s u c c e ss fu l a t th e s t sta g e w ill c irc u m s crib e th e s e le c tio h fo r s e c o n d s ta g e to
su m a s g iv e n in th e c o n d itio n . It is b u t
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o n e fio m a m o n g st 5 to 1 0 s e le c te d fo r s e c o n d s ta g e is re q u ire d to b e p a id a s p e c ffie d
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n v ite d fo r th e s e c o n d sta g e o f th e c o m p e titio n . In th e tw o s ta g e c o m p e titio n e a c h
ūrs t s ta ,
t he a s s e s s o rs W ill s e le c t a lim ite d n u m b e r b e tw e e n 5 to 1 0 w h o w ill b e
o u t M s in te n tio n so a s to e n v e lo p e th e o b j
e c tiv e s . Fo rm a m o n g s t th e s e e n trie s o f th e
]
a n g e o f th e c o m p e tito r (s c rip t w ū te r )i
n th e fo m ıo f d ra w in g s m u s t c le a r ı
y b rin g
w ith th e p ro ro o te r
'
s o bje c tiv e s . Sin c e th e f ir st sta a in ı
s a t s o lic itin g i d , t he
dra w in g s to a s u ita b le s c a le in d ic a tin g th e b ro a d b a s e o f th e s c h e m e in c o m p lia n c e
'
]n tw o s ta g e c o m p e tiń o n s c o m p e tito r s in th e fir s t s t a g e a r e re q u ir e d to s u b m it
th e re is n o b a r tb a l th e s a m e c a n n o t b e u s e d fo r th e b ig p r o j
e c ts to o .
c 砳 o n s , a r e s u ita b le fo r sm a ll a n d s im p le p ro j
e c ts ,
w he re a s a t
'
th e s a m e tim e
e x p la in th e s c h e n ı
e a s s e t o u t in th e c o m p e titio n c o n đ
itio n s , U s u a lı
y s in g le s ta g e
dfa w in g s ı
ik e p la n s , s e c t io n s , e le v a tio n s , e t c . To a s u ita b le s c a le a n d s u ff ic ie n t to
Pnoject. In sin g le s
c o m p e titio n , c o m
pe tito rs a r e re q u ir e d to s ı
ı
b m it fa ir ly c o m p le te
S i
n g le s ta g e a n d tw o s tag e c o m p e titio n s a le b o th s u ita b ı
e a b u ild in g
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n g le s ta g e c o m p e titio n .
a】
te m a tiv e n a tu re o f c o n ı
p e titio n n a m e ly
T o a p io m o te r w h o is
'
e titio n C o s t C o n s ć io u s
"
t he B u id e lin e s o fE n tw o
a v u ie ly o f id e a s a n d c o tı
ċ e p tB to c h o o s e f io m .
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R e g io n a l S p e c ia l C a te g o r Jį c o m p e titio n .
e
x p e r tise.
In s u c h a c a se th e c o m p e titio n a n n o u n c e m e n t s ha l
lc le a r ı
y d e fin e the fie ld o f
pro fe s s io n a ls w ith c e rta in d e fin ite e x p e rtis e ,
pa rtic ip a tio n m a y b e re q u ire d to b e lim ite d to p ro fe s s io n a ls o r M o f
o
f i
nd u s tri al co m p o n e n t s or p
a r t ici pa t ion of d
e v e l op e r s. I n su c h a c
o m p e t ition
c o m b in e t o n i p la n n in g a s w e ı
l a s d e s ig ı
ıp ro b le m a n d m a y in v o lv e th e u se
B e s id e s c o m p e titio n s d e sc ń b e d in (1) a n d (2) a b o v e a c o m p e titio n m a y A lso .
Spe c ia l C o m 蛀lio n
sh a ll re c e iv e a n h o n o ra riu m .
a s se ss o rs , a r e i
n v ite d to p a r tic ip a te . E a ċ h p a rtic ip a n ts w h o su b m its h is d e s ig n s
by th e p ro m o te r o n th e a d v ic e o f the se n io r a rc M te c t a s s e s so r o r b o a rd o f .
