This document provides a fill-in-the-blanks guide to citing sources in MLA format. It includes 17 elements to include when citing different source types such as books, articles, websites, interviews and more. For each source type, it provides an example citation formatted in MLA style with explanations of where each element of the citation falls. The guide covers both print and electronic sources, and how to modify citations for sources found in academic databases.
This is the Chicago Manual Style workshop for the Writing Center at Purdue University Calumet. It shows students how to format their paper and cite sources correctly according to the Chicago Manual of Style.
harvard format of bibiliograph-
introduction-“Harvard Style” is a generic term for any referencing style which uses in-text references such as (Smith, 1999) and a reference list at the end of the document organised by author name and year of publication.
Two types of citations are included:
In-text citations are used when directly quoting or paraphrasing a source.
Depending on the source type, some Harvard Reference in-text citations may look something like this:
"After that I lived like a young rajah in all the capitals of Europe…" (Fitzgerald, 2004).
Reference Lists are located at the end of the work and display full citations for sources used in the assignment.
Here is an example of a full citation for a book found in a Harvard Reference list:
Fitzgerald, F. (2004). The great Gatsby. New York: Scribner.
HARVARD REFERENCE LIST CITATIONS FOR BOOKS WITH ONE AUTHOR
The structure for a Harvard Reference List citation for books with one author includes the following:
Last name, First initial. (Year published). Title. Edition. (Only include the edition if it is not the first edition) City published: Publisher, Page(s).
If the edition isn’t listed, it is safe to assume that it is the first addition, and does not need to be included in the citation.
This is the Chicago Manual Style workshop for the Writing Center at Purdue University Calumet. It shows students how to format their paper and cite sources correctly according to the Chicago Manual of Style.
harvard format of bibiliograph-
introduction-“Harvard Style” is a generic term for any referencing style which uses in-text references such as (Smith, 1999) and a reference list at the end of the document organised by author name and year of publication.
Two types of citations are included:
In-text citations are used when directly quoting or paraphrasing a source.
Depending on the source type, some Harvard Reference in-text citations may look something like this:
"After that I lived like a young rajah in all the capitals of Europe…" (Fitzgerald, 2004).
Reference Lists are located at the end of the work and display full citations for sources used in the assignment.
Here is an example of a full citation for a book found in a Harvard Reference list:
Fitzgerald, F. (2004). The great Gatsby. New York: Scribner.
HARVARD REFERENCE LIST CITATIONS FOR BOOKS WITH ONE AUTHOR
The structure for a Harvard Reference List citation for books with one author includes the following:
Last name, First initial. (Year published). Title. Edition. (Only include the edition if it is not the first edition) City published: Publisher, Page(s).
If the edition isn’t listed, it is safe to assume that it is the first addition, and does not need to be included in the citation.
Making a bibliography for periodicals and booksshzeanne
This is useful for research citation, especially for research students. It contains info about the definition of a bibliography, periodicals and books, how to make a citation, and the different ways of citing.
Making a bibliography for periodicals and booksshzeanne
This is useful for research citation, especially for research students. It contains info about the definition of a bibliography, periodicals and books, how to make a citation, and the different ways of citing.
OCC WRITING CENTER APA REFERENCES HANDOUT 1 The Owens Comm.docxcherishwinsland
OCC WRITING CENTER APA REFERENCES HANDOUT 1
The Owens Community College Writing Center’s Quick Guide to APA Common Citations
Edited March 25, 2016
Uses APA 6
th
edition and
The Little Seagull (LS) Handbook
In-Text Citation Basics:
Your parenthetical (or in-text) citations within your paper link back to the References entries at
the end of your paper by giving enough information to tell your readers
which source from your reference list they are looking at
publication date of the source and
where in the source the information can be found.
It is usually best to reference the source in text—usually by the author’s last name, followed by
the publication date (in parentheses) and a past tense signal verb. If present in the source, also
include a page or paragraph number in parentheses at the end of the sentence. APA also
allows writers to include all of these pieces of information together in a parenthetical citation,
with a comma and a space between each piece.
Examples (In-text citation models from LS, highlights added for clarity):
Model 1: Author named in a signal phrase (using past tense):
Author Quoted
Grady (2015), a notable dinosaur expert, stated, “Dinosaurs have become popular
lately since they have been released into the wild” (p. 5).
