This document provides guidance on responsible research practices for psychologists. It discusses proper procedures and potential violations for collaborating on research projects, managing conflicts of interest and commitments, acquiring and sharing data, conducting human subject research, ensuring animal welfare, and mentoring less experienced researchers. Key aspects of responsible research addressed include clearly defining roles and goals for collaboration, properly addressing any financial or personal biases, making data publicly available whenever possible, obtaining informed consent and minimizing harm for human and animal subjects, and maintaining appropriate boundaries in mentoring relationships.
Ethics, a very important part of psychological research which play major role in the conduction of psychological research it's about the moral values and social norms which applies to all Researchers and there are a comprehensive guidelines about ethics given by American Psychological Association 2013 listed in this presentation.
Ethics, a very important part of psychological research which play major role in the conduction of psychological research it's about the moral values and social norms which applies to all Researchers and there are a comprehensive guidelines about ethics given by American Psychological Association 2013 listed in this presentation.
This Slide is very simple to understand the assessment, process of assessment..and it also provide help to understand differences between assessment, evolution and testing... for more information you can contact on email "asit.psy@gmail.com" thank you.
There are many different kinds of ethical issues facing clinical psychologists. Some of the most common ones involve confidentiality, payments, relationships, and testimony.
Protective Test - HFD- Personality AnalysisArora Mairaj
Aim of this lecture is to discuss HFD- as a technique for the assessment of Personality, with a brief review of Test , Types of Psychological Tests & Techniques.
This Slide is very simple to understand the assessment, process of assessment..and it also provide help to understand differences between assessment, evolution and testing... for more information you can contact on email "asit.psy@gmail.com" thank you.
There are many different kinds of ethical issues facing clinical psychologists. Some of the most common ones involve confidentiality, payments, relationships, and testimony.
Protective Test - HFD- Personality AnalysisArora Mairaj
Aim of this lecture is to discuss HFD- as a technique for the assessment of Personality, with a brief review of Test , Types of Psychological Tests & Techniques.
Example of an Annotated Bibliography (APA Style)Gipson, T., .docxelbanglis
Example of an Annotated Bibliography (APA Style)
Gipson, T., Lance, E., Albury, R., Gentner, M., & Leppert, M. (2015). Disparities in
identification of comorbid diagnoses in children with ADHD. Clinical Pediatrics, 54(4): 376-381.
The authors examine ADHD children with relevant comorbid conditions and medication prescribing habits based on comprehensive neurodevelopmental evaluations versus insurance limited evaluations to behavior management and medication. This was done using a retrospective review of medical records at the Center for Development and Learning Clinic. Data for demographics, comorbidities, medications, and interventions were analyzed for associations between groups. Results demonstrated that kids who received comprehensive evaluations had a greater degree of diagnosis for comorbidities. This stimulates the question of income levels and comprehensive evaluations in ADHD kids and comorbid conditions.
Hinojosa, M., Hinojosa, R., Fernandez-Baca, D., Knapp, C., & Thompson, L. (2012). Parental strain, parental health, and community characteristics among children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Academic Pediatrics, 12(6): 502-508.
The authors examined the impact on parents who have a child with ADHD and comorbidities. Using the National Survey of Children’s Health dataset, they conducted a bivariate, multivariate, and descriptive analysis to look for associations between kids with ADHD and comorbid conditions and the strain on parents, social support, mother’s mental health, and local amenities. Results showed an increase in parental strain when caring for an ADHD child with a co-occurring condition. It also showed that lack of social support and lack of access to community amenities were predictors of increased parental strain. This study demonstrates the impact on the health of caregivers to ADHD children with comorbidities.
Radigan, M., Lannon, P., Roohan, P., & Gesten, F. (2005). Medication patterns for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and comorbid psychiatric conditions in a low-income population. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 15(1): 44-56.
The authors examined the psychotropic medications usage of low-income kids who have been diagnosed with ADHD comparing those with and without comorbid conditions. The New York State Department of Health Medicaid Encounter Data System was used to extract information on 6,922 kids 3-19 years of age. A multivariate logistic regression was conducted to look at associations between ADHD with comorbid conditions and medication usage. Results showed the strongest predictors of medication use to be comorbid conditions and Social Security Income Medicaid eligible status. This study stimulates the question of the possibility for ADHD children with comorbidities to have treatment variations based on income status.
Rockhill, C., Violette, H., Vander Stoep, A., Grover, S., & Myers, K. (2013). Caregivers’ distress: Youth with attentio ...
David Resnik - MedicReS World Congress 2012MedicReS
Ethical Dilemmas in Scientific Research
David B. Resnik, JD, PhD, NIEHS/NIH
This research is supported by the NIEHS/NIH. It does not represent the views of the NIEHS, NIH, or US government.
DRUGS New agreement to tackle pharmaceutical pollution p.1AlyciaGold776
DRUGS New agreement to
tackle pharmaceutical
pollution p.164
WORLD VIEW Vaccination
the best way to measure
health care p.165
DUNG OVER Rolling beetles
fooled by look-alike
seeds p.167
Let’s think about cognitive bias
The human brain’s habit of finding what it wants to find is a key problem for research. Establishing
robust methods to avoid such bias will make results more reproducible.
“Ever since I first learned about confirmation bias I’ve been see-ing it everywhere.” So said British author and broadcaster Jon Ronson in So You’ve Been Publicly Shamed (Picador, 2015).
You will see a lot of cognitive bias in this week’s Nature. In a series
of articles, we examine the impact that bias can have on research, and
the best ways to identify and tackle it. One enemy of robust science
is our humanity — our appetite for being right, and our tendency to
find patterns in noise, to see supporting evidence for what we already
believe is true, and to ignore the facts that do not fit.
