Edema is swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in your body's tissues. Although edema can affect any part of your body, you may notice it more in your hands, arms, feet, ankles and legs.
Edema can be the result of medication, pregnancy or an underlying disease — often congestive heart failure, kidney disease or cirrhosis of the liver.
Taking medication to remove excess fluid and reducing the amount of salt in your food often relieves edema. When edema is a sign of an underlying disease, the disease itself requires separate treatment.
Edema is swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in your body's tissues. Although edema can affect any part of your body, you may notice it more in your hands, arms, feet, ankles and legs.
Edema can be the result of medication, pregnancy or an underlying disease — often congestive heart failure, kidney disease or cirrhosis of the liver.
Taking medication to remove excess fluid and reducing the amount of salt in your food often relieves edema. When edema is a sign of an underlying disease, the disease itself requires separate treatment.
Edema is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of excess fluid in the tissues, resulting in swelling and discomfort. It can be caused by a variety of underlying medical conditions, including heart failure, liver disease, kidney disease, and certain medications.
When approaching a patient with edema, the first step is to obtain a detailed medical history and perform a physical examination. The medical history should include information about the onset and duration of symptoms, any recent changes in medication, and any underlying medical conditions. The physical examination should include a thorough evaluation of the affected area, including measurements of the degree of swelling.
Laboratory tests may also be performed to help identify the underlying cause of the edema. These may include blood tests to evaluate kidney and liver function, electrolyte levels, and thyroid function. Urine tests may also be performed to evaluate kidney function.
The treatment of edema depends on the underlying cause. For example, if the edema is caused by heart failure, treatment may include medications to improve heart function and reduce fluid retention, as well as lifestyle modifications such as a low-salt diet and increased physical activity. If the edema is caused by kidney disease, treatment may include medications to improve kidney function and reduce fluid retention.
In some cases, the use of compression garments or elevation of the affected area may be helpful in reducing edema. Diuretics, which are medications that increase urine output, may also be used to reduce fluid retention.
Overall, the approach to edema involves a comprehensive evaluation to identify the underlying cause and determine the most appropriate treatment plan. With proper management, many cases of edema can be effectively treated and controlled.
Let's learn the pharmacology related to nephrotic syndrome - features of nephrotic syndrome with underlying mechanisms, objectives of treatment, and management of the nephrotic syndrome.
CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE
DEFINiTION- Congestive Cardiac Failure/Heart Failure(HF) is clinical syndrome caused by inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body. HF can results from any disorders that reduces ventricular filling(diastolic dysfunction)myocardial contractility(systolic dysfunction)
CLASSIFICATION-
According to position
Backward Failure
Forward Failure
According to location
Left Ventricle Failure(aortic Failure)
Right Ventricle Failure(pulmonale Failure)
Biventricular Failure(total Failure)(4)(5)
CLINICAL MANESFESTATION-
Fatigue
Weakness
Shortness of Breath at rest and exertion
Cough and Wheezing
Fluid overload
Nocturia
Proxymal nocturnal dyspnea
Pulmonary edema
Mitral valve stenosis
Hypertropic cardiomayopathy
DIAGNOSIS-
Patient History 12.Acute Renal Injury
Physical Examination 13.Dilated cardiomayopathy
ECG-stress/rest 14.Pulse Oximetry
Doppler 2D 3D 15.ABG/VBG measurement
Cardiac Catheterization 16.TEE measurement
Chest Radiography 17.SPECT
Angiography 18.MRI-CT scan(7)
Blood Test
Fasting Lipid Profile(FLP)
Coronary Angiography
Myocardial Biopsy(7)
LAB FINDINGS-
BUN(Blood Urea Nitrogen) Test
Liver Function Test
Kidney Function Test
B-type Naturetic peptide Test(BNP)
TREATMENT-
1)SURGICAL TREATMENT-
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft surgery
Valve Surgery
Left Ventricular Reconstructions
Passive Cardiac Support
Artificial cardiac pacemakers
Cardiac Transplantations
Implantable Cardiovascular Defibrillator
Ventricular Assist devicesvad.jpg(2)(3)(4)(6)
PATIENT MEDICATION COUNSELLING-
Maintain Patient in high Fowler`s Position
Elevates extremities when patient is stress
Frequently Monitor vital signs
Monitor intake of salt and water
Restrict intake of fluid below 1.5 liters in a day
Teach patient and family about disease provide life style change therapy
Explain side effects of medince
Provide info for exertion of work so as not increase workload on heart (3)(6)(8)
Brief explanation of each *refer harrison textbook for details causes of TIN
Acute interstitial nephritis
Chronic interstitial nephritis
Reflux nephropathy
Papillary necrosis
Sickle-cell nephropathy
Edema is a medical condition characterized by the accumulation of excess fluid in the tissues, resulting in swelling and discomfort. It can be caused by a variety of underlying medical conditions, including heart failure, liver disease, kidney disease, and certain medications.
