This document provides guidance on how to create a bibliography using the APA referencing style. It defines what a bibliography is and provides examples of how to reference different resource types such as books, book chapters, journal articles, newspaper articles, encyclopedia articles, audiovisual materials, webpages, and personal communications. Key details like author name, publication date, title, publisher are outlined for proper inclusion in bibliographic references.

1. How to create a
Bibliography:
using the APA Referencing Style

2. What is a Bibliography?
?
! A Bibliography is a list of all material
used in the preparation of your
assignment. It is usually in alphabetical
order of author's surname. If a resource
has no author, list it in alphabetical
order by the first 3 letters of the title,
ignoring the words A, and The at the
beginning of a title.

3. Hints
! Remember to write down the
:
bibliographic details of a resource as
you use it. Don't wait until the end of
the assignment, when you have returned
some of the resources, and think 'which
book did I use? Where is it?'

4. What bibliographic details
do I need to reference
different types of
resources?

5. Book
! Author's surname, author's initial.
! Publication date (in brackets).
! Title – italics.
! Place of publication: Publisher.
• Kourik, R. (2010). The lavender garden. San Francisco: Chronicle
Books
•

6. Book chapter
! Author's surname, author's initial – of chapter
! Publication date (in brackets).
! Title of chapter
! Author's surname, author's initial – of book
! Title of book – italics.
! Pages of chapter
! Place of publication: Publisher.
• Prinze, T.P. (2001). Colours of the rainbow. In F.M. Hood & T.S.
Center (Eds.). Colour spectrums. (pp. 74-85). New York, NY: Scott
Press.
•

7. Journal article
• Author surname, Initial
• Publication date - in brackets
• Title of article',
• Title of periodical - italics,
• Volume,
• Number in brackets
• Page number
• Smith, M., & Brown, L. (2010). A look at gaming in education.
Schools and Education, 12(6), 123-134.

8. Electronic journal article
from online database
• Author surname, Initial
• Publication date - in brackets
• Title of article',
• Title of periodical - italics,
• Volume,
• Number in brackets
• Page number
• Retrieved from – URL of online database
.
• Baker, V., Smiths, K., & Dodd, Y. (2010). Changing careers in mid stream.
Australian Journal of Careers, 23(4), 19–25. Retrieved from http://
www.jstor.org/

9. Newspaper article
! Author surname, Initial.
! Publication date - in brackets
! Title of article',
! Title of newspaper - italics,
! Page number.
! Shaw, P. (2011, May 12). Mining shares drop, The Australian, p.12.

10. Encyclopedia article
! Author's surname, author's initial – of article
! Publication date (in brackets).
! Title of article.
! Volume number and pages of encyclopedia
! Place of publication: Publisher
• Barker, D. (2007). Tiger cubs. In International encyclopedia of
animals. (Vol. 3, pp. 22-27). New York: N.Y.: Notable Press.

11. Audio Visual Material
• Surname and initials of producer
. Surname and initials of writer/director
• Production date (in brackets)
• Title in italics
• Media type in square brackets
• Place of production
• Studio name
Movie: Scorsese, M. (Producer), & Lonergan, K. (Writer/Director).
(2000). You can count on me [Motion picture]. United States:
Paramount Pictures.
DVD: same as above but [DVD] in square brackets
TV program: Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The
MacNeil/Lehrer news hour [Television broadcast]. New York and
Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.

12. Webpage with an author
. Author surname and initials
• Date webpage created – in brackets . Hint: you will find this at the
bottom of the page
• Title of web page in italics
• Retrieved and date retrieved
• from full URL
• Luikkonen ,P. (2008). Roald Dahl (1916-1990). Retrieved October 2,
2011, from http://kirjasto.sci.fi/rdahl.htm
•
•

13. Webpage with no author
. Title of webpage in italics
• Date webpage created (in brackets) Hint: you will find this at the
bottom of the page
• Retrieved and date retrieved
• from full URL
• Roald Dahl. (2011) Retrieved October 2, 2011, from http://
www.roalddahl.com/.
•
•

14. Personal communication
! Forms of personal communication include letters, telephone
conversations, personal interviews and e-mail messages.
! These are not included in your bibliography as they cannot be
traced by the reader.
! You should refer to your source in the text of your assignment (in-
text referencing).
• Examples:
• D. Scott reported that 111 mm of rain fell in Turramurra yesterday.
(personal communication, October 10, 2010)
. …races. (S.Smith, personal communication, May 24, 2011)...