The sources and types of such cognitive bias — and the fallacies they
produce — are becoming more widely appreciated. Some of the prob-
lems are as old as science itself, and some are new: the IKEA effect, for
example, describes a cognitive bias among consumers who place artifi-
cially high value on products that they have built themselves. Another
common fallacy in research is the Texas sharp-shooter effect — fir-
ing off a few rounds and then drawing a bull’s eye around the bullet
holes. And then there is asymmetrical attention: carefully debugging
analyses and debunking data that counter a favoured hypothesis, while
letting evidence in favour of the hypothesis slide by unexamined.
Such fallacies sound obvious and easy to avoid. It is easy to think that
they only affect other people. In fact, they fall naturally into investiga-
tors’ blind spots (see page 182).
Advocates of robust science have repeatedly warned against cogni-
tive habits that can lead to error. Although such awareness is essential,
it is insufficient. The scientific community needs concrete guidance on
how to manage its all-too-human biases and avoid the errors they cause.
That need is particularly acute in statistical data analysis, where
some of the best-established methods were developed in a time before
data sets were measured in terabytes, and where choices between tech-
niques offer abundant opportunity for errors. Proteomics and genom-
ics, for example, crunch millions of data points at once, over thousands
of gene or protein variants. Early work was plagued by false positives,
before the spread of techniques that could account for the myriad
hypotheses that such a data-rich environment could generate.
Although problems persist, these fields serve as examples of commu-
nities learning to recognize and curb their mistakes. Another example is
the venerable practice of double-blind studies. But more effort is needed,
particularly in what some have called evidence- ...
Introduction to Methods in Cultural AnthropologyIn this topic,.docxnormanibarber20063
Introduction to Methods in Cultural Anthropology
In this topic, you will explore how anthropologists conduct research with a special focus on ethics in anthropology. You will also have an opportunity to develop your own research proposal in Activity 1.
Please note that you have 5 Activities due in this class ( If you are taking the class as the 8 week option you have 3 activities and if you are taking the class as a 12 week option you have four activities). Please note that no matter what option you are taking, you do end up doing all the work of the acitivies but in a different format). Due dates for the activities are noted on the When Assignments are Due page. Be sure to allow adequate time to complete. Please review all the assignments now and make plans in your schedule to work on them. These assignments are meant to help you learn the material as well as give you an opportunity to show what you are learning beyond just quizzes and exams.
Horizontal Rule
Objectives
After completing the learning activities for this topic, you will be able to:
List, define, and apply the steps in conducting fieldwork.
Describe and cite examples of data-gathering techniques.
Analyze the nature of ethical dilemmas in anthropological field work.
Click on the image below to view a photo gallery.
How Anthropologists Do Research -- The Importance of Ethics
Written by Dr. Katherine R. Rowell, Professor of Sociology, Sinclair Community College
Your textbook discusses the 5 steps of conducting anthropological research or fieldwork. I typically add another step in the beginning known as preparation. Thus, there are six steps to conducting anthropological fieldwork. In fact, the first step, preparation, is important for anyone visiting another culture or working with people from another culture.
Step 1: Preparation
Preparing to conduct research on a different culture or visit another culture can be time consuming. One of the most important issues is geographical location of the culture you plan to visit or study. There are funding issues, health precautions (shots and medications), governmental permissions (visas and passports), language issues (Do you have an interpreter? or Do you know the language?), Personal affairs (Who is going to pay your bills? Feed your cat?), Packing issues (How much are you allowed to take? What items are a necessity?) and finally, do you have an informant and a site to do research? (Someone within that culture to help you with your research or help you on your visit). These issues take a lot of time to work out and are an important first step.
Step 2: Selecting a Research Problem
In the past the goal of anthropological research was to describe a culture in as much detail as possible (ethnography). Today, the research is typically problem based. For example, when I went to Botswana, Swaziland, and South Africa my goal was to understand the AIDS crisis and compare approaches to reducing HIV/AIDS in these countries. Often times the re.
RESPOND TO THESE STUDENTS POSTVictoria post 75 words post.docxcwilliam4
RESPOND TO THESE STUDENTS POST
Victoria post 75 words post
In 1946, scientists first discovered that DNA can be transferred between organisms. It is now known that there are several mechanisms for DNA transfer and that these occur in nature on a large scale, for example, it is a major mechanism for antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria. The first genetically modified plant was produced in 1983, using an antibiotic-resistant tobacco plant (Bawa, & Anilakumar, 2013). Genetically modified food organisms are living organisms whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering. This creates combinations of plant, animal, bacteria, and virus genes that do not occur in nature or through traditional crossbreeding methods (“GMO Facts,” 2016). Many argue that GMOs can cause environmental damage and health problems for consumers. This is because genetically modified foods have been linked to toxic and allergic reactions, sickness, sterile and dead livestock, and damage to virtually every organ studied in lab animals.
While researching this topic, I found a lot of scientific evidence available to illustrate the effects of the health hazards caused by genetically modified food organisms. “Many scientific data indicate that animals fed by GM crops have been harmed or even died. One example reported had rats exposed to transgenic potatoes or soya had abnormal young sperm; cows, goats, buffalo, pigs and other livestock grazing on Bt-maize, GM cottonseed and certain biotech corn showed complications including early deliveries, abortions, infertility and also many died” (Maghari, & Ardekani, 2011). Another issue is that new proteins can be synthesized that can produce unpredictable allergenic effects. For example, bean plants that were genetically modified to increase cysteine and methionine content were discarded after the discovery that the expressed protein of the transgene was highly allergenic (Bawa, & Anilakumar, 2013).
