This document provides information about rabies in Nepal, including:
- Rabies causes acute encephalitis and is almost always fatal without post-exposure prophylaxis.
- In Nepal, rabies is endemic and transmitted mainly from dogs to humans. An estimated 200 people die annually.
- There are two epidemiological cycles - an urban dog cycle and a sylvatic cycle involving wildlife.
- The document discusses the burden of rabies in Nepal, the epidemiological situation, strategies for control in Nepal and the region, and achievements in Nepal's rabies control activities.
Rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted through animal bites. In Nepal, rabies is endemic and transmitted mainly through dog bites, with an estimated 200 human deaths annually. Control strategies include mass dog vaccination, public education on wound treatment, and increased access to post-exposure prophylaxis. A national rabies elimination program employs WHO recommended strategies of inter-sectoral collaboration, surveillance improvement, and community participation to work towards eliminating canine rabies.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that typically affects the lungs. It is transmitted through droplet infection. Driving forces behind TB include rapid population growth, urbanization, poverty, and poor living conditions. These lead to pressures such as overcrowding, poor sanitation, and increased HIV/AIDS prevalence that worsen the state of TB. Exposure groups with high risk include the elderly, HIV-positive individuals, prisoners, and urban slum residents. TB causes millions of deaths each year and increases poverty. Global and national actions aim to reduce TB prevalence, mortality, and achieve universal access to treatment.
Dengue is caused by an virus named as Den of 4 serotypes. Den virus is being spread by a mosquito Aedes aegypti. It is very essential to understand symptoms of dengue, habit, habitat and life cycle of vector Aedes. There by Dengue control measures can be taken to control dengue diseases to prevent morbidity and mortality due to dengue.
The document provides an overview of malaria epidemiology, prevention, and control efforts in India. It discusses that malaria affects millions of people annually in India, transmitted primarily by Anopheles mosquitoes. Key prevention strategies mentioned include vector control through indoor residual spraying and larviciding, and prompt diagnosis and treatment of cases. Major control programs launched over time aimed to reduce malaria incidence and mortality, through activities like active case detection, radical treatment, and insecticide spraying. National strategies have evolved from eradication to control efforts as challenges emerged.
a-review-on-human-deaths-associated-with-rabies-in-nigeria-2157-7560.1000262-...Philip Paul Mshelbwala
This document summarizes a review on human deaths associated with rabies in Nigeria. It finds that 78 total human deaths due to rabies were reported from 10 states in Nigeria, though none were confirmed by laboratory tests. Rabies is endemic in Nigeria, spread primarily by dog bites. Dog meat consumption and the dog trade also pose risks of human rabies transmission. Mass dog vaccination programs could help control rabies as has been seen elsewhere, but such efforts require greater cooperation between veterinary and public health authorities in Nigeria.
National Leprosy Eradication Programme
Date of creation- Feb 2019
Authors - Dr. Madhushree Acharya, Junior Resident, Community Medicine and Family Medicine, AIIMS Bhubaneswar; Dr. Durgesh Prasad Sahoo, Senior Resident, Community Medicine and Family Medicine, AIIMS Bhubaneswar
The document summarizes India's National Leprosy Eradication Programme. It began as the National Leprosy Control Programme in 1955 and was renamed the NLEP in 1983 when Multi-Drug Therapy was introduced. The NLEP aims to reduce prevalence to less than 1 case per 10,000 people through early detection, regular MDT treatment, disability prevention, and public awareness campaigns. Key milestones include introducing MDT in 1982 and eliminating leprosy nationally by 2005. The current strategy involves integrating leprosy services into general healthcare and intensifying efforts in high prevalence districts.
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)Vivek Varat
This document provides information about India's National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP). The key points are:
1. NVBDCP aims to prevent and control malaria and other vector-borne diseases like dengue, Japanese encephalitis, kala-azar through strategies like early detection and treatment of cases, vector control measures and community participation.
2. Malaria control is a major focus, with strategies including prompt treatment, vector control through indoor residual spraying and larviciding, use of insecticide-treated bed nets, and environmental management.
3. The programme aims to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality in India and achieve an annual parasite index of less than 1 per 1000 population by 2017.
Rabies is a fatal viral disease transmitted through animal bites. In Nepal, rabies is endemic and transmitted mainly through dog bites, with an estimated 200 human deaths annually. Control strategies include mass dog vaccination, public education on wound treatment, and increased access to post-exposure prophylaxis. A national rabies elimination program employs WHO recommended strategies of inter-sectoral collaboration, surveillance improvement, and community participation to work towards eliminating canine rabies.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that typically affects the lungs. It is transmitted through droplet infection. Driving forces behind TB include rapid population growth, urbanization, poverty, and poor living conditions. These lead to pressures such as overcrowding, poor sanitation, and increased HIV/AIDS prevalence that worsen the state of TB. Exposure groups with high risk include the elderly, HIV-positive individuals, prisoners, and urban slum residents. TB causes millions of deaths each year and increases poverty. Global and national actions aim to reduce TB prevalence, mortality, and achieve universal access to treatment.
Dengue is caused by an virus named as Den of 4 serotypes. Den virus is being spread by a mosquito Aedes aegypti. It is very essential to understand symptoms of dengue, habit, habitat and life cycle of vector Aedes. There by Dengue control measures can be taken to control dengue diseases to prevent morbidity and mortality due to dengue.
The document provides an overview of malaria epidemiology, prevention, and control efforts in India. It discusses that malaria affects millions of people annually in India, transmitted primarily by Anopheles mosquitoes. Key prevention strategies mentioned include vector control through indoor residual spraying and larviciding, and prompt diagnosis and treatment of cases. Major control programs launched over time aimed to reduce malaria incidence and mortality, through activities like active case detection, radical treatment, and insecticide spraying. National strategies have evolved from eradication to control efforts as challenges emerged.
a-review-on-human-deaths-associated-with-rabies-in-nigeria-2157-7560.1000262-...Philip Paul Mshelbwala
This document summarizes a review on human deaths associated with rabies in Nigeria. It finds that 78 total human deaths due to rabies were reported from 10 states in Nigeria, though none were confirmed by laboratory tests. Rabies is endemic in Nigeria, spread primarily by dog bites. Dog meat consumption and the dog trade also pose risks of human rabies transmission. Mass dog vaccination programs could help control rabies as has been seen elsewhere, but such efforts require greater cooperation between veterinary and public health authorities in Nigeria.
National Leprosy Eradication Programme
Date of creation- Feb 2019
Authors - Dr. Madhushree Acharya, Junior Resident, Community Medicine and Family Medicine, AIIMS Bhubaneswar; Dr. Durgesh Prasad Sahoo, Senior Resident, Community Medicine and Family Medicine, AIIMS Bhubaneswar
The document summarizes India's National Leprosy Eradication Programme. It began as the National Leprosy Control Programme in 1955 and was renamed the NLEP in 1983 when Multi-Drug Therapy was introduced. The NLEP aims to reduce prevalence to less than 1 case per 10,000 people through early detection, regular MDT treatment, disability prevention, and public awareness campaigns. Key milestones include introducing MDT in 1982 and eliminating leprosy nationally by 2005. The current strategy involves integrating leprosy services into general healthcare and intensifying efforts in high prevalence districts.
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)Vivek Varat
This document provides information about India's National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP). The key points are:
1. NVBDCP aims to prevent and control malaria and other vector-borne diseases like dengue, Japanese encephalitis, kala-azar through strategies like early detection and treatment of cases, vector control measures and community participation.
2. Malaria control is a major focus, with strategies including prompt treatment, vector control through indoor residual spraying and larviciding, use of insecticide-treated bed nets, and environmental management.