When approaching a patient with edema, the first step is to obtain a detailed medical history and perform a physical examination. The medical history should include information about the onset and duration of symptoms, any recent changes in medication, and any underlying medical conditions. The physical examination should include a thorough evaluation of the affected area, including measurements of the degree of swelling.
Laboratory tests may also be performed to help identify the underlying cause of the edema. These may include blood tests to evaluate kidney and liver function, electrolyte levels, and thyroid function. Urine tests may also be performed to evaluate kidney function.
The treatment of edema depends on the underlying cause. For example, if the edema is caused by heart failure, treatment may include medications to improve heart function and reduce fluid retention, as well as lifestyle modifications such as a low-salt diet and increased physical activity. If the edema is caused by kidney disease, treatment may include medications to improve kidney function and reduce fluid retention.
In some cases, the use of compression garments or elevation of the affected area may be helpful in reducing edema. Diuretics, which are medications that increase urine output, may also be used to reduce fluid retention.
Overall, the approach to edema involves a comprehensive evaluation to identify the underlying cause and determine the most appropriate treatment plan. With proper management, many cases of edema can be effectively treated and controlled.
Let's learn the pharmacology related to nephrotic syndrome - features of nephrotic syndrome with underlying mechanisms, objectives of treatment, and management of the nephrotic syndrome.
CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE
DEFINiTION- Congestive Cardiac Failure/Heart Failure(HF) is clinical syndrome caused by inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the metabolic needs of the body. HF can results from any disorders that reduces ventricular filling(diastolic dysfunction)myocardial contractility(systolic dysfunction)
CLASSIFICATION-
According to position
Backward Failure
Forward Failure
According to location
Left Ventricle Failure(aortic Failure)
Right Ventricle Failure(pulmonale Failure)
Biventricular Failure(total Failure)(4)(5)
CLINICAL MANESFESTATION-
Fatigue
Weakness
Shortness of Breath at rest and exertion
Cough and Wheezing
Fluid overload
Nocturia
Proxymal nocturnal dyspnea
Pulmonary edema
Mitral valve stenosis
Hypertropic cardiomayopathy
DIAGNOSIS-
Patient History 12.Acute Renal Injury
Physical Examination 13.Dilated cardiomayopathy
ECG-stress/rest 14.Pulse Oximetry
Doppler 2D 3D 15.ABG/VBG measurement
Cardiac Catheterization 16.TEE measurement
Chest Radiography 17.SPECT
Angiography 18.MRI-CT scan(7)
Blood Test
Fasting Lipid Profile(FLP)
Coronary Angiography
Myocardial Biopsy(7)
LAB FINDINGS-
BUN(Blood Urea Nitrogen) Test
Liver Function Test
Kidney Function Test
B-type Naturetic peptide Test(BNP)
TREATMENT-
1)SURGICAL TREATMENT-
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft surgery
Valve Surgery
Left Ventricular Reconstructions
Passive Cardiac Support
Artificial cardiac pacemakers
Cardiac Transplantations
Implantable Cardiovascular Defibrillator
Ventricular Assist devicesvad.jpg(2)(3)(4)(6)
PATIENT MEDICATION COUNSELLING-
Maintain Patient in high Fowler`s Position
Elevates extremities when patient is stress
Frequently Monitor vital signs
Monitor intake of salt and water
Restrict intake of fluid below 1.5 liters in a day
Teach patient and family about disease provide life style change therapy
Explain side effects of medince
Provide info for exertion of work so as not increase workload on heart (3)(6)(8)
Brief explanation of each *refer harrison textbook for details causes of TIN
Acute interstitial nephritis
Chronic interstitial nephritis
Reflux nephropathy
Papillary necrosis
Sickle-cell nephropathy
Hyperaemia, Congestion and Oedema.pptxwazirigarba1
Pathology lecture series for nursing students. The health and well-being of cells & tissues depend not only on an intact circulation to deliver nutrients but also on normal fluid haemostasis.
These lectures reviews the major disturbances involving the hemodynamic system.
CONTENTS:
GENERAL
NORMAL FLUID CIRCULATION
EDEMA- INTRODUCTION
CAUSES
CLASSIFICATION
MAJOR TYPES
NOTE- Fonts may appear weird because the original fonts are different from the ones visible here.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. EDEMA
‣ Soft tissue swelling due to abnormal
expansion of interstitial fluid volume.
‣ clinically apparent increase in the
interstitial fluid volume , which develops
when starling forces are altered so that
there is an increased flow of fluid from
the vascular system into interstitial.
2
5. ‣ Persistence of an indentation of the skin after
pressure - PITTING EDEMA
‣ In subtle form - edema is detected after the
stethoscope is removed from chest wall (the rim of the
bell leaves an indentation on the skin)
‣ When the ring on the finger fits more snugly than in the
past
‣ Patients complains of difficulty in putting shoes
(evening)
‣ Puffiness of the face - periorbital area
HOW TO RECOGNIZE EDEMA?