In this example, the author’s last name is mentioned in a signal phrase, the publication date is
shown in a parenthetical citation directly following the author’s name, and the page number is
given in a parenthetical citation as close as possible to the quotation itself. Notice the location
of the period.
Author Paraphrased or Summarized
People have recently become more interested in dinosaurs due to their increased
presence, according to Grady (2015, p. 5).
In this example, the date in parentheses immediately follows the author’s last name; the page
number then follows the date. Notice the location of the period.
Model 2: Author named in parentheses:
Author Quoted
One notable dinosaur expert (Grady, 2015) has stated, “Raptors do not think of people
as Alphas, but food; they don’t make good pets” (p. 17).
Author Paraphrased or Summarized
Raptors regard humans as prey rather than predators; therefore, raptors would not be
easily domesticated (Grady, 2015, p. 17).
The first example references the author, publication date, and page number split between two
parenthetical citations around the quoted words. The second example references the author,
publication date, and page number in one parenthetical citation at the end of the paraphrase.
OCC WRITING CENTER APA REFERENCES HANDOUT 2
In-Text Citation Examples (continued):
A work with two authors:
Grant and Sattler (1993) shared the results of their archaeological digs in hopes of
bringing dinosaurs to life for everyone, not just scientists (p. 55).
-OR-
Two experts in the field (Grant & Sattler, 1993, p. 55) shared the results of their
archaeological.
1. How to Cite Sources: A Fill-in-the-Blanks Guide to MLA
The main purpose of doing research is not to summarize the work of others, but to assimilate and to
build on it and to arrive at your own understanding of the subject (Garibaldi, MLA Handbook, 4). The rea-
sons for citing sources are: 1) to give credit for previous work by others, and 2) show the sources you used
if someone else wants to follow your research.
[] First line of each cited work begins at the left margin; all other lines are indented 5 spaces
[] Alphabetize entries by the author(s) last name, if given. Otherwise, alphabetize by the article or book title.
[] Separate each element of your citation with a period, except for the access date and the URL.
Books/Reference sources/ periodicals
1. Author’s name, or editor’s name and title (if given) Last name, first name, ed.
2. Title of part of book (if given) “In quotation marks.”
3. Title of book Underline or italicize
4. Date of periodical (periodical only) Date Month Year.
5. Name of translator or compiler (if necessary) Translated by/Compiled by first name last name.
6. Edition (if necessary) X ed. (books)
title of edition: section: (newspapers) [E3.]
7. Number(s) of volume(s) (if necessary) X vols.
8. Name of the series (if necessary)
9. Place of publication, publisher’s name, date of publication City, State: Publisher, Year.
10. Page numbers (if necessary, usually for periodicals) :XX-XX.
For online sources, also include the following:
11. Date of electronic publication or latest update Day Month Year
12. Name of sponsoring institution or organization U. of West Virginia
13. Date of access Day Month Year
14. Website address <place in angle brackets>.
(hit back-space to key keep period after brackets)
For subscription databases, 1-10 of the above plus:
15. Name of the database
(like Electric Library or Proquest.) Grove Art. (underlined)
16. Place of access. Kentwood HS (local database)
KCLS from Kentwood HS. (remote database)
17. Date of access Day Month Year.
18. Website address These always go at the end of the of the citation in <angle brackets>.
Book with one author:
Fairbanks, Carol. Prairie Women: Images in American and Canadian Fiction. New Haven, CN: Yale University Press, 1986.
__________ , __________,. ______________________________________. ________ ,___ : ___________ , ____.
(Author last) (Author first) (Title-underlined or italicized ) (Location city, state) (Publisher) (Year)
Book with 2-3 authors:
Landre, Rick, Mike Miller, and Dee Porter. Gangs: A Handbook for Community Awareness. New York, NY: Facts on File, 1997.
_____,_____ , ________ , ____________ . _____________________________________ . _______, ___ : __________ , ___.
(Author A last, first) (Author B first last) (Author C first last) (Title- underlined or italicized) (Location city, state) (Publisher) (Year)
Book with corporate author:
Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art. A Guide to the Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Cornell University. Ithaca, NY: Cornell
University, 1973.
__________________________ . ____________________________________ . __________________________ . _______________ , ____ .