3. The programme aims to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality in India and achieve an annual parasite index of less than 1 per 1000 population by 2017.
Vector borne disease -kala azar (visceral leishmaniasis) in nepalroshaniraj
This document summarizes a presentation on Kala azar (Visceral Leishmaniasis) in Nepal. The objectives of the research were to study the causative agents and determinants of Kala azar, compare determinants and risk factors between Nepal, Sudan, and Brazil, determine preventive measures, and recommend social policies. The study found that the parasite L. donovani, vector P. argentipes, hosts such as dogs, high temperature, low humidity and seasonal factors contributed to higher rates in Nepal. Migration, poor access to healthcare, and co-infection with HIV increased risk. Recommendations included early diagnosis/treatment, insecticide spraying, and improving healthcare access.
1) The document outlines guidelines for conducting an adult Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccination campaign in Assam, India, targeting individuals aged 15-65 years old.
2) It discusses JE epidemiology and transmission, and recommends conducting vaccination over 21 days at village sites like health subcenters, Anganwadi centers, and primary schools.
3) Precautions for COVID-19 like mask usage, distancing, and sanitation are emphasized. Microplans will estimate beneficiaries, assign teams, and map vaccine distribution to ensure full coverage of the target population.
Dengue control programme kma 7 oct. copydrjagannath
This document discusses Dengue control programmes in India. It begins with an overview of Dengue as the most common arthropod-borne viral disease affecting urban and peri-urban areas. It then provides details on Dengue virus and clinical syndromes. The majority of the document outlines India's National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme strategies, which include early case detection and treatment, integrated vector management through environmental modification and chemical/biological control, and behavior change communication. Statistics on reported Dengue cases in Maharashtra from 2018 are also presented.
Malaria remains a major global health problem, though incidence and mortality have decreased in recent years. In 2015, there were an estimated 214 million malaria cases and 438,000 deaths worldwide. India also has a significant malaria burden, with estimates of annual deaths ranging from 15,000 to over 200,000. Key malaria indices calculated to monitor disease burden and evaluate control programs include annual blood examination rate, annual parasite incidence, slide positivity rate, and percentage of malaria cases that are falciparum. These indices are calculated using population data and numbers of blood slides examined and positive results to measure aspects of local transmission and intervention effectiveness.
Vectors are organisms that transmit pathogens and parasites from one infected person (or animal) to another, causing serious diseases in human populations
Kala-azar, also known as visceral leishmaniasis, is a parasitic disease transmitted by sandflies that is endemic in parts of India, Bangladesh and Nepal. It causes fever, weight loss and enlargement of the spleen and liver. Left untreated, it can be fatal. National elimination programs in the three countries aim to reduce incidence rates below 1 case per 10,000 people through early detection and treatment of cases, integrated vector control including indoor spraying, and health education. Strategies have led to a decline in cases, but challenges remain in fully eliminating the disease.
Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne viral disease that is common in parts of Asia. It is transmitted to humans via bites from infected Culex mosquitoes. While most infections cause mild symptoms or no symptoms, approximately 1 in 250 infections result in encephalitis, which can be fatal in 30% of cases. Survivors often face permanent neurological impairments. Control efforts focus on vaccination programs and reducing mosquito populations in areas like rice paddies where they breed.
This document discusses malaria, including its history, global and Indian epidemiology, life cycle, vectors, prevention methods, and control programs. It notes that malaria affected 216 million people and killed 660,000 globally in 2011, with most cases and deaths occurring in Africa and India. The life cycle involves the Plasmodium parasite infecting humans through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Prevention strategies include vector control, early diagnosis and treatment, and surveillance programs.
The document discusses integrated vector management (IVM) as an approach to vector-borne disease control. IVM involves understanding local vector ecology and patterns of disease transmission in order to select appropriate control methods from available options. It aims to improve cost-effectiveness and sustainability compared to traditional reliance on insecticides alone. Key elements of IVM include disease and vector surveillance, identifying and mapping local risk factors, participatory selection of control methods, monitoring and evaluation. The document outlines the steps in implementing IVM, including assessing disease burden and local resources available before developing context-specific strategies.
India is the highest TB burden country in the world & accounts for nearly 1/5th (20 per cent) of global burden of tuberculosis, 2/3rd of cases in SEAR. Every year approximately 1.8 million persons develop tuberculosis, of which about 0.8 million are new smear positive highly'- infectious cases.Annual risk of becoming infected with TB is 1.5 % and once infected there is 10 % life-time risk of developing TB disease
*World Health Day 2014 Vector Borne Ds - Dr Priya*priya bansal
This presentation deals with occasion of World Health Day "2014 Theme - Vector Borne Diseases::Small Bite Big Threat"
Topics e.g.,
Need to celebrate World Health Day, Important Vector Borne Diseases Situation in Punjab India, Dengue, Malaria & JE situation, Prevention & Control of Arthropods, Challanges in public Health are discussed
The document discusses the malaria control program in the Philippines. It provides background on malaria, including how it is transmitted and prevalence in the country. The vision, mission, goals, and beneficiaries of the malaria control program are outlined. Key strategies of the program include early diagnosis and treatment, controlling mosquito spread through insecticide-treated nets and indoor spraying, and community-based education. The program is implemented through partnerships between the Department of Health, World Health Organization, and other organizations. Accomplishments and proposed activities are also summarized.
Rntcp brief note for ppm coordinators final draft 21 05 18Abhijit Dey
Here are the answers to the pre-test questions:
1. B - TB is not mainly sexually transmitted. It is an airborne infectious disease.
2. D - Convulsion and sudden numbness are not symptoms of TB. The most common symptoms are cough and fever lasting more than 2 weeks, weight loss.
3. D - BCG vaccination at birth does not provide total lifelong protection against TB. It provides some protection, especially against severe forms in childhood.
The purpose of this pre-test is to assess the participants' existing knowledge on basic concepts of tuberculosis prior to the training. The post-test at the end will help evaluate how much they have learned from the training.
The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) was initiated in India in 1997 to address the limitations of the previous National Tuberculosis Control Programme. RNTCP follows the WHO recommended DOTS strategy and aims to decrease TB mortality and morbidity. It has a decentralized organizational structure and seeks to achieve at least 90% cure rates for new sputum-positive cases and detect at least 85% of expected new sputum-positive cases. RNTCP relies on sputum testing, DOTS treatment, and engagement with private providers and communities to control TB in India.
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseasesarijitkundu88
Various emerging and reemerging diseases. Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases. Antibiotic resistance. The global response to control them. Laboratories network in surveillance.
National guinea worm eradication programme in Indiasobana M
This document summarizes India's National Guinea Worm Eradication Programme. It describes how Guinea worm disease is transmitted and its symptoms. It outlines the strategies used by the program, including case detection, health education, provision of safe drinking water, and vector control. The program was successful, reducing cases from around 40,000 in 1984 to only 9 cases in 1996, with zero incidence since. In 2000, India was certified by the WHO as eliminating Guinea worm disease.
Vector borne diseases recent concepts in management and elimination targets...Sruthi Meenaxshi
This document discusses vector-borne diseases and strategies for their management and elimination. It begins by stating that vector-borne diseases account for 17% of infectious diseases globally, with malaria being the main contributor. Vectors transmit diseases between humans or animals. Vector management aims to optimize control and reduce incidence. Mosquitoes transmit diseases like malaria, dengue, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, and lymphatic filariasis. The National Vector Borne Disease Control Program integrates control of these diseases. Malaria elimination targets aim for transmission interruption in certain states by 2020 and nationwide by 2030. Integrated vector control includes insecticide spraying, bed nets, and source reduction.
