Linkage
Genes far apart on the same assort independently are not linked
The position of the gene – locus
Occurs in the prophase of meiosis 1 where homologous chromosomes break at identical locations and rejoin with each other
Two genes are said to be under linkage, or linked, when they are located on the same chromosome.
Example: peas T=tall; t=short R=red; r=white
Crossing Over
Crossing over is a recombination of genes due to exchange of genetic material between two homologous chromosomes
It is the mutual exchange of segments of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of two homologous chromosomes, so as to produce re-combinations or new combinations of genes.
It occurs in the pachytene stage, at four strand stage with the help of enzymes (endonuclease, exo-nuclease, R-protein or recombinase;
Stern and Hotta,(1969, 1978).
There is breakage of chromatid segments, exchange of nonsister chromatid segments and later their fusion in new places.
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Infectious Disease / Microbiology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1IDM
Linkage and Crossing over (Sanjay Chetry).pptxsanjaychetry2
Linkage
1. Linkage ensures to keep the genes in a chromosome to inherit together
2. The strength of linkage between two genes is inversely proportional to the distance between them in the chromosome
3. The strength of linkage between two genes increases with the decrease in distance between them.
4. The strength of linkage decrease with increase in distance between the genes.
5. Linkage ensures the maintenance of parental trait in the offspring.
6. Linkage reduces the chance of creation of variability with sexual reproduction.
Crossing Over
1. Crossing over facilitates the separation of genes present chromosome and segregate into different gametes.
2. The chance of crossing over between two genes is directly proportional to the distance between them in the chromosome
3. The chance of crossing over between two genes decreases with the decrease in the distance between them.
4. The chance of crossing increases with increase in distance between the genes.
5. The crossing over causes alterations in the parental traits in the offspring.
6. Crossing over increases the chance of variability with sexual reproduction.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323695052_Introduction_to_Gene_Expression_of_Viruses
This research article is comprising of the introduction to the gene expression of viruses, the classification of viruses, propagation methods, their forms, presentation of groups of viruses, genetic composition and gene expression steps. The study of gene expression and its regulation in viruses is very complex. Through this mini review, the research data of the last decades has been collected as an introduction to this science (cellular biology) and the basic organs have been identified in it but in different ways and theories which also have led to a study steps to get started, elongation and termination. Synthesizing the protein using bacterial as well as industrial extracts, or genomes of RNA identify the most important contributing proteins and participate in those steps. In order to obtain mRNA from the cell, it is very important to study the bio-protein in both Eukaryotes and eukaryotes groups. Many protein factors have been identified and detected, particularly, those that contribute to protein synthesis and development processes. With the scientific development in recent years, the sequence of a large number of viral genomes has been identified and investigated. The recognition of mRNA functions and their fundamental role constituted a major revolution in the knowledge of gene expression mechanisms in viruses. Keeping in view the general role of mRNA and its critical importance in promoting protein synthesis, several Arabic and English references have been presented and reviewed in this article. A variety of strategies which characterize viruses and gene expression in host cells have been highlighted. Moreover, ways to synthesize viral proteins have also been presented. The most complex interactions that occur in a balanced way between translation mechanisms in the host cell have been discussed. Additionally, viral mRNA and resulting viral proteins of the viral genome expression have been described. However, some of the knowledge would might be missing due to inaccessibility. There is need to keep a pace with research and exploratory developments in various aspects of cell recognition and viruses and the relationships between them.
ANTIGEN, HAPTEN, ALL TYPES OF ANTIGENS, IMMUNOGEN , ATTRIBUTES OF ANTIGENICITY, DETERMINANTS OF ANTIGENICITY,
IMMUNOLOGY KUBY, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY OF PANIKER , LIPPINCOTT'S IMMUNOLOGY, OTHER SOURCES.
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
ELISA Vs ELISPOT - Principle, Procedure, Advantagesajithnandanam
The Enzyme Linked Immunospot (ELISPOT) technique was developed by Cecil Czerkinskdy in 1983. ELISPOT is used for the detection of secreted proteins, such as cytokines and growth factors. ELISPOT is primarily used in immunology research in the following areas:
Linkage
Genes far apart on the same assort independently are not linked
The position of the gene – locus
Occurs in the prophase of meiosis 1 where homologous chromosomes break at identical locations and rejoin with each other
Two genes are said to be under linkage, or linked, when they are located on the same chromosome.