Michael post 75 word post
"Pesticides are poisons and, unfortunately, they can harm more than just the “pests” at which they are targeted." (PAN UK, 2019). This fairly succinctly summarizes the idea. The entire purpose of a pesticide is to repel or kill species that are harmful to certain desirable plants, most of which serve as edible produce to humans. However any substance that is harmful to organic life has the potential to have negative repercussions on creatures that the pesticide is not intended to bring harm to. Like the humans who would eat the produce being protected by the pesticide. In the short term we can have various forms of irritation or minor illness, while in the long term we can have cases of Parkinson's disease and cancer.
When it comes to alternatives to pesticides the answers are a bit tricky depending on the pest. For pests such as mosquitoes having garlic growing is a simple and natural alternative to chemicals. Pests such as ants, caterpillars, an.
SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF BEHAVIOR CHP. 1LEARNING OBJECTIVES.docxbagotjesusa
SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF BEHAVIOR CHP. 1
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
· Describe why an understanding of research methods is important.
· Describe the scientific approach to learning about behavior and contrast it with pseudoscientific research.
· Define and give examples of the four goals of scientific research: description, prediction, determination of cause, and explanation of behavior.
· Discuss the three elements for inferring causation: temporal order, covariation of cause and effect, and elimination of alternative explanations.
· Define, describe, compare, and contrast basic and applied research.
Page 2DO SOCIAL MEDIA SITES LIKE FACEBOOK AND INSTAGRAM IMPACT OUR RELATIONSHIPS? What causes alcoholism? How do our early childhood experiences affect our later lives? How do we remember things, what causes us to forget, and how can memory be improved? Why do we procrastinate? Why do some people experience anxiety so extreme that it disrupts their lives while others—facing the same situation—seem to be unaffected? How can we help people who suffer from depression? Why do we like certain people and dislike others?
Curiosity about questions like these is probably the most important reason that many students decide to take courses in the behavioral sciences. Science is the best way to explore and answer these sorts of questions. In this book, we will examine the methods of scientific research in the behavioral sciences. In this introductory chapter, we will focus on ways in which knowledge of research methods can be useful in understanding the world around us. Further, we will review the characteristics of a scientific approach to the study of behavior and the general types of research questions that concern behavioral scientists.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH METHODS
We are continuously bombarded with research results: “Happiness Wards Off Heart Disease,” “Recession Causes Increase in Teen Dating Violence,” “Breast-Fed Children Found Smarter,” “Facebook Users Get Worse Grades in College.” Articles and books make claims about the beneficial or harmful effects of particular diets or vitamins on one's sex life, personality, or health. Survey results are frequently reported that draw conclusions about our beliefs concerning a variety of topics. The key question is, how do you evaluate such reports? Do you simply accept the findings because they are supposed to be scientific? A background in research methods will help you read these reports critically, evaluate the methods employed, and decide whether the conclusions are reasonable.
Many occupations require the use of research findings. For example, mental health professionals must make decisions about treatment methods, assignment of clients to different types of facilities, medications, and testing procedures. Such decisions are made on the basis of research; to make good decisions, mental health professionals must be able to read the research literature in the field and apply it to their professional lives. .
Ethical Conduct of Researchpower point from this document, 1.docxdebishakespeare
Ethical Conduct of Research
power point from this document, 15 slides
Introduction
Depending on the context of the study, researchers often encounter ethical dilemmas that are associated with respect for privacy, establishment of honest and open interactions, and avoidance of misrepresentation. From an ethical standpoint, such challenging circumstances may surface if researchers are grappling with conflicting issues and have to choose between different methodological approaches in complex circumstances. In such circumstances, disagreements among different components including participants, researchers, researchers’ disciplines, the financing organization, and the society might be inevitable. Therefore, there are numerous ethical concerns that should be taken into account when undertaking studies that deal with human subjects. Understanding ethical principles can guide researchers to conduct studies that safeguard the wellbeing of human subjects.
Overview of the Research
In a research work titled
Resilience of People Living with HIV/AIDS in Indonesia: a Phenomenological Study
, Kumboyono et al. (2018) observe that HIV/ AIDS is among the most prevalent and expanding communicable diseases on the planet. The number of individuals who are diagnosed with HIV/AIDS continues to skyrocket every year in Indonesia and other parts of the world. According to Kumboyono et al. (2018), individuals who suffer from HIV/AIDS often plunge themselves into a series of crises, which indicate the challenges of living with the chronic pathological condition. As such, resilience is one distinct phenomenon that is common among persons living with the diseases Indonesia, a pattern that indicates the results of current health management and expectations of HIV/AIDS patients for better and improved health outcomes. In light of this concern, Kumboyono et al. (2018) undertook a study that sought to examine the mechanism of resilience in Indonesian people living with HIV/AIDS and the factors that influence their specific mechanisms.
Using qualitative phenomenological design, the researchers sampled a total of 27 people living with HIV/AIDS from a primary health care institution in Malang City, East Java, Indonesia. The participants were selected from different socioeconomic, gender, and sexual orientations. The researchers informed participants about the conduct and processes involved in the study, resulting in their consent to participate in the interview process. The findings of the study indicated that the diagnosis of HIV/AIDS reflects the onset of psychological and social distress. Moreover, Kumbomoyo et al. (2018) found that the spiritual response that follows diagnosis is a state that is characterized by crises. As a consequence, the coping strategies and understanding of life by HIV patients is a definite sign on resilience. Based on these findings, Kumbomoyo et al. (2018) infer that HIV/AIDS is a chronic infection that has the potential to induce the unique .