(Institution responsible for source) (Title- underlined or italicized) ( Location city, state) (Publisher) (Year)
Book with editor:
Blanco Richard L., ed. The American Revolution, 1775-1783: An Encyclopedia. 2 vols. Hamden, NY: Garland, 1993
_________,___ , ____. ________________________________________________ . ___________ . ______ , ___ .
(Author last, first) (ed.) (Title- underlined or italicized) (Location city, state) (Publisher) (Year)
2. Article in an encyclopedia: (NOTE: Authors’ names, if given, are usually at the end of the article)
Bergman, P. G. "Relativity." The New Encyclopedia Britannica. 15th ed. 1987.
_______,___ . _______ . __________________________ . ____ . ____ .
(Author last, first) (Title of article in quotes)(Title- underlined or italicized) (Edition) (Year)
Article in a printed newspaper: (NOTE: some stories are picked up from international wire services such as Associated Press)
Tucker, Cynthia. “Education Stays on Top of Southerners’ Agenda.” Atlanta Constitution. 21 Mar. 1987: 19A.
______,_____ . _______________________________________ . _______________ . __________ : _____ .
(Author last, first) (Title of article in quotes) (Newspaper title) (Day Month Year) (Section)
Article in a printed magazine:
Prin, Dinah. “Marriage in the ‘90’s.” New Yorker. 2 June 1990: 40-45.
___,_____ . _________________ . _________ . _________ : ____ .
(Author, last, first) (Title of article in quotes) (Magazine title) (Day Month Year) (Pages)
E-mail communication:
McClain, Deborah. 26 June 2008. “Nile River Research Project Results.”
______,________ . _______________. _____________________________ .
(Author last, first) (Day Month Year received) (Subject title of email in quotes)
Website:
Barker, Joe. “Finding Information on the Internet: A Tutorial.” Mar. 2001. UCBerkeley. 3 Mar. 2004.
<http://lib.berkely.edu/TeachingLib/Guides/Internet/Style.html>.
_____,___ . _____________________________________ . _____________ . _________ . _____________ . _______________ .
(Author last, first) Website title in quotes) (Updated Day Month Year) (Sponsor institute) (Day Month Year of access) (URL in <brackets>)
Database Magazine article:
Weiss, Peter. “Thermonuclear Squeeze.” Science News. 21 Jan. 2006. Proquest. Kentwood HS. 3 Feb. 2006. < http://proquest.umi.com/>.
______,________ . _______________ . _________________________________ . ______________ . ________________ . _________________________________ . _______________ . _____ .
(Author last, first) (Article in quotes) (Title of magazine) (Day Month Year) (Database title) (Location of access) (Date of access) (URL)
Database Newspaper Article: (NOTE: some stories are picked up from international wire services like Associated Press)
Assoc. Press. “Read Finds Possible Cause for Radioactive leak.” Vancouver Columbian. 1 Oct. 1997. Proquest. Kentwood HS. 3 Feb. 2006.
< http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb>.
_____,___ . ________________________________________ .___________________ . ________ . ______ . _________ . _________. ___.
(Author last, first) (Title of article in quotes) (Newspaper title) (Day Month Year)(Database title)(Location of access)(Access date)(URL)
Database Video clip:
“War Code: Navajo.” United Learning. 1995. unitedstreaming. Kentwood HS remote access. 4 Feb. 2006. <http:www.unitedstreaming.com/>.
_______________ . _____________ . ___. _____________ . _______________________ . _________ . _____________ .
(Title of video clip) Title of source) (date) (Database title) (Location of access) (Day Month Year of access) (URL in <brackets>)
Database Encyclopedia article: (NOTE: Authors’ names, if given, are usually at the end of the article)
“Aztec.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 2006. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. King County Library remote access. 4 Feb. 2006.
< http://0-search.eb.com.catalog.kcls.org:80/eb/article-9011557>.
______ . ___________ . _________________ . __________ . _________ . ____________________________ . ___________ .
(Author last, first)(Title of article ) (Title- underlined or italicized) (Day Month Year) (Database title) (Location of access) (Day Month Year of access)
_______________ .
(URL in <brackets>
Interview:
Asmundson, Mark. Telephone Interview. 22 July. 1999.
_______,______ . ________________ . ___________ .
(Person interviewed last, first)(Type of interview) (Date- Day Month Year)
Video: (NOTE: identify the format [e.g., DVD] for the source)
“Medicine at the Crossroads.” Prod. 13/WNET and BBC TV. Videocassette. PBS Video, 19993
______________________ . _______________________ . ___________ . ________ , ______ .
(Title of video- underlined or italicized) (Production company) (Format) (Distributor)) (Date)