Download to read offline
More Related Content
Approaches
- 1. MODULE 2: PERSPECTIVESOF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT (2 Credits) Unit 4: Methods and Approaches of Studying Human development a) Methods: Observation (Participatory And Non- Participatory) b) Experimental & Clinical. c) Approaches: Cross Sectional, Cross Cultural, Longitudinal. Mrs.Deepali Gaikwad / Borde
- 2. INTRODUCTION Meaning of APPROACHES: A way of dealing with a situation or problem. An approach in studying child development is important as it helps to understand the way the child behaves in different age group.
- 3. Approaches CROSS - SECTIONALAPPROACH CROSS - CULTURAL APPROACH LONGITUDINAL APPROACH
- 4. Cross sectional approach Cross-sectional research studies are based on observations that take place in different groups at one time. A cross section means “a typical or representative sample of a large group”. Cross-sectional research involves using different groups of people who differ in the variable of interest but share other characteristics, such as socioeconomic status, educational background, and ethnicity. Meaning and Definition
- 5. Cross-sectional methodexamines several groups of people at one point in time. For example, if you investigated changes in social behaviour in 20-, 30-, and 40-year olds all measured at one point in time, you would be conducting a cross-sectional research study. The cross sectional method of investigation often is used when the research aim is to compare developmental levels at various ages or backgrounds.
- 6. Many childrenat different ages are studied in groups in according to their age, and the results on the same sets of measures are compared for the group. Example, the approximate age at which an infant can be expected to roll over, creep, crawl, pull himself up to a standing position, and walk unaided can be determined by observing the behavior of groups of children from birth until the age of about 15 months. If the investigator, study a group of one month old infants, another group of two month olds, and a different group of babies at every month of age thereafter, we will have a cross sectional approach.
- 7. Characteristics : Peopleare studied at a “point” in time, without follow up. Variables are not manipulated by researchers Provide information only; do not answer why Cross-sectional studies include surveys Allows teachers to look at numerous things at once (age, income, gender)
- 8. In psychology,cross-sectional research studies are often used by researchers studying developmental psychology. They often do this to examine changes in similar groups at different ages. However, a cross-sectional study may also compare groups from different backgrounds. A cross sectional study may also compare people from different backgrounds. Uses
- 9. Advantages/Merits Using across-sectional design has one advantage in that a study can be conducted in a shorter amount of time as opposed to waiting for a group of 5 year olds to reach the age of 15 and observe the changes in social behavior over the course of 10 years A cross-sectional study may also compare people from different backgrounds. Cross-sectional studies help us to identify the age-demarcated transitions during which one or more changes take place, and individual differences in the ages at which an ability is acquired.
- 10. Efficient, largenumbers of subjects Can measure attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, personal or family history, genetic factors, existing or past health conditions, or anything else that does not require follow-up to assess. Easy and quick Less expensive Can target a larger sample size
- 11. Limitations/ Demerits /Disadvantages Differences do not necessarily reflect individual’s development Differences between age groups reveal just that – differences – and not the process of developmental change within the child. Information on individual change is not available Risk of no-response Cannot be used to analysed behaviour over a period to time. Does not help determine cause and effect.
- 12.
- 13. Meaning: The studyof the relationship between cultural context and human behaviour. This approach comparing two or more cultures and understanding their values, beliefs and norms. Dealing with or offering comparison between two or more different cultures or cultural areas. People differ culturally to the extent that their customs, roles and other learned behaviours that are passed on from generation to generation are different.
- 14. Merits or advantages The advantage of the cross-cultural approach as compared with the single cultural research approach is that the possibilities for misinterpretation are less with the former. It permits generalization to other societies or cultures or subcultures of the same nation Confirming and exploring the university of some relationship or attribute of social man It maximize the amount or range of variation.
- 15. Natural experiments,in which regions differ In some environmental factor which can be studied using an experimental treatment Maximum variability studies. It helps in inter-cultural awareness.
- 16. Limitations/ Demerits /Disadvantages Cultural variations Order of needs does not always hold true for other cultures Biased response/risk of no-response Expensive as compared to cross sectional study Interpretation may vary from person to person
- 17. The studiesmight be unsuccessfully, the researcher could be stuck. Time consuming. It is difficult to reach a conclusion.
- 18.
- 19. Meaning: A longitudinalstudy is an observational research method in which data is gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time. Longitudinal research projects can extend over years or even decades. Is a research in which a researcher measures a particular group of people for a long period of time. In this research method, many observation are being conducted over long periods of time on the same group or number of people. Example – A group of new-born babies who were available for month-by-month measurements, one can complete the study with repeated observations.
- 20. Characteristics : Longerduration Specific individual development can be studied Include surveys expensive
- 21. Merits or advantages Specific development pattern of individual can be studies and compared . Variation in development among individuals within the sample can be studied – since it tracks the performance of each person over time, research can identify common patterns as well as individual differences in development. This studies permit investigators to examine relationships between early and later events and behaviours. Effective in doing research on developmental trends. They are more powerful than cross sectional studies. They are highly flexible. They can provide high accuracy when observing changes.
- 22. Limitations/ Demerits /Disadvantages Long period Time consuming More expensive Difficulty in maintaining data Risk of sample size reducing due to change in place etc. Cannot be repeated because of practical constraints.