Jason KnottBritain on ViewPhotolibrarychapter 1Psych.docxchristiandean12115
Jason Knott/Britain on View/Photolibrary
chapter 1
Psychology as a Science
Chapter Contents
• Research Areas in Psychology
• Scientific Thinking and Paths to Knowledge
• Hypotheses and Theories
• Searching the Literature
• Ethics in Research
CO_
CO_
new66480_01_c01_p001-046.indd 1 10/31/11 9:11 AM
CHAPTER 1Introduction
In an article in Wired magazine, journalist Amy Wallace described her visit to the annual conference sponsored by Autism One, a nonprofit group organized around the belief that autism is caused by mandatory childhood vaccines:
I flashed more than once on Carl Sagan’s idea of the power of an “unsatisfied
medical need.” Because a massive research effort has yet to reveal the precise
causes of autism, pseudoscience has stepped in to the void. In the hallways
of the Westin O’Hare hotel, helpful salespeople strove to catch my eye . . .
pitching everything from vitamins and supplements to gluten-free cookies . . .
hyperbaric chambers, and neuro-feedback machines.
(Wallace, 2009, p. 134)
The “pseudoscience” to which Wallace refers is the claim that vaccines generally do more
harm than good and specifically cause children to develop autism. In fact, an extensive statis-
tical review of epidemiological studies, including tens of thousands of vaccinated children,
found no evidence of a link between vaccines and autism. But something about this phrasing
doesn’t sit right with many people; “no evidence” rings of scientific mumbo jumbo, and a
“statistical review” pales in comparison to tearful testimonials from parents that their child
developed autistic symptoms shortly after being vaccinated. The reality is this: Research
tells us that vaccines bear no relation to autism, but people still believe that they do. Because
of these beliefs, increasing numbers of parents are foregoing vaccinations, and many com-
munities are seeing a resurgence of rare diseases including measles and mumps.
So what does it mean to say that “research” has reached a conclusion? Why should we
trust this conclusion over a parent’s personal experience? One of the biggest challenges
in starting a course on research methods is learn-
ing how to think like a scientist—that is, to frame
questions in testable ways and to make decisions
by weighing the evidence. The more personal
these questions become, and the bigger their con-
sequences, the harder it is to put feelings aside.
But, as we will see throughout this course, it is
precisely in these cases that listening to the evi-
dence becomes most important.
There are several reasons to understand the impor-
tance of scientific thinking, even if you never take
another psychology course. First, at a practical
level, critical thinking is an invaluable skill to
have in a wide variety of careers. Employers of all
types appreciate the ability to reason through the
decision-making process. Second, understanding
the scientific approach tends to make you a more
skeptical consumer of.
Write a critical analysis post discussing the following questions .docxhelzerpatrina
Write a critical analysis post discussing the following questions in no less than 500 words.
1. What questions do you still have after reading chapter five of the textbook?
2. What does gender mean to you? How do you experience gender? What are the differences among gender identity, gender expression, and gender roles?
3. What do you think the Genderbread Person and/or the Gender Unicorn leaves out, in terms of how we experience our sexual identity? Are the separate labels it presents (gender identity, gender expression, biological sex, and sexual orientation) really all that separate? How are labels helpful and unhelpful in presenting who we are and in understanding other people’s experiences of their sexual identities? Think about the "transcension" piece with regards to these questions as well.
4. Was there anything new and surprising (or not) that you read on the Cisgender Privilege list?
5. What stories stood out to you from The T Word documentary?
Ethics in Criminal Justice Research
Chapter 2
*
Ethical Issues in Criminal Justice Research
Ethical - behavior conforming to the standards of conduct of a given group
Matter of agreement among professionals
Need to be aware of general agreements of ethical behavior among CJ “community”
Some research designs may be impractical because of ethical issues
No Harm to Participants
Weighing potential benefits against possibility of harm is an ethical dilemma in research
Possible harms of criminal justice research include:
Physical harm
Psychological harm
Embarrassment
Groups at risk include:
Research subjects
Researcher
Third parties
No Harm to ParticipantsAll research involves risksResearcher cannot completely guard against all possible harm Researcher should have firm scientific grounds for conducting research which could potentially present harmHarm to subjects is only justified if the potential benefits outweigh the potential harms
Voluntary Participation
CJ research often intrudes into subjects’ lives
Participation must be voluntary
This threatens generalizability
Results only represent those who participated
Often not possible with field observations
E.g., observe people without them being aware they are being observed
Anonymity and Confidentiality
Anonymity – when researcher cannot identify a given piece of information with a given person
Confidentiality – a researcher can link information with a subject, but promises not to do so publicly
Research must make it clear to the responded whether the survey is anonymous or confidential
Deceiving Subjects
Generally considered unethical
Use of deception must be justified
Widom (1999) – child abuse and illegal drug use
Telling research subjects the purpose of the study would have biased the results
Inciardi (1993) – studying crack houses
Advises researchers not to “go undercover”
Analysis and Reporting
Researchers have ethical obligations to scientific community
Make shortcomings and/or negative findings known
Tell ...
Jails and PrisonsLooking inside total institutionsDefini.docxvrickens
Jails and Prisons
Looking inside total institutions
Definition of total institution
Canadian Erving Goffman coined this term
He wrote, “A total institution may be defined as a place of residence and work where a large number of like-situated individuals cut off from the wider society for an appreciable period of time together lead an enclosed formally administered round of life (Goffman, 1968: 11).
"Total institutions (such as prisons, boarding schools, psychiatric hospitals, concentration camps, etc. ) are distinctive and have much in common" (Goffman, 1968: 15) because, as Goffman points out, they depart from the basic social arrangements in modern western society "that the individual tends to sleep, play and work in different places with different co-participants, under different authorities and without an overall rational plan" (Goffman, 1968: 17).
