The document discusses the traditional architecture and climate of Kashmir, highlighting its humid severe climate with cold winters and mild summers. It describes how vernacular buildings are constructed from local materials, optimized for environmental conditions, and reflect cultural heritage. Additionally, it examines urban architecture characterized by vertical growth and distinct walling systems designed to withstand seismic forces.

1. Submitted by Hakim Danish

2. LOCATION

3. •WHAT TYPE OF CLIMATE WE FIND IN KASHMIR ?
•Having Humid severe
•Raw winters
•short Mild summers

4. Rural Buildings in Kashmir
Rural buildings constructed in Kashmir are in a traditional way by
the people (often referred to as vernacular buildings) become an
integral part of the local cultural heritage.
 These buildings often reflect the strength of the
community to house itself independent of any outside intervention.
They are a manifestation of architectural systems optimized over
time for a particular context with regard to climate, soil or the threat
of natural disasters.
 Constructed from local materials with local skills and a deep
understanding of local social and economic constraints, traditional
architecture is in many aspects sustainable architecture

5. Rural Residential House in Kashmir
A number of
building systems
in various parts of
Kashmir have
developed
over time to
accommodate local
climatic
and cultural factors,
including the impact
of earthquakes.

6. The buildings have depended completely upon
stone, mud, bricks and wood for roofing as well
as walling. Until very recently, non-local materials
did not represent a valid option for local
constructions.

7. Traditional Flat mud roof on timber structure with stone masonry wall

8. Winter is cold which is common in kashmir, Thick walls of
brick and stone with mud plaster provide excellent protection
against this, as does a thick mud-timber roof.
The lighter, pitched roof made of timber and CGI sheets in
combination with the attic floor also ensures livable
conditions inside the house in winter and summer.
The steep pitch of the light roof permits little accumulation
of snow and prevents any water leakages.

9. Ground and First Floor Plans

10. Elevation and Section

11. Urban Pattern
The urban areas of the Valley have
architecture that is distinct from all
other areas.
The main factor determining this
architecture is the high density of
development. This calls for vertical
growth, resulting
into three to four-storey structures.

12. The two most common walling
systems observed are
•Dhajji type
Timber frame and infill consisting
of baked or unbaked bricks.
. The timber frames in the Dhajji
walls are generally well laid out
with a system of diagonal bracings
that provide a distinct path to the
ground for the stresses caused by
lateral seismic forces.

13. Taaq type
consisting of brick masonry
interlaced with heavy timber
bands supported on large
masonry piers made of baked
bricks.
The Taaq type of construction has a
large number of windows (“Taaq”
means window), one in each gap
between the piers. The roofs are
two- and four-sided

14. Wood-burning stoves are made from
mud by the lady of the house. An
ingeniously efficient water heating
system used to be incorporated in the
construction of the kitchen wall just to
one side of the stove.
The system consisted of a copper vessel
embedded in the masonry wall with
openings for a water inlet and outlet. A
cavity is made in the wall such that the
hot gases from the stove go round the
tank and heat its content. While cooking
is in progress the water is heated
continuously
Heating and cooking System in House

15. Traditionally the houses had fireplaces. But today,
the simple wood-burning space heating stoves
called Bukhari, made out of galvanized iron sheets,
have become very popular since they do not involve
additional expense in construction.