Example: peas T=tall; t=short R=red; r=white
Crossing Over
Crossing over is a recombination of genes due to exchange of genetic material between two homologous chromosomes
It is the mutual exchange of segments of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of two homologous chromosomes, so as to produce re-combinations or new combinations of genes.
It occurs in the pachytene stage, at four strand stage with the help of enzymes (endonuclease, exo-nuclease, R-protein or recombinase;
Stern and Hotta,(1969, 1978).
There is breakage of chromatid segments, exchange of nonsister chromatid segments and later their fusion in new places.
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Infectious Disease / Microbiology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1IDM
Linkage and Crossing over (Sanjay Chetry).pptxsanjaychetry2
Linkage
1. Linkage ensures to keep the genes in a chromosome to inherit together
2. The strength of linkage between two genes is inversely proportional to the distance between them in the chromosome
3. The strength of linkage between two genes increases with the decrease in distance between them.
4. The strength of linkage decrease with increase in distance between the genes.
5. Linkage ensures the maintenance of parental trait in the offspring.
6. Linkage reduces the chance of creation of variability with sexual reproduction.
Crossing Over
1. Crossing over facilitates the separation of genes present chromosome and segregate into different gametes.
2. The chance of crossing over between two genes is directly proportional to the distance between them in the chromosome
3. The chance of crossing over between two genes decreases with the decrease in the distance between them.
4. The chance of crossing increases with increase in distance between the genes.
5. The crossing over causes alterations in the parental traits in the offspring.
6. Crossing over increases the chance of variability with sexual reproduction.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323695052_Introduction_to_Gene_Expression_of_Viruses
This research article is comprising of the introduction to the gene expression of viruses, the classification of viruses, propagation methods, their forms, presentation of groups of viruses, genetic composition and gene expression steps. The study of gene expression and its regulation in viruses is very complex. Through this mini review, the research data of the last decades has been collected as an introduction to this science (cellular biology) and the basic organs have been identified in it but in different ways and theories which also have led to a study steps to get started, elongation and termination. Synthesizing the protein using bacterial as well as industrial extracts, or genomes of RNA identify the most important contributing proteins and participate in those steps. In order to obtain mRNA from the cell, it is very important to study the bio-protein in both Eukaryotes and eukaryotes groups. Many protein factors have been identified and detected, particularly, those that contribute to protein synthesis and development processes. With the scientific development in recent years, the sequence of a large number of viral genomes has been identified and investigated. The recognition of mRNA functions and their fundamental role constituted a major revolution in the knowledge of gene expression mechanisms in viruses. Keeping in view the general role of mRNA and its critical importance in promoting protein synthesis, several Arabic and English references have been presented and reviewed in this article. A variety of strategies which characterize viruses and gene expression in host cells have been highlighted. Moreover, ways to synthesize viral proteins have also been presented. The most complex interactions that occur in a balanced way between translation mechanisms in the host cell have been discussed. Additionally, viral mRNA and resulting viral proteins of the viral genome expression have been described. However, some of the knowledge would might be missing due to inaccessibility. There is need to keep a pace with research and exploratory developments in various aspects of cell recognition and viruses and the relationships between them.
ANTIGEN, HAPTEN, ALL TYPES OF ANTIGENS, IMMUNOGEN , ATTRIBUTES OF ANTIGENICITY, DETERMINANTS OF ANTIGENICITY,
IMMUNOLOGY KUBY, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY OF PANIKER , LIPPINCOTT'S IMMUNOLOGY, OTHER SOURCES.
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
ELISA Vs ELISPOT - Principle, Procedure, Advantagesajithnandanam
The Enzyme Linked Immunospot (ELISPOT) technique was developed by Cecil Czerkinskdy in 1983. ELISPOT is used for the detection of secreted proteins, such as cytokines and growth factors. ELISPOT is primarily used in immunology research in the following areas:
This presentation was created by the UMass Amherst Pre-Med/Pre-Health Advisors to provide useful guidance and information for applying to Medical, Dental or PA schools.
Get an Early Futuredocs.com College CreditJon Atwater
The 2014 Congress of Future Medical Leaders, where you can earn a transferable college credit, may be a useful tool for you. Since the medical field can be challenging, getting a head start is always a good idea.
Short biographies of 30 Women in Science, an expanded version of the Women in Science exhibit in the ISB Atrium at UMass Amherst, brought to you by the College of Natural Sciences Women in Science Initiative.