Glimpses inside the total institution
It is very difficult to appreciate what life is like in jail or prison so I have selected a few videos, and stories for you
Please listen to Ismael Nazario who speaks about his experience in Rikers as a youth https://www.ted.com/talks/ismael_nazario_what_i_learned_as_a_kid_in_jail?language=en#t-671125
Also, please read a piece published by the Marshall project here https://www.themarshallproject.org/2018/07/12/a-day-in-the-life-of-a-prisoner
Finally, hear the story of Mr. Melendez who spent 17 years on death row for a crime he did not commit. Now exonerated, he has visited UTA and spoken about this experience. He paints a vivid picture of those 17 years here https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9k6C7ZVhaHE
Why is working in prisons important for social workers?
Criminal justice system is marked by the confluence of race, class, gender, and inequality in the United States
Mass incarceration has been called one the most pressing social problems of our time (Mauer & Chesney-Lind, 2002)
The CJ system is fragmented
Over 50,000 different agencies responsible
Prisons account for the fastest growing segment of government employment (nearly 750,000 people in 2004)
Most people are imprisoned for non-violent crimes
Remember that Race, Class, Gender Matter
African American men disproportionately imprisoned
Women account for the fastest growing prison population
African American women: 571% increase in 20 years
Latinas: 131% increase in 20 years
Caucasian women: 75% increase in 20 years
More women are incarcerated per capita for drug crimes than men (about 34% of women and 19% of men)
60% of men and 40% of women unemployed at arrest, 1/3 earned less than 5000$ last year.
Privatization of prisons – total institutions and turning a profit for shareholders
Beck, A.J. (2000). Prisoners in 1999. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics; Guerino, P., Harrison, P.M., & Sabol, P.M. (2011). Prisoners in 2010. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. Prisoners in 1999 available online here: http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/p99.pdf
Private prisons in Te ...
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
APA Ethical Guidelines
1. “There are seven things that will destroy us: Wealth
without work; Pleasure without conscience; Knowledge
without character; Religion without sacrifice; Politics
without principle; Science without humanity; Business
without ethics."— Mahatma Gandhi
Responsible
Conduct of
Research Quick
Reference Guide
[Document subtitle] Shari Philpot MD
2. Responsible Conduct of Research Quick Reference Guide
For Psychologists
As an antecedent of collaboration, a plan should be compiled which includes
goals and direction of the research, a detailed list of the responsibilities of all
contributors, credit and ownership details, and the medium of publication. This
is to avoid any issues that may arise during the course of the study and ensure
the research’s optimal success.
The Good: Proper Procedure
Similar Fields: A team of psychologists team up with a sociologist to investigate benefits of classical
conditioning techniques on underprivileged youth. While the psychologist is an expert in conditioning,
both operant and classical, the sociologist has submitted many well noted articles regarding the effect
of class on the learning processes of children. This is an example of collaboration at its best!
The Bad: Violations
Loosely Structured Plan: When a loosely structured plan for collaboration is made, responsibilities and
boundaries are unclear, ownership of values are misconstrued, and the goal of the study may be lost.
Mismatched Efforts: In a collaborative project, efforts must be equal and responsibilities must be evenly
divided. If they are not, research may become lopsided and not show the results in their entirety. For
example, in a research project on Wilson’s Syndrome there are two lead researchers. One has agreed to
do all of the measurements, calculations, and handling of the empirical data. The other has been given
the responsibility of supervising assistants and composing data presentation materials. Unbeknownst to
the researcher composing the presentation of data, the other has not collected any data. Approaching
the deadline of the research, the researcher is now faced with performing all tasks and with the
challenge of sharing the ownership of the material published.
1 Collaborative Science
Collaborations take place in a variety of forms, including
the borrowing and lending of supplies, resources and
equipment between researchers; seeking input from an
expert in a different discipline; and partnering with
colleagues who have a similar background or field of
knowledge for fresh ideas and abilities.
3. The Ugly: Ambiguous
Unclearly Defined Goals: When goals are not clearly defined, research begins to take on a mind of its
own. Research has the ability to quickly evolve and with unbound goals, evolution becomes more than
a theory. If research goals are too broad this may also be the case. Ending up with a different subject
for research than you started with can affect funding, accuracy, and your credibility as a researcher.
2 Conflicts of Interest & Commitments
Conflicts of interests or commitments are not inherently negative;
rather, the way in which the conflict is managed is important.
The Good: Proper Procedure
Membership: Conscientious researchers will rectify any conflicts of interest before proceeding with
studies. In a case where a person membership in a group would prevent the scientist from performing
adequate research, the researcher relinquishes membership in Advance Smokers USA before entering
into active research regarding lung cancer.
The Bad: Violations
Winthrop Kellogg: Mr. Kellogg was given a grant to test the theory of nature vs. nurture. Since his wife
had recently given birth to a baby, he decided to use his baby for a controlled variable in his research.
To his surprise, it was not the monkey but his child who suffered from the experiment. After nearly a
year, the human baby had failed to thrive in areas of human intelligence, even though the primate had
long before advanced in areas of the human cognition. Not only was this an instance of a conflict of
interest, it is a prime example of a research question that extends beyond the scope of the experiment
(Kellogg, 1967).
4. The Ugly: Ambiguous
Overbooked: Researchers should be careful not to over extend themselves. Candice is a doctoral
candidate working on a study that is concerned with H1N1. She has also taken on some research on the
East coast examining species of ticks for Lyme’s Disease; inadvertently, Candice has overloaded herself.
It is more likely than not, she runs the risk of not being able to handle all of the obligations of both
projects. The ethical way to respond in such an instance is to choose one project to focus on at a time.
Each body of scientific work has their own sources of reliability; for Psychologist,
this continues to be the APA. The APA site serves as a central location for the
accessing data archives relevant to our field (American Psychological Association,
2013).
