Detailed instumentaion and use of manual Lensometer and just a outline of automated lensometer.
I have used the picture of manual lensometer with out the parts describtion because i have explained orally by showing the picture..
Hope u all like it and may help you in learning better. :)
Troubleshooting bifocals and Market Availability in Nepal
Bifocals in Anisometropia
Prismatic Effect in Bifocal
Bifocal Prescription
Bifocals in High Astigmatism
Detailed instumentaion and use of manual Lensometer and just a outline of automated lensometer.
I have used the picture of manual lensometer with out the parts describtion because i have explained orally by showing the picture..
Hope u all like it and may help you in learning better. :)
Troubleshooting bifocals and Market Availability in Nepal
Bifocals in Anisometropia
Prismatic Effect in Bifocal
Bifocal Prescription
Bifocals in High Astigmatism
Optics of Retinoscope by Dr. Muhammad Zeeshan Hameed.pptxZeeshan Hameed
Includes
1. What is a Retinoscope?
2. Short History of Retinoscope
3. Parts of a Retinoscope
4. Detailed Optics of a Retinoscope
5. Practical Points of Retinoscopy
Key words are -
Aphakia, Pseudophakia, Cause, Optics, Cardinal data changes, visual acuity, Accommodation, Binocular vision, Sign and symptoms, Treatment including > spectacle ( disadvantages also), > C. L., > IOL - both A. C. AND P. C., > Refractive corneal surgery.
#OPTOMETRY #Optometrist #EYECARE #Aphakia #Ashith_Tripathi #OPTOMETRY_Students #education
Optics of Retinoscope by Dr. Muhammad Zeeshan Hameed.pptxZeeshan Hameed
Includes
1. What is a Retinoscope?
2. Short History of Retinoscope
3. Parts of a Retinoscope
4. Detailed Optics of a Retinoscope
5. Practical Points of Retinoscopy
Key words are -
Aphakia, Pseudophakia, Cause, Optics, Cardinal data changes, visual acuity, Accommodation, Binocular vision, Sign and symptoms, Treatment including > spectacle ( disadvantages also), > C. L., > IOL - both A. C. AND P. C., > Refractive corneal surgery.
#OPTOMETRY #Optometrist #EYECARE #Aphakia #Ashith_Tripathi #OPTOMETRY_Students #education
"APHAKIA" for undergraduate MBBS Students.
Covers the basics of Aphakia and its management.
typical problems associated with spectacle correction of Aphakia have been detailed.
Also encompasses salient points for PGMEE
IOL implantation in the absence of capsular bagcrisnemato
Manejo de la ectopia lentis y de los implantes secundarios en ausencia de soporte capsular.
Comparativa entre las diferentes opciones quirúrgicas y protocolo de actuación.
complete information about the refractive errors due to the problem in the acomodation of eye lense , disturbed image formation in the retina, contains -types of disease condition .
Actual e-poster presented at the 6th Asean Ophthalmology Congress in conjunction with the Philippine Academy of Ophthalmology Annual Convention, SMX Convention Center, Pasay City, MetroManila, Philippines, October 2023
Management of visual problems with agingMeghna Verma
Aging bring a continuous changes in visual system.
The visual system is also affected by age related ocular pathological conditions.
In it, routine ocular examination is compulsory.
Management of visual problems of Aging by Ashith Tripathi Ashith Tripathi
This presentation contains headings - Visual performance in the ageing eye
Routine optometric and ocular examination of an older adult:
History
Ocular health examination
Visual acuity measurement
Refraction
Binocular vision
Visual field measurement
Colour vision
Management of vision problems in older adults
Frame requirement
Lens requirements
And special instructions etc.
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
CDSCO and Phamacovigilance {Regulatory body in India}NEHA GUPTA
The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. Aphakia
Aphakia means absence of crystalline lens
From an Optical point of view, aphakia is the absence
of the lens in the pupillary area.