The document outlines India's National Anti-Malaria Programme. It discusses the history and evolution of malaria control efforts in India from the National Malaria Control Programme launched in 1953 up to current strategies. Key points include:
- Malaria is a major public health problem in India, with over 1 million cases reported in 2014.
- The National programme has had evolving objectives, strategies and projects over time in response to disease trends, including the National Malaria Control Programme, Enhanced Malaria Control Project, and current National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme.
- Control strategies have involved indoor residual spraying, early detection and treatment, insecticide policies, and strengthening institutional capacities. Nurses play a role in detection
This document summarizes a workshop on polio updates and end game strategies organized by the Community Medicine Department of GMERS Medical College in collaboration with the National Polio Surveillance Project of WHO, India. It provides global and national polio statistics, discusses epidemiology of polio including surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis cases, and strategies for polio eradication such as supplemental immunization activities and certification of polio-free status. Key updates on polio cases in India since 2011 and detection of wild poliovirus in environmental samples are also presented.
The document summarizes key information about rabies, including:
1. Rabies is a viral disease transmitted through bites or scratches from infected animals like dogs, foxes, and bats.
2. The virus travels from the site of infection to the central nervous system, where it causes acute inflammation and symptoms like fear of water, muscle spasms, and paralysis.
3. There is no cure for rabies, but post-exposure prophylaxis including wound cleaning and rabies vaccinations can prevent the disease if administered promptly after exposure.
देश में कार्यबल की कुल संख्या में लगभग 93 प्रतिशत असंगठित क्षेत्र के कामगार हैं। सरकार ने कुछ व्यावसायिक समूहों के लिए कुछ सामाजिक सुरक्षा उपायों का कार्यान्वयन किया है किंतु इनका कवरेज अभी बहुत कम है। अधिकांश कामगारों के पास कोई सामाजिक सुरक्षा कवरेज अब भी नहीं है। असंगठित क्षेत्र में कामगारों के लिए एक बड़ी असुरक्षा उनका बार बार बीमार पड़ना तथा उक्त कामगारों एवं उनके परिवार के सदस्यों की चिकित्सा देखभाल तथा उन्हें अस्पताल में भर्ती करने की जरूरत है। स्वास्थ्य सुविधाओं में विस्तार के बावजूद इनकी बीमारी भारत में मानव के वंचित रहने के सर्वाधिक कारणों में से एक बनी हुई है।
इसे स्पष्ट रूप से मान्यता दी गई है कि स्वास्थ्य बीमा स्वास्थ्य के जोखिम के कारण निर्धन परिवारों को सुरक्षा देने का एक माध्यम है, जिससे अधिक व्यय के कारण निर्धनता बढ़ती है। निर्धन व्यक्ति इसकी लागत या इच्छित लाभ की कमी के कारण स्वास्थ्य बीमा लेने के लिए अनिच्छुक होते हैं या सक्षम नहीं होते हैं। स्वास्थ्य बीमा करना और इसे लागू करना, खास तौर पर ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में, बहुत कठिन है। इन कामगारों को सामाजिक सुरक्षा देने की जरूरत पहचानते हुए केंद्र सरकार ने राष्ट्रीय स्वास्थ्य बीमा योजना (आरएसबीवाय) आरंभ की है। 25 मार्च 2013 तक, योजना में 34,285,737 स्मार्ट कार्ड और 5,097,128 अस्पताल में भर्ती होने के मामले हैं।
Vector borne disease -kala azar (visceral leishmaniasis) in nepalroshaniraj
This document summarizes a presentation on Kala azar (Visceral Leishmaniasis) in Nepal. The objectives of the research were to study the causative agents and determinants of Kala azar, compare determinants and risk factors between Nepal, Sudan, and Brazil, determine preventive measures, and recommend social policies. The study found that the parasite L. donovani, vector P. argentipes, hosts such as dogs, high temperature, low humidity and seasonal factors contributed to higher rates in Nepal. Migration, poor access to healthcare, and co-infection with HIV increased risk. Recommendations included early diagnosis/treatment, insecticide spraying, and improving healthcare access.
1) The document outlines guidelines for conducting an adult Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccination campaign in Assam, India, targeting individuals aged 15-65 years old.
2) It discusses JE epidemiology and transmission, and recommends conducting vaccination over 21 days at village sites like health subcenters, Anganwadi centers, and primary schools.
3) Precautions for COVID-19 like mask usage, distancing, and sanitation are emphasized. Microplans will estimate beneficiaries, assign teams, and map vaccine distribution to ensure full coverage of the target population.
Dengue control programme kma 7 oct. copydrjagannath
This document discusses Dengue control programmes in India. It begins with an overview of Dengue as the most common arthropod-borne viral disease affecting urban and peri-urban areas. It then provides details on Dengue virus and clinical syndromes. The majority of the document outlines India's National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme strategies, which include early case detection and treatment, integrated vector management through environmental modification and chemical/biological control, and behavior change communication. Statistics on reported Dengue cases in Maharashtra from 2018 are also presented.
Malaria remains a major global health problem, though incidence and mortality have decreased in recent years. In 2015, there were an estimated 214 million malaria cases and 438,000 deaths worldwide. India also has a significant malaria burden, with estimates of annual deaths ranging from 15,000 to over 200,000. Key malaria indices calculated to monitor disease burden and evaluate control programs include annual blood examination rate, annual parasite incidence, slide positivity rate, and percentage of malaria cases that are falciparum. These indices are calculated using population data and numbers of blood slides examined and positive results to measure aspects of local transmission and intervention effectiveness.
Vectors are organisms that transmit pathogens and parasites from one infected person (or animal) to another, causing serious diseases in human populations
Kala-azar, also known as visceral leishmaniasis, is a parasitic disease transmitted by sandflies that is endemic in parts of India, Bangladesh and Nepal. It causes fever, weight loss and enlargement of the spleen and liver. Left untreated, it can be fatal. National elimination programs in the three countries aim to reduce incidence rates below 1 case per 10,000 people through early detection and treatment of cases, integrated vector control including indoor spraying, and health education. Strategies have led to a decline in cases, but challenges remain in fully eliminating the disease.
Japanese encephalitis is a mosquito-borne viral disease that is common in parts of Asia. It is transmitted to humans via bites from infected Culex mosquitoes. While most infections cause mild symptoms or no symptoms, approximately 1 in 250 infections result in encephalitis, which can be fatal in 30% of cases. Survivors often face permanent neurological impairments. Control efforts focus on vaccination programs and reducing mosquito populations in areas like rice paddies where they breed.
This document discusses malaria, including its history, global and Indian epidemiology, life cycle, vectors, prevention methods, and control programs. It notes that malaria affected 216 million people and killed 660,000 globally in 2011, with most cases and deaths occurring in Africa and India. The life cycle involves the Plasmodium parasite infecting humans through the bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. Prevention strategies include vector control, early diagnosis and treatment, and surveillance programs.
The document discusses integrated vector management (IVM) as an approach to vector-borne disease control. IVM involves understanding local vector ecology and patterns of disease transmission in order to select appropriate control methods from available options. It aims to improve cost-effectiveness and sustainability compared to traditional reliance on insecticides alone. Key elements of IVM include disease and vector surveillance, identifying and mapping local risk factors, participatory selection of control methods, monitoring and evaluation. The document outlines the steps in implementing IVM, including assessing disease burden and local resources available before developing context-specific strategies.