3 Data Acquisition, Management, Sharing
The Good: Proper Procedure
The Bad: Violations
The Ugly: Ambiguous
Posting: Important finds should be submitted to the APA. Gabriel is a Graduate student who has found
a gene that can be manipulated to increase cognitive learning. This find may contribute enormously to
the body of work within our field, and should be accessible for the continued advancement of it. It is
submitted to the APA, which allows further research and development of the topic.
APA: Using articles and links found on the APA website has its advantages. In the case of two budding
psychologist completing research papers during their Bachelor’s degree, Alex decides to rely on articles
found on the APA website in developing her topic. John uses outside resources. Although both have
the same amount of references and citations, some of John’s have been noted by the professor to be
non-scholarly.
Dry Ideas: Some of the articles listed on the APA website can be redundant. There may be several
hundred article with very similar topics. Mike Tyson notices this and decides against using any sources
from the APA website or submitting any of his work to their journals. Instead, he finds a colorful site
with exciting pictures at Pee Wee Herman Psychological Association and decides to apply for
membership.
and Ownership
The APA site is designed as a central location for viewing and
retrieving shared data archives relevant to psychological science.
5. “Three basic principles, among those generally accepted in our cultural
tradition, are particularly relevant to the ethics of research involving human
subjects: the principles of respect of persons, beneficence and justice.”
The Belmont Report
(The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical
and Behavioral Research, 1979)
4 Human Research Protections
Research with human participants plays a central role in
advancing knowledge in the biomedical, behavioral and social
sciences.
The Good: Proper Procedure
Project to Learn About ADHD in Youth (PLAY): PLAY is the CDC’s attempt to explain the etiology,
treatment options, and comorbidity that exists in children with ADHD, a disorder that affects nearly 20%
of school-aged children. This a population based study and has the potential to explain risk factors and
develop resources from those suffering from this disorder (Centers for Disease Control, 2013).
Autism A similar project to uncover the effects of a Lactose and or Gluten-free diet on the behavior of
children with Autism could produce similar results. If dietary logs are kept by the parents of children
with Autism, in combination with behavioral outcome charts, we may be able to uncover the cause, and
subsequently additional treatments for Autism. 1
The Bad: Violations
TGN1412: In 2006, Parexel International offered young men in London the opportunity to contribute to
scientific advancement and make £2,000 in cash. This seemingly easy way to kill two birds with one
stone, turned out to be a disaster for its participants. To participate in this study, healthy men were
asked to take an experiment immuno-stimulant, TGN1412, which had never been used by humans. Less
than a month after ingesting the test drug, 6 out of the 6 human subjects were nearly dead from multi-organ
failure (Rosenthal, 2006).
No Consent: In 1996, FDA policies on informed consent was revised. Soon after, Baxter International
Inc. initiated a study on a substitute for blood that was hoped to provide treatment with little imposition
of harm. They did not inform participants that they were being subjected to an experiment. This had
deleterious consequences for the near 50% of participants who died from the being administered the
HemAssist (Japsen, 1998).
The Ugly: Ambiguous
Medication Trials: Participation in any research which is meant to penalize a group or purposefully
inflict harm to a group should be avoided by an ethical researcher. In the above mentioned example,
students and immigrants were targeted by advertising featuring pool tables, video games, and checks.
Indeed these issues should have raised some questions about the project itself. However, there is no
way the general public could know that CD28 receptor, needed for binding of the drug, is less sensitive
in primates than in humans (Rosenthal, 2006).
6. Responsible Conduct of Research Quick Reference Guide
For Psychologists
Health Research Extension Act of 1985 outlines the ethically acceptable
treatment of animals used in research. Within the act, specific
guidelines seek to prevent inhumane treatment, abuse, and limit species
usage. In addition the terms of usage is defined.
Proper care must be given to animal subjects – Methods of care should
correspond with the Animal Welfare Act.
Techniques to minimize pain and reduce discomfort - Any techniques
that are known to cause pain in humans, are suggested to be avoided.
Note: Questions may be forwarded to:
Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW), National Institutes of Health,
Rockledge I, Suite 360, MSC 7982, 6705 Rockledge Drive, Bethesda, Maryland
20892-7982.
5 Lab Animal Welfare
APA has and continues to support efforts to improve laboratory animal
welfare through the implementation of policies and regulations that both
maintain the integrity of scientific research and sustain the welfare of
such animals.
7. The Good: Proper Procedure
For years, scientist have successfully used animal subjects in research. In many instances, using animals
allows for many theories to be examine without experimenting on human subjects. There are many positive
examples of animal welfare being ethically observed.
The Nobel Prize winning discovery of Insulin: In 1921 Dr. Frederick Banting and his protégé Charles Best
took medical inquisitiveness to new heights. Through their experiments on canine subjects, these two
pioneers of medicine were able to isolate insulin from the pancreas. This discovery was
groundbreaking. Around the world, the quest was on to improve on their discovery. For diabetics, this
discovery offered them a restored a quality of life and increased longevity. Although studies initially
began on dogs, those used, were positive for diabetic traits and were therefore offered treatment as
well (Nobel Media AB, 2009).
Human Understanding and Learning: It is known that chimpanzees and other primates are genetically
similar to humans. For years, scientists have substituted human subjects for primate ones in an attempt
to cure diseases and rationalize the treatment of disease. Studies conducted on primate subjects offers
the promising hope for a vaccine for the HIV virus, as well as other infectious diseases like Malaria, and
Dengue fever. Animal experimentation continues to find new ways to treat and manage chronic
diseases including a plethora of cancers. Isolating genes that are noted initiators of cancers can be
solely attributed to this practice. The downside of animal experimentation is the inherent suffering of
the subjects. Nevertheless, if experimentation is in compliance with the Animal Welfare Act, it can be
beneficial to all, explicitly in the case of behavioral studies where physical suffering in subjects is
minimized. Observing primates may prove to be one of the only ways to investigate new ways to
implement behavioral augmentation techniques before they are used on humans. In this respect the
concepts of cognition, rehabilitation, and development may continue to show areas for hope,
particularly for parents with children who are affected in these areas (University of Washington, 2011).
