This document discusses the application of genetic engineering in various sectors. It is used in the pharmaceutical sector to develop vaccines by expressing pathogen genes in microbes and for gene therapy by altering a person's genetic makeup. In agriculture, genetic engineering is applied to crop improvement by increasing frost resistance, delaying fruit ripening, and adding insect and herbicide resistance. Bt cotton and Bt brinjal are examples of genetically engineered foods. Genetic engineering also has industrial applications like using bacteria to artificially produce insulin by recombining the insulin gene into bacterial plasmids.

1. Application of
genetic engineering
Submitted by: Ananya Naskar
SALS 5th Sem
Uttaranchal University
Submitted to: Farah Marfi
ma’am

2. Contents
• Genetic engineering
• Application in pharmaceutical sector
• Vaccines
• Gene therapy
• Application in agricultural sector
• Bacillus thuringinesis
• Agrobacterium tumeficiens
• Application in industrial sector
• Production of insulin artificially

3. What is Genetic engineering ?
• It is a process in which a piece of DNA is artificially copied from one
organism and ligated into DNA of another organism.
• It has application in various sectors-
• Pharmaceutical,
• Agriculture,
• Industrial

4. Application in pharmaceutical
sector

5. Vaccines(recombinant microbes)
The simplest application of the modern genetic
manipulation methods to vaccine development
is the expression in microbial cells of genes from
pathogens that encode surface antigens capable of
inducing neutralizing antibodies in the host of the
pathogen involved.

6. Gene therapy (nucleic acids)
Gene therapy is a medical approach that treats or prevents disease by
correcting the underlying genetic problem. Gene therapy techniques
allow doctors to treat a disorder by altering a person's genetic makeup
instead of using drugs or surgery.
On September 14, 1990, W. French
Anderson and his colleagues at the NIH performed the first approved
gene therapy procedure on a four-year-old girl born with severe
combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

7. Application in agriculture sector

8. Includes -
• Crop improvement
• Frost Resistance
• Delayed fruit ripening
• Insect resistance
• Herbicide resistance
• Genetically engineered food-
• Bt cotton
• Bt brinjal

9. Bt cotton
• Bt cotton has been genetically modified by the insertion of one or
more genes from a common soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis.
These genes encode for the production of insecticidal proteins, and
thus, genetically transformed plants produce one or more toxins as
they grow. the insertion of the genes from B. thuringiensis causes
cotton plant cells to produce crystal insecticidal proteins, often
referred to as Cry- proteins. These perforate the cell membrane of in
alkaline environment causing cell lysis and finally death of the insect.

10. Using Bacillus thurenginesis

11. Using Agrobacterium tumeficiens

12. Application in industrial sector

13. Production of insulin
artificially
The gene for insulin is inserted into
the plasmid. This process is called
recombination. The bacterial DNA now
contains the human insulin gene and
is inserted into a bacteria. the insulin
gene translates and produces the
recombinant insulin.