India is the highest TB burden country in the world & accounts for nearly 1/5th (20 per cent) of global burden of tuberculosis, 2/3rd of cases in SEAR. Every year approximately 1.8 million persons develop tuberculosis, of which about 0.8 million are new smear positive highly'- infectious cases.Annual risk of becoming infected with TB is 1.5 % and once infected there is 10 % life-time risk of developing TB disease
*World Health Day 2014 Vector Borne Ds - Dr Priya*priya bansal
This presentation deals with occasion of World Health Day "2014 Theme - Vector Borne Diseases::Small Bite Big Threat"
Topics e.g.,
Need to celebrate World Health Day, Important Vector Borne Diseases Situation in Punjab India, Dengue, Malaria & JE situation, Prevention & Control of Arthropods, Challanges in public Health are discussed
The document discusses the malaria control program in the Philippines. It provides background on malaria, including how it is transmitted and prevalence in the country. The vision, mission, goals, and beneficiaries of the malaria control program are outlined. Key strategies of the program include early diagnosis and treatment, controlling mosquito spread through insecticide-treated nets and indoor spraying, and community-based education. The program is implemented through partnerships between the Department of Health, World Health Organization, and other organizations. Accomplishments and proposed activities are also summarized.
Rntcp brief note for ppm coordinators final draft 21 05 18Abhijit Dey
Here are the answers to the pre-test questions:
1. B - TB is not mainly sexually transmitted. It is an airborne infectious disease.
2. D - Convulsion and sudden numbness are not symptoms of TB. The most common symptoms are cough and fever lasting more than 2 weeks, weight loss.
3. D - BCG vaccination at birth does not provide total lifelong protection against TB. It provides some protection, especially against severe forms in childhood.
The purpose of this pre-test is to assess the participants' existing knowledge on basic concepts of tuberculosis prior to the training. The post-test at the end will help evaluate how much they have learned from the training.
The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) was initiated in India in 1997 to address the limitations of the previous National Tuberculosis Control Programme. RNTCP follows the WHO recommended DOTS strategy and aims to decrease TB mortality and morbidity. It has a decentralized organizational structure and seeks to achieve at least 90% cure rates for new sputum-positive cases and detect at least 85% of expected new sputum-positive cases. RNTCP relies on sputum testing, DOTS treatment, and engagement with private providers and communities to control TB in India.
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseasesarijitkundu88
Various emerging and reemerging diseases. Factors contributing to the emergence of infectious diseases. Antibiotic resistance. The global response to control them. Laboratories network in surveillance.
National guinea worm eradication programme in Indiasobana M
This document summarizes India's National Guinea Worm Eradication Programme. It describes how Guinea worm disease is transmitted and its symptoms. It outlines the strategies used by the program, including case detection, health education, provision of safe drinking water, and vector control. The program was successful, reducing cases from around 40,000 in 1984 to only 9 cases in 1996, with zero incidence since. In 2000, India was certified by the WHO as eliminating Guinea worm disease.
Vector borne diseases recent concepts in management and elimination targets...Sruthi Meenaxshi
This document discusses vector-borne diseases and strategies for their management and elimination. It begins by stating that vector-borne diseases account for 17% of infectious diseases globally, with malaria being the main contributor. Vectors transmit diseases between humans or animals. Vector management aims to optimize control and reduce incidence. Mosquitoes transmit diseases like malaria, dengue, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, and lymphatic filariasis. The National Vector Borne Disease Control Program integrates control of these diseases. Malaria elimination targets aim for transmission interruption in certain states by 2020 and nationwide by 2030. Integrated vector control includes insecticide spraying, bed nets, and source reduction.
The document outlines India's National Anti-Malaria Programme. It discusses the history and evolution of malaria control efforts in India from the National Malaria Control Programme launched in 1953 up to current strategies. Key points include:
- Malaria is a major public health problem in India, with over 1 million cases reported in 2014.
- The National programme has had evolving objectives, strategies and projects over time in response to disease trends, including the National Malaria Control Programme, Enhanced Malaria Control Project, and current National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme.
- Control strategies have involved indoor residual spraying, early detection and treatment, insecticide policies, and strengthening institutional capacities. Nurses play a role in detection
This document summarizes a workshop on polio updates and end game strategies organized by the Community Medicine Department of GMERS Medical College in collaboration with the National Polio Surveillance Project of WHO, India. It provides global and national polio statistics, discusses epidemiology of polio including surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis cases, and strategies for polio eradication such as supplemental immunization activities and certification of polio-free status. Key updates on polio cases in India since 2011 and detection of wild poliovirus in environmental samples are also presented.
The document summarizes key information about rabies, including:
1. Rabies is a viral disease transmitted through bites or scratches from infected animals like dogs, foxes, and bats.
2. The virus travels from the site of infection to the central nervous system, where it causes acute inflammation and symptoms like fear of water, muscle spasms, and paralysis.
3. There is no cure for rabies, but post-exposure prophylaxis including wound cleaning and rabies vaccinations can prevent the disease if administered promptly after exposure.
देश में कार्यबल की कुल संख्या में लगभग 93 प्रतिशत असंगठित क्षेत्र के कामगार हैं। सरकार ने कुछ व्यावसायिक समूहों के लिए कुछ सामाजिक सुरक्षा उपायों का कार्यान्वयन किया है किंतु इनका कवरेज अभी बहुत कम है। अधिकांश कामगारों के पास कोई सामाजिक सुरक्षा कवरेज अब भी नहीं है। असंगठित क्षेत्र में कामगारों के लिए एक बड़ी असुरक्षा उनका बार बार बीमार पड़ना तथा उक्त कामगारों एवं उनके परिवार के सदस्यों की चिकित्सा देखभाल तथा उन्हें अस्पताल में भर्ती करने की जरूरत है। स्वास्थ्य सुविधाओं में विस्तार के बावजूद इनकी बीमारी भारत में मानव के वंचित रहने के सर्वाधिक कारणों में से एक बनी हुई है।
इसे स्पष्ट रूप से मान्यता दी गई है कि स्वास्थ्य बीमा स्वास्थ्य के जोखिम के कारण निर्धन परिवारों को सुरक्षा देने का एक माध्यम है, जिससे अधिक व्यय के कारण निर्धनता बढ़ती है। निर्धन व्यक्ति इसकी लागत या इच्छित लाभ की कमी के कारण स्वास्थ्य बीमा लेने के लिए अनिच्छुक होते हैं या सक्षम नहीं होते हैं। स्वास्थ्य बीमा करना और इसे लागू करना, खास तौर पर ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में, बहुत कठिन है। इन कामगारों को सामाजिक सुरक्षा देने की जरूरत पहचानते हुए केंद्र सरकार ने राष्ट्रीय स्वास्थ्य बीमा योजना (आरएसबीवाय) आरंभ की है। 25 मार्च 2013 तक, योजना में 34,285,737 स्मार्ट कार्ड और 5,097,128 अस्पताल में भर्ती होने के मामले हैं।
Overview of National Health Policy and Public Health Program in Nepal : For ...Public Health Update
This document summarizes the key policies and strategies of Nepal's health sector. It discusses Nepal's progress in health over the last several decades, despite challenges of poverty and conflict. The constitution establishes health as a fundamental right. National health policies focus on universal access to basic health services, developing human resources, traditional and modern medical systems, supply of medicines and self-reliance in production. Current priorities include strengthening primary health care networks, increasing private sector participation, and controlling infectious diseases. The document outlines continued efforts to improve quality and ensure equitable access to health services.