The Bad: Violations
Primate Testing: It is estimated that 52,279 primates are experimented on in the United States. An
additional 43,676 are estimated to be kept in laboratories for the purposes of breeding and
conditioning. With the total number of primates reaching nearly 100,000, it is impossible to say that all
subjects are treated humanely or ethically euthanized in a timely fashion. According to all-creatures.
org, there are discrepancies in reporting births, disease, and deaths of primates from research
facilities. At the University of California Davis facility alone, at least 100 deaths were overlooked in their
report of necropsies (Budkie, 2002).
8. The Ugly: Ambiguous
Animal Models for Assessing Countermeasures to Bioterrorism Agents: Since September 11, 2001
terroristic attacks have been in the forefront of American politics, media, and housed fear in the hearts
of people around the world. This has raised the issue of possible future attacks, especially those
intended to affect large populations without discrimination: bioterrorism. Animals are used to test the
response of many agents used in bioterrorism. In order to obtain as many possible manifestations of
the chemical, large quantities of chemicals are administered to thousands of animals. Although the
human-pathogen interaction of animals has shown inconsistency when compared to their effects on
human subjects, it is the only way for countermeasures to be discovered that have the potential to save
human lives (National Research Council, 2011).
Ivan Pavlov’s Dogs: Pavlov’s research not only advanced the field of Psychology, but also allowed for
unprecedented finds in Medicine and Reflexology. Through his research, many conditioning techniques
were created for behavioral modifications. His discoveries across the fields of science eventually earned
him a Nobel Peace Prize in 1904. Although it is speculated that to observe long term behavioral pattern
Pavlov kept his dogs healthy, little can be said of the dogs who may have been missing salivary glands,
their quality of life, or lack thereof.
9. .
There is a 5 step process to the mentoring process: Purpose is at center of the
process and is where mentoring should begin. This is followed by Engagement or
securing a Mentor, Planning, Emergence, and ends with Completion or achieving
the intended purpose (Donna Wheeler, 2013).
6 Mentoring
Mentoring a less-experienced researcher is a professional responsibility
of all scientists. The ultimate goal of the mentor is to establish the
trainee as an independent researcher.
10. The Good: Proper Procedure
The ethnically balanced technique of mentoring can be exhibited during the initial phases of doctorial research.
This is the time when the fellow gains confidence in their work and gets the opportunity to explore their unique
interest. At this point in a career, the relationship with the Mentor has the potential to do much more than
shape the future scientist, but model the actual function of this relationship itself. 2 In the science field,
mentoring is the responsibility of all experienced practitioners. This practice is meant to provide a reciprocal
relationship between each party and combine new outlooks with older ones (American Psychological
Association, 2013).
Mercury in Fish, Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles: In securing samples of fish to test for the presence of
heavy metals, a celebrated international Marine Biologist insist that researchers be mindful of collecting
exact numbers of samples as not to disrupt any ecosystems. He explained the intricate balance of the
ocean life and how it could affect human populations. During the testing phase of the research, he
clearly demonstrates the extraction of muscle tissue from the spinal cord of samples and models how
tests must be administered to retain validity of data.
Science Fair: One way public schools incorporate the application and use of the scientific method early
on is through encouraging students to participate in local and national science fair competitions. This is
one of the earliest relationships through which the concept mentoring is introduced. Examining this
example, the basic nature of the mentor as a willing advisor is ascertained.
The Bad: Violations
Any situation in which boundaries are not maintained between the mentor and the trainee would be an ethical
violation of the relationship. In addition, certain relationships may taint the validity of research.
Dating: To date a trainee is a direct violation of most codes of ethics. Many institution have policies
strictly prohibiting such acts and participation in such may result in termination of research or a
discontinuation in employment.
Intentional Misinformation: A mentor who provides intentional misinformation, especially where it is
beneficial to themselves, is a direct ethical violation. The field of science is built on accuracy. The
concept of accuracy becomes increasingly important in the areas where research is concerned. In some
cases, the life of a program is dependent on the accuracy in reporting from scientific research. Tax
dollars are used to fund many aspects of research. Therefore, a violation could be punishable by law.
The Ugly: Ambiguous
Family: Working on with research with family members may present ongoing issues during research.
Personal issues may arise that prevent completion of work, interfere with the researcher’s ability to
perform, and as a consequence, effect the validity of the research.
2 Dr. Bruce Davidson, a Marine Biologist, was my mentor during my doctorial research. He later became a close colleague and my friend. He supervised my crew while we
collecting samples of fish and explained proper techniques. He was an excellent model of the proper way this relationship sh ould be.
11. The importance of Peer Review in research is immeasurable; it serves as a
vehicle of quality control. Peer Review does however, have its limitations;
mainly the peers! Smaller agencies may be forced to have submissions reviewed
by less than qualified experts. Other boards of reviewers may exist outside of
nationally accredited boards, as in the case of doctors of alternative medicine.
The Good: Proper Procedure
The Bad: Violations
The Ugly: Ambiguous
Highly Competent Peers Of course when administered properly the Peer Review tool can be highly
effective in checking references, examining empirical evidence, and pointing out mistakes to the
researcher. This can usually be obtained through little efforts having materials reviewed by competent
peers.
Disregarded References If peers disregard references or fail to investigate them, this can alter the
benefits of the review.