3. CAUSES OF APHAKIA
Congenital aphakia
Surgical aphakia – removal of lens as in cataract
extraction
Aphakia due to absorption of lens – sometimes seen in
children after trauma
Traumatic extrusion of lens
Posterior dislocation of lens into the vitreous causes
optical aphakia
4. OPTICS IN APHAKIA
The lens is important in refraction and hence its removal
results in considerable decreased in the refractory power
of the eye
The eye becomes highly hypermetropic
The power of eye decreases from +60D to +44D
The power of accommodation lost
The posterior focal point lies behind the eyeball
5. CLINICAL FEATURES
Symptoms
Defective vision – due to high hypermetropia and loss
of accommodation
Erythropsia and cyanopsia – due to entry of infrared and ultraviolet
rays in the absence of the crystalline lens
6. Signs (anterior to posterior)
Limbal scar in case of surgical aphakia
Deep anterior chamber
Iridodonesis – tremulousness of the iris due to loss of support of
lens
Jet Black pupil
Fundus examination reveals a small hypermetropic fundus
Retinoscopy shows high hypermetropia
7. Treatment
:
Spectacles
Spectacles should be prescribed with about +10D lens for correction
of aphakia
It should also include correction for surgical astigmatism and +3D
for near vision
Nowadays spectacles are not preferred for use in aphakia
8. Methods of correction
• Unilateral
• Intraocular lens implant
• Contact lenses
• Epikeratophakia Laser surgery
• Bilateral
• Intraocular lens implant
• Spectacles – must be correctly centred and accurately fitted
• Contact lenses
9. Aphakia in children- Clinical picture
• Know-
• Unilateral/ bilateral
• Type & location of cataract
• Duration of cataract persisting
• Cause of the cataract & proper history
• Visual Acuity- generally have severe amblyopia of stimulus
deprivation type and often strabismic type in addition. In some, VA
may be normal
• Cover test- Adults may have latent, intermittent or manifest
strabismus. Children frequently have manifest secondary strabismus
10. Ocular motility & Binocularity--In cases of traumatic cataract, ocular
motility may be limited where there has been associated globe and/or
extraocular muscle damage
• Adults may demonstrate binocular single vision with latent or
intermittent strabismus. Children will not have binocularity due to
presence of dense amblyopia.
11. Problems with unilateral aphakia
• Secondary divergent deviation in adults
• – Secondary convergent deviation in young children
• Stimulus deprivation amblyopia plus strabismus amblyopia
12. Management strategy
• intraocular lens implant,
• contact lenses or
• epikeratophakia.
• Intraocular lenses give the least increase in image size(placed on
entrance pupil).
• Spectacles may be used with bilateral cases, but problems arise with
aberrations, prismatic effects, centration and weight, and they must
be a good fit to encourage tolerance with young children.
• Contact lenses provide a wider field of view than spectacles but have
a risk of infection and lack of oxygen supply to the cornea with
prolonged wear.
14. Adults
• With intermittent deviations, orthoptic exercises are used to improve
fusional reserves.
• The aim is for parallel visual axes with functional cases. In cosmetic
divergent deviations, aim for a slight overcorrection. Where there has
been a loss of fusion, occlusion, Bangerter filters or occlusive contact
lenses may be required (McIntyre & Fells 1996)
15. Children
• There is often a poor prognosis for vision in unilateral cataracts.
• A high incidence of ophthalmic complications, delay in establishing
daily contact lens wear and a failure to achieve good compliance with
occlusion therapy are factors associated with a poor visual outcome
• However, outcomes continue to improve with earlier surgery, better
optical correction of aphakia and occlusion methods (Ruth & Lambert
2006) and it is possible to achieve binocular function with early
surgery and less occlusion in those with good compliance with
contact lens and occlusion therapy (Brown et al. 1999).
• Contact lenses are fitted and occlusion is implemented to improve
vision. These patients usually require full-time total occlusion. Where
traditional occlusion has failed, occlusive contact lenses may be
trialled
16. • Posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation is a safe and
effective method for treatment of cataracts in children over the age
of 2 years. However, there is considerable debate as to the safety and
long-term effects of intraocular lens implantation in neonates.
17. Intraocular Lens Implantation &
Refractive Surgery
This is the preferred method nowadays
The lens can be implanted in the capsular bag or in the anterior
chamber
It eliminates most of the disadvantages associated with the use of
spectacles or contact lenses
Disadvantage include the complications associated with surgery
Refractive surgeries
18. References
• Borish Clinical Refraction
• Clinical Procedures in Primary Eye Care, Elliott
• Clinical optics, American Academy of Ophthalmology