NDWC Chennai 2013 - Prevention & Control of Zoonotic Disease - Dr Shilpi Das Dogs Trust
Zoonotic diseases can be transmitted between animals and humans. Many new infectious diseases affecting humans originate in animals. Proper hygiene practices for both animals and humans can help prevent transmission. Key steps include vaccinating pets, cleaning animal living areas, practicing good hand hygiene, and consulting doctors promptly after any animal bites or exposures. Coordination between veterinary and public health agencies is important for surveillance, reporting, and controlling zoonotic diseases. Rabies remains a serious threat in India, with most cases resulting from dog bites. Efforts are needed to strengthen rabies diagnosis, vaccination programs for both animals and humans, and inter-sectoral cooperation.
भारत सरकार के इस मिशन के तहत देश की 900 प्रतिष्ठित कम्पनियों ने सौर ऊर्जा परियोजनाएं लगाने के लिए राजस्थान को चुना गया। इन कम्पनियों ने राजस्थान में निवेश करने के लिए पंजीकरण करवाए। ये कम्पनियां हजार मेगावाट की परियोजनाएं स्थापित करेंगी। पूरे देश के लिहाज से गुजरात के बाद राजस्थान में सर्वाधिक सोलर प्रोजेक्ट स्थापित हो रहे हैं। खासकर पश्चिमी राजस्थान के रेगिस्तानी इलाकों में सूरज का ताप सोना उगलेगा। यहां जोधपुर में 293 मेगावाट, जैसलमेर में 94 व बीकानेर में 65.9 मेगावाट के प्रोजेक्ट लग चुके हैं। आने वाले पूरे राजस्थान में पैदा होने वाली सोलर एनर्जी का सबसे ज्यादा हिस्सा इसी क्षेत्र से मिलेगा।
The document discusses the evolving scope of veterinary public health (VPH) in the 21st century. It defines VPH as applying veterinary skills and knowledge to protect and improve human health. VPH involves preventing zoonotic diseases and ensuring food safety. It is multidisciplinary, involving veterinarians, physicians, and other professionals. The scope of VPH has expanded and now includes areas like epidemiology, biomedical research, and the human-animal bond. Changes in farming, food production, trade, and emerging diseases are reshaping the priorities of VPH. Maintaining services in a climate of reduced resources and rapid change will require flexibility, coordination between groups, and evidence-based decision making.
Epidemiology, Disease and Preventive Strategies of RabiesDilshan Wijeratne
This document provides information on rabies control in Sri Lanka. It discusses the global and local epidemiology of rabies, describing it as a neglected tropical disease transmitted primarily from dogs to humans. It then outlines strategies for rabies control, including post-exposure prophylaxis for exposed individuals, mass dog vaccination programs to achieve herd immunity, environmental control measures, and inter-sectoral coordination between ministries. Surveillance systems are also summarized to monitor rabies in humans and animals. The overall aim is elimination of rabies in Sri Lanka by 2020 through coordinated prevention and control efforts.
This document provides the revised 2019 National Guidelines on Prevention, Management and Control of Dengue in Nepal. It begins with an introduction on dengue epidemiology, noting it is a rapidly emerging disease in Nepal. All 4 dengue virus serotypes exist in Nepal and incidence has increased in recent years. The guidelines aim to provide up-to-date technical advice on dengue using international standards. Chapter 1 provides context on dengue globally and in Nepal, describing transmission via Aedes aegypti and albopictus mosquitoes and noting the increasing disease burden.
The document describes a research grant application to assess the impact of an education intervention program on care and support for people living with HIV/AIDS receiving antiretroviral therapy at BPKIHS in Nepal. The principal investigator is an associate professor in the Medical-Surgical Nursing Department. The project aims to evaluate knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding care and support for PLWHA, develop an education package on care and support, provide the education intervention, and evaluate its effectiveness. The application reviews literature on the HIV/AIDS situation in Nepal and caregiver burden for PLWHA.
This document discusses Japanese encephalitis (JE), a viral disease transmitted by mosquitoes that causes brain inflammation. It provides historical information on JE outbreaks globally and in India since the 1870s. Specific details are given about recent outbreaks in Gorakhpur, India in 2005 and the current situation in Karnataka. The epidemiological triad of JE transmission and clinical features are summarized. Prevention, treatment, vaccination approaches, and challenges to control are also reviewed.
PREVALENCE OF ANEMIA AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH ITPublic Health Update
This document discusses prevalence of anemia among pregnant women and associated factors in Nepal. It finds that anemia prevalence among non-pregnant women in Nepal is 34% and among pregnant women is 42%, which shows a reduction compared to 5 years ago due to advocacy, iron supplementation, deworming tablets, and improved nutrition. Key factors associated with maternal anemia in Nepal include nutritional deficiencies, malaria, and worm infestation. Nepal has taken steps to control anemia, such as increasing iron distribution to pregnant women and improving regional coverage of anemia prevention programs.
Current Management Status of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in NepalAutistic Brain
Nepal has experienced several outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) since 2009. The government implements disease control strategies like surveillance, stamping out infected flocks, and compensation. Surveillance is risk-based in high, medium, and low risk districts. Testing is done using rapid tests and RT-PCR. Positive samples are further characterized. Outbreaks are controlled through zonation and coordination committees. Legislation supports control efforts. While progress has been made in early detection and response, cross-border movement of birds and informal trade pose ongoing challenges to control of HPAI in Nepal.
This document provides an overview of the book "Essentials of Veterinary Practice" by Dr. Debasis Jana and Dr. Nilotpal Ghosh. It includes a table of contents that outlines the 22 chapters organized into 6 parts covering diagnostic techniques, common diseases, treatment approaches, and other practical information for veterinary professionals. The foreword provides context on the role of veterinarians and importance of the topics covered. The preface explains how the book is a reference for veterinary students and practitioners to aid in clinical diagnosis and management of animal health issues. It highlights features such as disease descriptions, photographs, and a veterinary drug index. The acknowledgements recognize the sources used and contributions of teachers, colleagues, and
OMICS Group is an open access publisher of 400 online scholarly journals and organizer of 300 international conferences annually. It was established in 2007 with the goal of making scientific information openly accessible. OMICS Group publishes journals and organizes conferences covering various aspects of science, technology, engineering, and medicine to disseminate knowledge to researchers, students, and institutions. The document provides background information on OMICS Group's publishing and conference activities.
This document presents a proposed thesis that will assess the level of awareness and acceptance of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine among female call center agents. The introduction provides background on HPV and the need to increase vaccination rates. The study will examine awareness levels of physiological and psychological symptoms of HPV. Survey data will be collected from call center agents and statistically analyzed to determine awareness levels. Based on the results, the researcher aims to formulate an instructional plan to increase awareness of HPV vaccination.
Current management status of highly pathogeni8c avian influenza (hpai) in nepalkrishnaacharya22
Nepal has successfully contained recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) through stamping out operations. The country implements risk-based surveillance of HPAI, testing samples through rapid tests and RT-PCR. Positive samples are further characterized at international reference laboratories. Outbreak areas are zoned and controlled through coordination committees. Legislative support and public awareness programs help control the disease. However, cross-border movement of birds and informal trade pose ongoing challenges to prevention and control of HPAI in Nepal.
This document outlines a proposed study to analyze the prevalence and characteristics of worm infestation in the Tirupattur district of Tamil Nadu, India. The study would collect stool samples from children to identify worm infestation and morphological characteristics. It would also work to develop novel drugs for worm treatment using silver nanoparticles synthesized from medicinal plants and bacteria. The overall goals are to determine the extent of worm infestation in the district and identify natural compounds with anti-worm properties.
The document provides an overview of national biogas programmes in Nepal and Rwanda. It analyzes each country's environmental, economic, legal and technological contexts as they relate to biogas production. Nepal began its biogas program in the 1980s and has made progress, while Rwanda's program started more recently in the 2000s and is still developing. The document compares factors that help or hinder biogas development in each country and how the programs contribute to escaping poverty traps.