Unqualified Peers Peers who are unexperienced or disqualified in their fields should not be part of a
Peer Review panel. Even though some people feel as if they are experts in a certain area, there are a set
criteria that have been established to determine that.
Unrelated Field Although some reviewers may be qualified to review materials in their respective field,
it does not make them an acceptable choice to review all materials. Obtaining a PhD in Microbiology,
does not make one knowledgeable in the areas of Genetics. Therefore, in order to concrete the validity
of the Peer Review, it must be handled by the appropriate institutions.
7 Peer Review
Positive peer reviews contribute to increased funding
opportunities, academic advancement and a good reputation.
12. 8 Publications Practices & Responsible Authorship
Although researchers can disseminate their findings through
many different avenues, results are most likely to be published as
an article in a scholarly journal.
The Good: Proper Procedure
Responsible Authorship: Steve Young completes his research on the mental disorder that develop in out
of shape football players. He gives credit to all of his assistants and techs, sites all of his sources, and
publishes the study in an APA publication. He excited about this subject getting the publicity it deserves
and hopes to help some of his friends like Jerry Rice and Brett Farve.
The Bad: Violations
Less Publishable Units: To rule out the possibility of rejection of his work, Thomas decides to publish his
findings in the Michael Jackson Journal of Psychology.
Failing to Give Credit: Venus completes her research at the same time as Serena. They are sisters and
they enjoy competing and trying to outdo each other. Venus decides that she will take all the credit
from her research and not attribute any of it to other sources.
The Ugly: Ambiguous
Duplication: Ashley is reaching the end of her Master’s Degree program. She is considering continuing
to obtain her PhD. She has no particular interest and has no idea what she will study. She overhears a
classmate complaining that “too many people study the effects of drug use in pregnant women”, and
quickly decides. She will also research this area. She figures there is no reason to recreate the wheel
and she can piggy-back off other researchers.
13. Types of Misconduct
Fabrication
Falsification
Plagiarism
Unintentional Error vs. Intentional misconduct
Protection of Whistleblowers
9Research Misconduct
Institutions should have procedures in place to investigate and
when appropriate report findings of misconduct to the Office of
Research Integrity (ORI). They should also have policies that
protect both whistleblowers and the accused until a
determination is made.
The Good: Proper Procedure
Whistleblowers: There are no types of proper misconduct but there are correct procedures for handling
such infractions. The Humane Society has been a whistleblower on many activities of the animal
research operations in the United States and abroad. Many government institutes have policies to
protect whistleblowers. According to whistleblowers.gov, whistleblowers are protected from
discrimination and adverse actions. These adverse actions include but are not limited to:
Firing, laying off, or demotions
Blacklisting
Denial of normal benefits, promotions, etc.
General harassment due to the act (OSHA, n.d.).
The Bad: Violations
Falsification: In 1998 the New England Primate Center reported using over 1800 primates to the USDA.
For some strange reason, in that same year, Harvard University reported a seemingly lower
approximation of only 330 primates in use. This an unfortunate example of an ethics violation. It would
seem that someone must have misplaced the paperwork on around 1500 monkeys that were housed by
the University. However, it is more likely a case of falsification of documentation concerning the
subjects (Budkie, 2002).
Fabrication: A researcher begins a project and realizes that his thesis will be proven wrong. He then
“tweaks” results to confirm and agree with his thesis.
Plagiarism: A research assistant is asked to find supporting studies to compare result of an experiment
with. Instead of properly citing the information he obtains, he records the results as if it was his own.
The Ugly: Ambiguous
Unintentional Error: The head researcher as at a reputable lab is diligently preparing an article on his
experiment on T-Cell receptor binding. He has been working day and night to make sure that everything
is just right. He knows that his result will show much promise in the area of AIDS research and hopes to
help many people with the information he obtains. Growing tired from exhaustion, he inputs inaccurate
data into his calculations.
14. References
American Psychological Association. (2013). Responsible Conduct of Research. Retrieved from APA Website:
http://www.apa.org.proxy1.ncu.edu/research/responsible/index.aspx
Budkie, M. (2002). The Reporting of Animal Experimentation in the U.S.: Errors, Lies, and Contradictions. Retrieved from Stop Animal Exploitation Website :
http://www.all-creatures.org/saen/articles-rep-anexp-elc-conc.html
Centers for Disease Control. (2013, November 21). ADHD. Retrieved from CDC: http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/adhd/research.html#social
Donna Wheeler. (2013, April). Mentoring. Retrieved from Donna Wheeler Website: http://www.donnerwheeler.com/services/mentoring
Japsen, B. (1998, June 03). Baxter Reviews Blood Substitute. Chicago Tribune.
Kellogg, W. A. (1967). The Ape and the Child. New York: Hafner Publishing Company.
National Institutes of Health. (1985, November 20). Health Research Extension Act of 1985: “Animals in Research”. Retrieved from Office of Laboratory Animal
Welfare: http://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/phspol.htm#USGovPrinciples
National Research Council. (2011, 2011). Animal Models for Assessing Countermeasures to Bioterrorism Agents . Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Nobel Media AB. (2009). The Discovery of Insulin. Retrieved from Nobelprize.org: http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/insulin/discovery-insulin.
html
OSHA. (n.d.). Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Retrieved from Whistleblowers Website: http://www.whistleblowers.gov/
Rosenthal, E. (2006, April 7). When Drug Trials Go Horribly Wrong. New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/07/world/europe/07iht-drug.
html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1979). The Belmont Report. Washington, DC:
Department of Health and Human Services.
University of Washington. (2011). Primate Resources. Retrieved from Washington National Primate Research Center: http://www.wanprc.org/primate-resources/
iprl/