Faculty climate survey of STEM departments at UMass AmherstElena Sharnoff
This survey was conducted in spring 2015 by Nilanjana Dasgupta, Director of Faculty Equity and Inclusion in the College of Natural Sciences at UMass Amherst
Nilanjana Dasgupta, Director of Faculty Equity and Inclusion, shared the results from the faculty survey assessing department culture and its impact on faculty satisfaction.
Faculty climate survey of STEM departments at UMassElena Sharnoff
This presentation contains the results of survey conducted of all departments in the College of Natural Sciences, the College of Information and Computer Sciences, and some departments in the College of Engineering in 2014-15 about faculty climate at UMass Amherst.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2. 2PreMed/PreHealth Advising Office
Glossary of Terms
AMCAS (MD Schools)
AACOMAS (DO Schools)
AADSAS (Dental)
CASPA (PA)
TMDSAS (TX Medical & Dental)
Committee Letter
Primary Application
Secondary Application
Self-Assessment
Waiver
VE Collect
Letters of Recommendation (LORs) =
Letters of Evaluation (LOEs)
Applicants / Matriculants
3. 3PreMed/PreHealth Advising Office
Sections of Applications
AMCAS
Identifying Information
Schools Attended
Biographic Information
Coursework
Work And Activities
Letters of Evaluation
Medical Schools
Essay
Standardized Tests
AADSAS
Applicant Information
Socio-Economic Status
Education Information
Coursework
Academic Update
AADSAS Grade
GPA Calculations
DAT
Professional Experience
Letters of Evaluation
Release
Dental Schools
CASPA
Personal Information
Academic History
Supporting Information
-LORs
-Experience
-Certifications
-Essay
-Release
PA programs
4. 4PreMed/PreHealth Advising Office
Medical School Application Synopsis
Primary application to AMCAS and/or AACOMAS or AADSAS.
Earliest is first week of June. You can begin filling it out earlier; read the
agency’s instructions!
You arrange for your UMass transcript to go to AMCAS and/or AACOMAS.
Their staff verifies the transcript against your application
Secondary Applications are from individual schools.
MCAT scores: automatically sent by AAMC to the schools you list. Not
required for primary application, but can list if known.
Letters of Recommendation (LOR): Should be on the writer’s institutional
letterhead, signed and dated, to avoid delays! These are not submitted with
the primary application, but be prepared to identify the letter writers on your
application.
“Committee Letter” is sent from our office along with all LORs on your
behalf unedited
6. 6PreMed/PreHealth Advising Office
Important Deadlines
August 15, 2016 - Your AMCAS application must be
submitted (Pre-Med/Pre-Health Advising must have
a copy of your letter request form w/barcode).
May 6, 2016 - All letters of recommendation
must be on file with VE Collect.
In order to have a committee letter written for you for the current
application cycle, you must meet the following three deadlines
April 15, 2016 - Self-assessment must be
submitted.
8. 8PreMed/PreHealth Advising Office
• Because application to DO
schools requires an
additional letter, you must
notify the Pre-Med/Pre-
Health office of your
intention to apply to DO
schools (in your self-
assessment) by the April
15 deadline.
• You should have a letter
from a DO to apply to DO
schools.
• You should apply to more
than one DO school.
13. 13PreMed/PreHealth Advising Office
What’s on the MCAT Exam?
This document draws from the online resource What’s on the MCAT2015
Exam? at www.aamc.org/mcat2015exam . It contains a complete
description of the competencies you are responsible for knowing on the
MCAT2015 exam. It describes the new exam’s content and format. It also
lists and discusses the new exam’s conceptual framework ― which is
organized around foundational concepts, content categories, and scientific
inquiry and reasoning skills. Also included are sample test questions that
demonstrate how the competencies are tested on the exam.
14. 14PreMed/PreHealth Advising Office
Self-Assessment & Waiver
https://secure.cns.umass.edu/webforms/pre-med-pre-health-self-assessment
We need this
from you to
write your
committee
letter!
It is similar in
format to the
AMCAS and
AADSAS
Applications.
15. 15PreMed/PreHealth Advising Office
Are You a Competitive Candidate?
Check % of out of state
matriculants for schools you
are interested in – if it is low
(under 20%) you need to be
well above the medians for
GPA and MCAT.
Talk with Pre-Med/Pre-
Health advising about being a
competitive candidate.