The document discusses the effect of climate change on malaria incidence in Gowa, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. It finds that malaria incidence peaks in March and June, during the rainy season. Changes in humidity and rainfall due to fluctuating rainy seasons impact mosquito breeding and malaria transmission. The highest number of cases occurred in the health center area near dams used for irrigation, which provide breeding sites for malaria-carrying mosquitoes. Rainy conditions allow mosquito populations to increase rapidly, leading to spikes in malaria cases even after the peak rainy season.
This document is a term paper submitted by students of the Bachelor of Public Health program at La Grande International College in Nepal on the topic of the prevalence of non-communicable diseases. It provides background information on NCDs including risk factors. Global data shows NCDs account for 60% of deaths worldwide, with 80% occurring in low- and middle-income countries. In Nepal, NCDs account for 42% of all deaths currently and are projected to cause 66.3% of deaths by 2030. The term paper analyzes NCD prevalence in Nepal and compares communicable to non-communicable disease burdens. It also examines Nepal's NCD policies and strategies.
Constructing Therapeutic Management Framework in the Treatment of Dengue Feve...paperpublications3
Abstract: To document the therapeutic management in the treatment of dengue fever (DF) among the urban poor in Cebu City, Philippines, this descriptive study was conducted in the dengue hotspot areas of the city. A total of 120 respondents using the formal and non-formal interviews were used. Results revealed that children usually got inflicted with dengue fever; household monthly income was low (Php8, 000.00) with employment as the main source of income (75%). Generally, the study was able to identify the essential factors in the DF therapy management program of the urban poor. These factors were: a) the ethnocognition on the diagnosis and prognosis of the disease, b) ethnotaxonomy of healers and health providers and, c) ethnomedical practice and the health-seeking behavior of health-care givers. In this study, it was made clear that home and alternative medication in DF therapy were responses due to the lack of financial resources in the restoration of health. Although, the urban poor may have received assistance from the national and local governments, health issues were still pressing problems that national government and local governments, and local communities have to address.
a brief descriptions and information regarding major health problemsin India.This content will help to the B.sc Nursing 4 th year students as per syllabus in community health nursing
National Leprosy Eradication Program(NLEP)-1.pptxLavanya122320
The National Leprosy Eradication Program (NLEP) was launched in 1983 with the goals of reducing prevalence of leprosy to less than 1 per 10,000 people and interrupting disease transmission. Key strategies include early detection of new cases, complete treatment with multidrug therapy, reducing disabilities, and increasing awareness. Leprosy classification systems have evolved over time to better understand the disease spectrum and determine appropriate treatment. The Ridley-Jopling system from 1966 is now most commonly used, categorizing leprosy on a spectrum from tuberculoid to lepromatous pole.
Similar to Applied epidemiology rabies in nepal (20)
Organization Structure of Public Health System in Nepal.
Organization Profile (Structure, Functions, Roles, Responsibilities, ToR): http://bit.ly/HealthsystemsNepal
Organization Structure of Public Health System in Nepal | Health System Nepal | Current Health system of Nepal | Organization Structure of Nepalese Health System | Public Health System | Health Governance System in Nepal |Health Organization Profile | https://publichealthupdate.com |
More updates: https://publichealthupdate.com
The document discusses trends in life expectancy and health outcomes in the United States from 1990 to 2017, noting that while life expectancy has generally increased, the rate of increase has slowed in recent years and disparities persist across different demographic groups. Life expectancy was highest in 2017 for females and Asians/Pacific Islanders and lowest for males and African Americans. High blood pressure, dietary risks, and occupational risks were among the leading risk factors contributing to death and disability-adjusted life years.
This document discusses family planning and world population day. It provides background information on concepts of population, importance of population studies, and Nepal's population statistics from census data. The key points are:
1) World Population Day is celebrated annually on July 11th to raise awareness about issues related to population growth and development. This year's theme is "Family Planning: Empowering People, Developing Nations".
2) Family planning involves making informed choices on issues like birth spacing, limiting family size, and improving maternal and child health outcomes. It is an important factor in national development.
3) Nepal still has a high population growth rate according to the latest census. Improving access to quality family planning services can
Non-communicable diseases like diabetes and cancer are increasing worldwide. Diabetes is a disease where the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body cannot use the insulin properly, resulting in high blood sugar. It can be controlled through lifestyle changes like healthy diet, exercise and weight management. Cancer is a group of diseases where abnormal cells grow uncontrollably and can spread to other parts of the body. Early detection of cancers and non-communicable diseases can help improve health outcomes. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is important to prevent and manage these diseases.
This document discusses World No Tobacco Day, which is observed every year on May 31st. The purpose of the day is to raise awareness about the harmful effects of tobacco use. Some key facts provided include that tobacco use causes millions of preventable deaths worldwide each year. Tobacco contains over 4,000 chemicals, many of which are harmful and can cause cancer. Tobacco use increases the risks of various cancers as well as heart disease and respiratory illnesses. The World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control aims to reduce tobacco use and protect people from tobacco smoke. Nepal has also signed and ratified this convention to work towards limiting tobacco use and its health impacts.
Investing in teenage girls - World population Day 2016 (Preeti)Public Health Update
Investing in teenage girls is important for several reasons:
1) Teenage girls face many social and health challenges during their formative years that impact their education, health and long-term opportunities.
2) In Nepal, early pregnancy is common in rural areas where teenage girls lack access to sexual and reproductive health services.
3) Investing in empowering teenage girls through education, health services and rights can help reduce poverty and inequality in the long-run.
Menstrual Hygiene Day (MH Day) is an annual global awareness day on May 28th that aims to break taboos and raise awareness about the importance of menstrual hygiene management for women and girls worldwide. It was initiated in 2014 by the German NGO WASH United to address the challenges and hardships many women and girls face during menstruation, such as a lack of access to menstrual products and proper hygiene facilities. MH Day coordinates over 380 partner organizations to promote solutions and catalyze a global movement that recognizes women's rights through policy advocacy and media outreach. The document discusses menstrual hygiene management issues faced by women and girls in Nepal specifically and why proper menstrual hygiene is important for health, education
Short orientation on reproductive health & Reproductive right (Nepali)Public Health Update
1. The document discusses key aspects of reproductive health and rights in Nepal such as family planning, safe motherhood, adolescent health, and abortion services.
2. It outlines that the Nepali constitution guarantees reproductive health and rights. The government has obligations to ensure these rights are protected in practice through national and international resources.
3. Nepal has made progress in protecting women's human rights since committing to international agreements on reproductive rights. The document reviews some reproductive health services available in Nepal.
This document describes Sagun Paudel's public health blog. The blog contains 14 sections that provide information on public health topics, jobs, opportunities, and how to navigate the blog. Sections include posts on public health courses and news, important days, activities, documents for exams, job listings for various health roles, scholarships, and how to search and join the blog community. The goal is to be the No. 1 blog for sharing public health updates and information in Nepal.
This document describes Sagun Paudel's public health blog. The blog contains 14 sections that provide information on public health topics, jobs, opportunities, and how to navigate the blog. Sections include posts on public health courses and news, important days, activities, documents for exams, job listings for various health roles, scholarships, and how to search and join the blog community. The goal is to be the #1 blog for sharing public health updates and information in Nepal.