5
6. 6
EDEMA
LOCALISED GENERALISED
usually due to venous or
lymphatic obstruction
(e.g., deep venous
thrombosis, tumor
obstruction, primary
lymphedema).
Soft tissue swelling of
most or all regions of
the body.
7. IF LOCALISED
DAMAGE TO
CAPILLARY
ENDOTHELIUM
Increase the permeability
Permits the transfer of proteins into
the interstitial compartment
Injury to the capillary wall can result
from:
Drugs
Viral or bacterial agents
Thermal or mechanical trauma
THE LOCAL PHENOMENON THAT MAY BE RESPONSIBLE SHOULD
BE CONSIDERED
7
8. IF LOCALISED
Damage to the capillary endothelium -
INFLAMMATORY EDEMA
Non pitting
Localised
(+) signs of inflammation - Calor, Rubor,
Tumor, Dolor
8
11. As in heart failure, the effects of excess intrarenal and
circulating norepinephrine, angiotensin II, and aldosterone
lead to renal Na retention and worsening edema.
1. EDEMA IN
CARDIAC DISEASE
12. The presence of heart disease is manifested by
Cardiac enlargment
Ventricular hypertrophy
Evidence of cardiac failure - dyspnea, basilar rales,
venous distention and hepatomegaly
1. EDEMA IN
CARDIAC DISEASE
12
13. Nephrotic syndrome
Diminished colloid oncotic pressure - due to losses of large quantities of
protein (>3.5g/day)
With sever hypoalbuminemia (<2.5g/dl) + Reduced colloid osmotic pressure
Na and H2O retained
Cannot be restrained within the vascular compartment
Effective arterial blood volume decline
This initiates the Edema forming sequence
2.EDEMA IN
RENAL DISEASE
14. 2. EDEMA IN
RENAL DISEASE
Edema Results from primary retention of Na and
H2O by the kidney owing to the renal insufficiency
14
EDEMA - DIFFUSE,
SYMMETRIC, PROMINENT
IN DEPENDENT AREAS,
PERIORBITAL EDEMA
(MORNING)
15. 3. EDEMA IN HEPATIC
CIRRHOSIS
Intrahepatic HTN acts as a stimulus for renal Na retention and
causes reduction of effective arterial blood volume.
These alteration are frequently complicated by
hypoalbuminemia secondary to reduced hepatic synthesis of
albumin, as well as peripheral arterial vasodilation.
These effects reduce the effective arterial blood volume
Leading to the activation of RAAS and renal sympathetic
nerves
Release - AVP, endothelia and Na.
Water retention
16. In later stages, particularly when there is severe
hypoalbuminemia, peripheral edema may develop.
A sizable accumulation of ascitic fluid may increase
intraabdominal pressure and impede venous return
from the lower extremities and contribute to the
accumulation of edema of the lower extremities.
Initially, the excess interstitial fluid is localized to the
congested portal venous system and obstructed
hepatic lymphatics,in the peritoneal cavity
ascites
3. EDEMA IN HEPATIC
CIRRHOSIS
17. 4. Edema of
nutritional origin
A diet grossly deficient in protein over a
prolonged period may produce hypoproteinemia
and edema.
Edema may actually become intensified – when
famished subjects are first provided with an
adequate diet.
The ingestion of more food may increase the
quantity of sodium ingested, which is then
retained along with water. – re-feeding edema
also may be linked to increased release of insulin,
which directly increases tubular sodium
reabsorption.
18. 5. Other causes of edema
‣ hypothyroidism (myxoedema)
‣ hyperthyroidism (pretibial myxedema
secondary to Graves’ disease).
‣ due to lymphocytic infiltration and
inflammation.
‣ pregnancy
‣ administration of estrogens and
vasodilators
‣ idiopathic edema
20. DISTRIBUTION OF EDEMA
U/L EDEMA
results of venous/ lymphatic obstruction
‣ U/L paralysis, thrombophlebitis, chronic
lymphangitis, filariasis, resection of regional
lymph node.
ASCITES
Severe Heart failure and hepatic cirrhosis
‣ JVP elevated in Heart failure, Normal in
cirrhosis
HEART FAILURE
‣ more extensive in legs and to be accentuated in the
evening (feature determined by posture)
‣ When heart failure patient are confined to bed, edema -
pre sacral region
KIDNEY
edema resulting from hypoprotenemia
in nephrotic syndrome
‣ generalised but evident in soft tissue
of eyelids and face
20
23. Dietary Na restriction (<500 mg/d) may prevent further edema
formation.
Bed rest enhances response to salt restriction in CHF and cirrhosis.
Supportive stockings and elevation of edematous lower extremities
help to mobilise interstitial
fl
uid.
If severe hyponatremia (<132 mmol/L) is present, water intake also
should be reduced (<1500 mL/d).
TREATMENT
Primary management - identify and treat the
underlying cause of edema.
ADVICE
23