C o m p e titio n in w h ic h lim ite d n u m b e r o f a r ch ite c ts (a p p tì
o x . 5 to 8 ), s e l
e c te d
ï , im ite d C o m p e titio n o r C o m p e titio n b y I n v iia tio n
pro j
e c t s ite .
r e sū ic te d to a rc M te c ts w h o ]ra v e th e ir m a in o r b ra n c h o f fi
c e in th e S ta te o f th e
O pe iıc o m p e titio n fo r p ro j
e c ts e s tim a te d a t le s s th a n R s . 10, 00, 000 m a y b e
'
w H c h m a y b e iss u e d b y th e p ro m o te rs .
n n n o u n c e m e n t b y a d v e r tis e m e n ts in s u ita b le m e d ia a n d th r o u g h c ir c u la is
C o m p e titio n in w h ic h a ll a rc h ite c ts a re in v ite d to p a r tic ip a te th ro u g h an
1 0 p e n C o m p e titio n
'
r yp e o f C o n ı
p e titio n s .
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T he a b o v e m e an in g w h e n a p p lie d to
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e r l , a n d to a u l h o r e o ih ę r s to d ) th e s m e
"
Jo r a ji
x e d n u m b e r o fy e a r s , to p r in t, p u b ı
is h , p e ijo n n o r r e c o r d ı
ite r ca )
"
t he e x c lu s iv e ı
e g a ır ig h t, g iv e n to tï ie o r ig in a to r o r h is o r ï ı
e r a s s ig ï ie e
(
9th E d .
)p . 2 96 is a s u n d e r
T he m e a n in g o f th e te rm C o p y rig h t a s p e r C o n c is e O ttfo «d D ic
1957
"
.
p e rso n s lilce a rtis ts, m u s i
c ia n s , w ī ite rs e tc . 加时 吐 m th e sh a p e o f
"
T he C o p y ï ig h
c re a tiv e w o T h iș p ro te c tiv e u m b re lla fo r th e a r c M te c ts a s a ls o fo r o th er c rei
it w ill b e u tm o st u n fä ir fo r a fe llo w b ro th e r tů sw a llo w th e rip e Ė u its in th e fo
I a v e m m o n ttu a n d m o n th s to g e th e ĺ fo r t i o n
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p w od c w h ich m ł
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s t b e th e o u tc o m e o f M s g re a t la b o u r a d
°
ra th e r th a n to e a m a liv in g a n d h e n c e th e q u i
e s t i
o n o f c o p y rig h t n e v er a ro se . ı
In a n c ie n t d a y s a r c h ite c tu ra l w o rk s w e r e c r e a te d fo r f i m e a n d r e c o g
M h ite c t u r a ıC o p
yo u n g o r ı
m k n o w n a n cM te c ts to e s ta b lis h in pr o io n .
th e field fo r a v a rie ų o f d e sig n s fo r th e p ro m o te r s a s a ls o fo rm a ta k e 0 p o 】
n
c o n c e p ts . E x c e p t th is h a n d c a p w H c h is in e v ita b le ,
a r c M te c ttira łc o m p e titio n s
in
-
o rd e r to m in im iz e th e 切 中 a c ts o f th e p e rs o n a l p r e fe r e n c e fo r p a r tic u la r a
se p a ra te v o te s a n d th e d e c is io ı
ıto b e tak e n b y a m a j
o rity v o te . T he se b a v c
in c lu d in g s c n ı
tin y o f th e w o rk o f e a c h o f th e c o m p e tito r E v e ry e n try is
S c h e d u le 4 to th e G u id e li
n e s p ro v id e s a s e t o f ru le s fo r th e b o a Q
c o n c ı
u s io n
to th e le g a l a u th o ritie ś .