ACHIEVEMENT AND PROGRESS TOWARDS HEALTH RELATED MDGS IN NEPALPublic Health Update
This document discusses Nepal's progress towards achieving the health-related Millennium Development Goals. It provides an overview of Nepal's efforts to support the goals and current data on key health indicators related to reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, and combating diseases like HIV/AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis. While Nepal has faced challenges from political instability, it has exceeded targets for reducing child mortality and is on track to meet most health goals. The document recommends continuing efforts to fully achieve all remaining targets and integrate health programs with local governance to support sustainable development.
ACHIEVEMENT AND PROGRESS TOWARDS HEALTH RELATED MDGS IN NEPAL (Draft Seminar ...Public Health Update
This is Draft Seminar paper which will present in my class for partial fulfillment of my Syllabus of BPH 8th semester. ''ACHIEVEMENT AND PROGRESS TOWARDS HEALTH RELATED MDGS IN NEPAL''
A Presentation Presented To orient about HIV, AIDS and STIs for Development of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice for Prevention of HIV and STIs for College Students.
This is a simple and general presentation about the health research which is prepared to present within staffs of Naulo Ghumti Nepal especially for EIHS staffs, objective if this presentation is to orient staffs about research.
The National Nutrition Policy of Nepal from 2004 aims to improve nutrition nationwide by reducing malnutrition rates. The key objectives are reducing protein-energy malnutrition, anemia, iodine deficiency, vitamin A deficiency, and intestinal worm infestation among children and women. The policy outlines strategies like community participation, advocacy, research, and multi-sector coordination to achieve its overall goal of ensuring nutritional well-being for all Nepalis. While programs have scaled up infant and young child feeding, coverage of interventions remains low and nutrition surveys need to be conducted more routinely. Strengthening food security and fully implementing breastfeeding recommendations could help address remaining weaknesses in Nepal's efforts to improve public health through nutrition.
Seminar paper on effictiveness and utilization of htc service in nepal 2014Public Health Update
This document summarizes a health seminar paper on the effectiveness and utilization of HIV testing and counseling (HTC) services in Nepal. It provides background on HIV/AIDS in Nepal, describes the current situation of the epidemic and HTC services. It discusses the objectives, methodology, essential elements and process of HTC services. It analyzes trends in the effectiveness and utilization of HTC, noting challenges like low testing rates, barriers to access, and a lack of coordination between service providers. The paper concludes that collective action is needed from all stakeholders to increase HTC utilization and effectiveness. It recommends integrating HTC with primary health care, improving collaboration, identifying alternative prevention strategies, and addressing stigma.
This document is a term paper submitted to fulfill partial requirements for a Bachelor of Public Health degree. It discusses occupational health and safety policies in Nepal. The paper acknowledges those who helped and supported the students. It has objectives to study the health burden of occupational conditions in Nepal, examine workplace safety policies, and assess major occupations. The methodology describes using secondary sources like reviewing documents from the Ministry of Labour and ILO. The findings report that occupational accidents cause around 200 deaths annually in Nepal. Agriculture, services and construction are major industries with varying workplace standards. Nepal's Labour Act of 1992 covers compensation, leave, and some safety measures. Recent plans aim to improve training and inspections. The conclusion states that current policy is guided by the Labour
This document provides information about sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including their classification, modes of transmission, signs and symptoms, complications, risk factors, epidemiology, management strategies, and diagnostic approaches. STIs are predominantly transmitted through sexual behaviors like vaginal, anal, and oral sex. They can be caused by bacteria, parasites, protozoa, or viruses. Common STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, HIV, hepatitis B, herpes, HPV, and trichomoniasis. Untreated STIs can lead to complications like pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, increased HIV risk, and sometimes cancer. Syndromic management is an approach used to clinically diagnose and treat STIs based on consistent groups of
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
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TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
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Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
1. ‘‘SITUATION ANALYSIS OF RABIES IN NEPAL & RABIES RELATED
PROGRAMME STRATEGIES IN NEPAL’’
A Term paper submitted to fulfill the partial requirement of BPH Third semester
[TPP 5.1 APPLIED EPIDEMIOLOGY-I]
SUBMITTED TO:
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH,
LA GRANDEE INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE,
SIMALCHAUR-8, POKHARA
2012
SUBMITTED BY:
PURNIMA TIMILSINA
RAJESH KUMAR YADAV
KALPANA GURUNG
SAGUN PAUDEL
2. 1. Acknowledgement
The students of Bachelor of Public Health 3rd semester of 2nd year like to express our humbly
thanks to all those who have supported and helped us in accomplishing this term paper in the
topic ‘‘SITUATION ANALYSIS OF RABIES IN NEPAL & RABIES RELATED
PROGRAMME STRATEGIES IN NEPAL’’.
We would like to convey our heartfelt thanks to all those who were directly or indirectly
concerned with this and to all our well wishers.
First of all we would like to thank our respected subject teacher Dr. PrasoonRana for giving us
opportunity to prepare this term paper. We are fully indebted to our coordinator Mr. DilipYadav
for expert guidance, regular supervision, untiring encouragement, inspiration and valuable
suggestion and full support during preparation of term paper.
This term paper is written in simple language, with every bit of necessary information related to
the topic so that studying independently also would not find any difficulties. We think that this
effort will help every individual to understand about the information of the related topic.
3. TABLE OF CONTENT
1. Acknowledgement ............................................................................................................................... 2
TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................................................. 3
2. Introduction: ....................................................................................................................................... 4
Sign & symptoms; ................................................................................................................................ 4
3. Objectives:........................................................................................................................................... 5
specific objective: ................................................................................................................................ 5
General objectives: .............................................................................................................................. 5
4. Methodology ....................................................................................................................................... 6
5. Finding & Discussion: ........................................................................................................................... 7
South-East Asia Region ........................................................................................................................ 7
Burden of disease in Nepal: ................................................................................................................. 7
6.Epidemiological situation in Nepal ........................................................................................................ 8
7. Rabies control in the South East Asia Region ........................................................................................ 9
Strategies ............................................................................................................................................ 9
8. Rabies control activities and achievements in Nepal: ......................................................................... 10
9. Recommandations ............................................................................................................................ 10
10. Reference ........................................................................................................................................ 11
4. 2. Introduction:
Rabies is a viral disease that causes acute encephalitis in endotherms. It is zoonotic , most
commonly by a bite from an infected subject. For a human, rabies is almost invariably fatal if
post exposure prophylaxis is not administered prior to the onset of severe symptoms. The rabies
virus infects the central nervous system, ultimately causing disease in the brain and death.
The rabies virus travels to the brain by following the peripheral nerves. The incubation period of
the disease is usually a few months in humans, depending on the distance the virus must travel to
reach the central nervous system. Once the rabies virus reaches the central nervous system and
symptoms begin to show, the infection is effectively untreatable and usually fatal within days.
Sign & symptoms;
The period between infection and the first flu-like symptoms is normally two to twelve weeks,
but can be as long as two years. Soon after, the symptoms expand to slight or partial paralysis,
cerebral dysfunction, anxiety, insomnia, confusion, agitation, abnormal behavior, paranoia,
terror, hallucinations, progressing to delirium. The production of large quantities of saliva and
tears coupled with an inability to speak or swallow are typical during the later stages of the
disease; this can result in hydrophobia, in which the patient has difficulty swallowing because
the throat and jaw become slowly paralyzed, shows panic when presented with liquids to drink,
and cannot quench its thirst.
Death almost invariably results two to ten days after first symptoms.
5. 3. Objectives:
specific objective:
To analyze the situation of rabies in Nepal and strategies applied for rabies related
programme.
General objectives:
To study the Burden of disease and epidemiological situation.
To study about the rabies prevention strategies in Nepal
To study the WHO strategies for rabies control for SEAR.