16. 16PreMed/PreHealth Advising Office
What you Need to Demonstrate to the Admissions Committee
Interpersonal Competencies
• Service Orientation
• Social Skills
• Cultural Competence
• Teamwork
• Oral Communication
Intrapersonal Competencies
• Ethical Responsibility to Self and Others
• Reliability and Dependability
• Resilience and Adaptability
• Capacity for Improvement
Thinking and Reasoning
Competencies
• Critical Thinking
• Qualitative Reasoning
• Scientific Inquiry
• Written Communication
Science Competencies
• Living Systems
• Human Behavior
From the AAMC* Admissions Initiatives
* Association of American Medical Colleges
Your experience needs to DEMONSTRATE that you have
these qualities
17. 17PreMed/PreHealth Advising Office
Submitting Application
What you need at time of
Application:
Application Fee
Personal Essay
Completed sections
What you DON’T need at time
of application:
Complete list of schools
Committee Letter
MCAT score
19. 19PreMed/PreHealth Advising Office
Take
DAT
Junior Year,
Spring (May-
June)
June July Aug Dec Jan Feb Aug
Senior Year
Apply Submit
AADSAS
Secondary
Materials /
Interviewing
Offers
Made
Dec 1, Jan 15, Feb 15
School
Begins
Admission Application Timeline (AADSAS opens in June)
23. 23PreMed/PreHealth Advising Office
ADEA/AADSAS and CASPA have them too!
http://www.adea.org/AADS
ASapp/Instructions.aspx
https://portal.caspaonl
ine.org/caspaHelpPag
es/frequently-asked-
questions/
24. 24PreMed/PreHealth Advising Office
AADSAS, CASPA, AACOMAS send email requests
Dear Ms. Catherine Eden:
Student NAME, 2016XXXXXXX, who is currently completing an application to the
2016 American Dental Education Association (ADEA) Associated American Dental
Schools Application Service (AADSAS) Application cycle, has requested that you
complete an electronic Letter of Evaluation (LOE).
To complete the online evaluation or to decline the offer to submit a Letter of
Evaluation on the applicant's behalf, please utilize the following URL:
https://portal.aadsasweb.org/aadsaseforms2016/
You may login to your pre-created account using:
Username: cedenusername
Password: cedenpassword
Thank you,
ADEA AADSAS Staff
25. 25PreMed/PreHealth Advising Office
• Access to AMCAS, AACOMAS, AADSAS, CASPA, etc
• Competitive GPA AND Competitive EXAM score (talk with us about this)
• Letters of Recommendation LORs (aka: Letters of Evaluation LOEs)
• Personal Comments Essay (more in April meeting)
• Descriptions of all of your work, volunteer, research and clinical experiences
• Copy of undergraduate transcripts from all schools attended
• Applications can be submitted BEFORE you have your MCAT score (However,
this is NOT ideal) AND before you have a finalized list of all of the schools you
plan to apply to
What you need to apply…
26. 26PreMed/PreHealth Advising Office
Letters of Recommendation (LORs or LOEs)
Give a minimum of 1 month notice when requesting an LOR
Have a variety of letter writers:
• Professors
• PI
• Supervisors from TA, ExSEL, or Res Life positions
• Supervisors from work in a clinical setting
Sign up for a VE Collect account
27. 27PreMed/PreHealth Advising Office
VeCollect for Collecting LOR
VeCollect
VeCollect The Pre-Med/Pre-Health Advising office now
requires that students register for VE Collect to manage
their letters of recommendation.
VeCollect is a fee-based service that collects, stores,
and packages a student’s letters of recommendation.
Once you log in, fill in the simple form. After you
receive the invoice, you will be allowed to pay by credit
card or check.
Your account will be activated after payment is
processed; this is where letter-writers submit their
letters.
$20/year
https://virtualevals.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/requests/new
29. 29PreMed/PreHealth Advising Office
Discipline Record and Social Media
Go to the Dean of Students
Webpage and request a copy of
your Discipline Record.
Medical Schools look at EVERYTHING…
Make sure that your Social Media
profile presents an image that you
would want medical schools to see.
30. 30PreMed/PreHealth Advising Office
Gap Year Opportunities
Pre-Med/Pre-Health Advising can help you identify Gap
Year opportunities.
- EMT / CNA / phlebotomy / medical assisting work
- Clinical Research
- Peace Corps
- Graduate degree programs
- Post Bacc programs
- Combination of paid work and a volunteer commitment
- Go on an adventure (Sail around the world, etc.)
- Travel and become fluent in a foreign language
31. 31PreMed/PreHealth Advising Office
Important Links
https://secure.cns.umass.edu/webforms/pre-med-pre-health-self-assessment
Self-Assessment Link
Submit no later than April 15, 2015
VE Collect Link
All LORs must be received by May 6, 2015
https://virtualevals.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/requests/new