th e t r o u
d o f a s s e s s o r s th e s e ttle m e n t w ill b e b y a r b it ra tio n w ith o u t
In th e e v e n t o f d is p u te n o t r e la te d to th e ju d g iņ g p r o c ę d u r e o r th e a v
S e ttı
e m e n t o f D is p u t e s
s e le c te d m fir st s ta g e a s a ls o a d d itio n a l p riz e s a s m a y b e d e c id e d .
c o m p e titio n s h o n o r aria ís to b e re p la c e d b y p riz e s to b e
'
g iv e n to s
th e b o a r d in c a s e o f a u ty p e s o f c o m p e titio n s . H O W e v e i
n c a s e o f
a s s e s so rs a w a rd th e s e c o n ¢ th ird a n d a d d itio n a l p riz e s to th e e n t
c o u ld b e re g a rd e d a s te m ı
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o f th e a rtistic w o rk s a s a lso fo r o th e rs lik e m u s ic ia n s , a u th o rs e tc . O ¢
it an
T he C o p y rig h t A c Ļ 1 9 5 7 g iv en n e ce s sa ry p ro te c ń o n to th e o rig in a l c re a to r
fo ï m e x c e p t a s p e r n o m ı
s la id d o w n in th e C o p y rig htA c t, 1957.
T hu s th e A c t p re v e n ts o th e r ir o m c o p y riw th e o ń g in a l w o rk in th e p h y s ic a l
a rig h t o f n e g ativ e n a tu re in th e fo llo w in g w o r d s
a c c o r d a n c e w ith th e p ro v is io n s o fth is A c i o r o fa n y o th e r To r th e tim e
w o r k w iï e th e r p u b lis h e d o r u n p u b ı
is h e d , o th e r illa n u n d e r a n d in
"
N o p e r s o n s h a ll b e e n title d io c o p y r ig h t o r a n y s im ila r r ig h t in a n y
po s itiv e n a tı
】
re . H o w e v e r p ro h ib itio n b y S e c . 16 o f th e C o p y rig h t A c t a lso 】
Jna k e s su c h
T he ń g h t o f th e o ń 8 in a to r to a llo w a s ig n e e th e b e ı
ı
e fits o f s u c h c o p y rig h t is a r ig ĥ t f
T he c o p y rig h t is a ń g h t b o th o f th e p o s itiv e n a tu re a s w e ll a s n e g a tiv e 】
ia tu r Ģ.
2) T o m a k e a n y a d a p tio n o f th e w o rk
a t e e d im m s io n a l W
thfe e d im e n s io n s o f a tw o d im e n s io n a l w o r k o r in tw o d im e n s io n s o f
I)
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% re p ro d u c e th e w órl in a ı
ı
y m a te r ia l r m in c lu d in g d e p ic tio n
s u b sta n tia l p a rt th e re o f, n a m e ly in c a s e o f a n a rtisū c w o rk
a u th o riz e o f d o in g a n y o m o f th e fo llo w in g a c ts in re sp e c t o f a w o rk o r
to d o , o r
"
C o p y rig h ť
'
. Itm e a n s e x c lu s iv e rig h t s u b j
e c t to th e p ro v is io n s o f tM
M ċ ū o n 1 4 o f th e C o p y r ig h t A c t 1 9 5 7 åe ii
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】
o r m e th o d s o f c o n s tr u c tio n s (Se c . 13)
3. It s u b Èis ts o n ly in a rtis tic s c h a ra c te r a n d d e s ig ı
ıa n d n o t to e x te n d to p ro c e sı
2
a p p lic a b le to w o rk s s itu a te o u t o f th e c o u n try (se c . 13)
c o p y rigbt sh a ll s u b s is t in th e w o rk o f A r c h ite c tu re lo c a te d hıIn d ia an d
1 It is a rig bt o f n e g a tiv e n a tu r e ise c . ı
6)
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