To study about Rabies control activities and achievements. Etc.
7. 5. Finding & Discussion:
South-East Asia Region
Rabies, an invariably fatal viral disease, is transmitted to humans through animal bites, most
commonly dogs. The disease is preventable through timely pre-and post-exposure vaccination.
However, once the disease occurs, death is inevitable.
Countries Number of Rate (Human
estimated/reporte cases per 100
d cases 000)
Bangladesh 180 (reported in 0.14
2008)
Estimation:
Approx. 2000
Bhutan Sporadic (Two 0.28
cases in 2008)
DPR Korea Sporadic N/A
India Approx. 20 000 3
Indonesia Approx. 100 0.045
Myanmar Approx. 1000 0.35
Nepal 32# (2007) 0.21
Sri Lanka 51^ (2008) 0.26
Thailand 8* (2008) 0.012
N/A: Not available
#Personal communication, Epidemiology and Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health and
Population, Kathmandu, Nepal
^Weekly Epidemiological Report, http://www.epid.gov.lk/wer.htm
*http://thaigcd.ddc.moph.go.th
Burden of disease in Nepal:
Rabies has been endemic in Nepal since ancient times. Most human cases of rabies in the
Country are reported from urban areas where stray dogs outnumber pet dogs and dog rabies
vaccination coverage is low. Canine rabies is the major epidemiological pattern and the dog is
the primary source of rabies. Most human and animal rabies cases are reported on the basis of
clinical observation and dog-bite history.
In Nepal, 94% of the human cases occur after contact with rabid dogs. It is estimated that 200
people on average die annually due to rabies. National statistics show that about 30 000 people
receive post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP), and the number of people seeking PEP is increasing
every year. Most animal rabies cases are reported from rural and semi-urban areas and villages
8. adjoining wildlife parks and reserves. It is estimated that more than 1000 animals succumb to
rabies each year. Cattle and buffaloes represented 84% of the total of 430 animal rabies cases
reported to the Veterinary Epidemiology Centre during the period of 2006-2010 and it clearly
shows the economic impact of rabies in livestock production in Nepal.
6.Epidemiological situation in Nepal
Rabies in Nepal is thought to circulate in two epidemiological cycles: an urban cycle involving
maintenance of infection in dog populations and a sylvatic cycle involving mongooses, jackals,
and wolves. There is a possibility of spill-over of rabies virus from dogs to wildlife and vice-
versa.
Rabies is unevenly distributed in Nepal. As can be seen from Fig. 1, Terai district is densely
populated and there are wildlife parks and dense forest areas. Outbreaks of rabies are frequently
reported in and around wildlife parks and domestic animals are mainly affected. Mountain
districts rarely report rabies cases as human and animal population distribution is scattered and
maintaining rabies transmission cycle is difficult due to geographical barrier and food scarcity.
Map showing high, moderate and low rabies risk districts, Nepal
9. 7. Rabies control in the South East Asia Region
Rabies is a 100% fatal but at the same time, 100% preventable disease. It is a disease of poverty,
affecting the very vulnerable populations and children. The necessary tools and methods for
control and prevention of human and canine rabies are available and the proof of the feasibility
of rabies elimination has been demonstrated in countries like Japan, Singapore and Malaysia.
Rabies elimination programme focused mainly on mass vaccination of dogs are largely justified
by the future savings of human rabies prevention programme.
A concerted effort between the human and animal health sectors and support from other
stakeholders is needed to achieve the goals of rabies elimination. WHO will continue to provide
technical inputs and support such effort.
Strategies
WHO recommends the following five major activities to be initiated/strengthened in the Member
Countries of the SEA Region :
1) Develop a comprehensive national rabies control programme: Consensus on national
strategy and policy and multisectoral and coordinated approach for rabies control at
different levels.
2) Promote prompt and proper care of dog bite wounds: Immediate and thorough
cleansing and flushing of dog-bite wounds with simple soap water is the most effective
first-aid treatment against rabies. There is a need to educate the public on this important
first step in the prevention of rabies.
3) Increase access to tissue cell-culture vaccines (TCVs): TCVs are safe and effective,
with very low failure rates. Multi-site intra-dermal administration of TCVs greatly
reduces the cost of post-exposure treatment, without sacrificing safety and efficacy.
WHO strongly recommends discontinuation of the old nerve-tissue vaccines (NTVs),
which are still produced and used in two countries of the Region, viz. Bangladesh, and
Myanmar. NTVs have a high rate of adverse reactions and failures, and lower efficacy.
4) Prevent dog rabies through dog vaccination and dog population management:
This includes:
organization of sustainable mass dog vaccinationprogrammes using highly potent
tissue-culture rabies vaccine;
promotion of responsible dog ownership at the community level;
promotion of oral rabies vaccine for stray dogs to improve vaccination coverage;
dog population management through animal birth control (ABC) programme, and
Control of trade and movement of dogs.
It has been seen that where >80% community dogs are properly vaccinated against rabies,
the occurrence of human rabies cases ceases promptly.
5) Public health education and advocacy: This is an important component of any public
health programme and Member States are encouraged to implement public education
and awareness campaigns on rabies prevention and control.
10. 8. Rabies control activities and achievements in Nepal:
Nepal has phased out production and use of Semple type vaccine for humans in 2006. Tissue
culture vaccine for human use is purchased and supplied by the Ministry of Health and
Population to government hospitals on regular basis.
Tissue-culture dog rabies vaccine has been produced since 2005 and dog rabies vaccine is also
imported by private sector. There is an ongoing study on possibility of local production of human
rabies vaccine based on experience of animal tissue-culture rabies vaccine by Rabies vaccine
Production Unit under Directorate of Animal Health.
Dog rabies vaccination is not mandatory and pet dogs are vaccinated against rabies in urban
areas. About 55 000 dogs are immunized against rabies. Dog vaccination campaigns are
organized as a part of the World Rabies Day events by the government as well as non-
governmental organizations.
Many NGOs have been involved in animal birth control and dog rabies vaccination activities in
major cities of Nepal in the last 10 years. In 2007 a workshop on "Consensus Building among
National
Alliance Partners to Eliminate Canine Rabies in Nepal and Development of Strategic Plan" was
organized and supported by the World Health Organization (WHO). The Alliance Group for
Rabies
Control in Nepal has been formed, comprising the Department of Livestock Services, the
Veterinary
Public Health Division, Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC), Department of Public Health and
Social
Welfare, Kathmandu Animal Treatment (KAT) Centre and National Zoonoses and Food Hygiene
Research Centre (NZFHRC). A National Workshop was organized in December 2010 to
formulate a
Rabies Control Strategy, which was attended by all partners involved in rabies control in Nepal.
The
Rabies Control Strategy will serve as a roadmap for control and subsequent elimination of
human rabies.
9. Recommandations
The following all the actions that are needed:
Establish national rabies control programmes, including appointment of National
Programme Officers, and develop five-year strategic plans of action.
Improve rabies surveillance and data collection.
Initiate measures to phase out nerve tissue vaccines and replace them with modern tissue
culture vaccines.
Promote rational use of TCVs for PEP and encourage the introduction of cost-effective
intradermal (I/D) human rabies vaccination schedule in major rabies vaccination centres.
11. Strengthen inter-ministerial and intersectoral collaboration for rabies control in canine
population through mass vaccination, dog population management and active
community participation. Many NGOs and animal welfare groups are interested and
involved in rabies control.
Develop appropriate measures to regulate movement of dogs from one place to another
(rural to urban or island to island).
Community participation
10. Reference
www.searo.who.int
Rabies Country Profile: Nepal
www.nep.searo.who.int
k park.
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