Ethical Conduct of Research
power point from this document, 15 slides
Introduction
Depending on the context of the study, researchers often encounter ethical dilemmas that are associated with respect for privacy, establishment of honest and open interactions, and avoidance of misrepresentation. From an ethical standpoint, such challenging circumstances may surface if researchers are grappling with conflicting issues and have to choose between different methodological approaches in complex circumstances. In such circumstances, disagreements among different components including participants, researchers, researchers’ disciplines, the financing organization, and the society might be inevitable. Therefore, there are numerous ethical concerns that should be taken into account when undertaking studies that deal with human subjects. Understanding ethical principles can guide researchers to conduct studies that safeguard the wellbeing of human subjects.
Overview of the Research
In a research work titled
Resilience of People Living with HIV/AIDS in Indonesia: a Phenomenological Study
, Kumboyono et al. (2018) observe that HIV/ AIDS is among the most prevalent and expanding communicable diseases on the planet. The number of individuals who are diagnosed with HIV/AIDS continues to skyrocket every year in Indonesia and other parts of the world. According to Kumboyono et al. (2018), individuals who suffer from HIV/AIDS often plunge themselves into a series of crises, which indicate the challenges of living with the chronic pathological condition. As such, resilience is one distinct phenomenon that is common among persons living with the diseases Indonesia, a pattern that indicates the results of current health management and expectations of HIV/AIDS patients for better and improved health outcomes. In light of this concern, Kumboyono et al. (2018) undertook a study that sought to examine the mechanism of resilience in Indonesian people living with HIV/AIDS and the factors that influence their specific mechanisms.
Using qualitative phenomenological design, the researchers sampled a total of 27 people living with HIV/AIDS from a primary health care institution in Malang City, East Java, Indonesia. The participants were selected from different socioeconomic, gender, and sexual orientations. The researchers informed participants about the conduct and processes involved in the study, resulting in their consent to participate in the interview process. The findings of the study indicated that the diagnosis of HIV/AIDS reflects the onset of psychological and social distress. Moreover, Kumbomoyo et al. (2018) found that the spiritual response that follows diagnosis is a state that is characterized by crises. As a consequence, the coping strategies and understanding of life by HIV patients is a definite sign on resilience. Based on these findings, Kumbomoyo et al. (2018) infer that HIV/AIDS is a chronic infection that has the potential to induce the unique .
Ethical and Human Rights Concerns in Global HealthChapter Fou.docxdebishakespeare
Ethical and Human Rights Concerns in Global Health
Chapter Four
Chapter four: Ethical and human rights concerns in global health.
As with any area of health, global health is affected by the issues of ethics and right for sound health outcome. In this chapter we will explore ethical and human rights concerns, some of the central treaties and conversions related to human rights, some historically significant cases in human subject research and key principles for making critical decisions in health research.
1
Failure to respect human rights is often associated with harm to human health
Health research with human subjects puts people at risk for the sake of other people’s health
Health investments must be made in fair ways since resources are limited
The Importance of Ethical and Human Rights Issues in Global Health
Access to the health care is human right and failure to respect this right might causes harm for health. For example, the stigma associated with HIV, TB and leprosy makes it difficult for the patient to obtain necessary health care, it not only cause harm to individual health but as a whole community health even. For example, if a TB patient remains untreated by the health care workers, then that individual could be a source of infection for other people.
Health research with human subject in particular in low income countries where study participants may not have other option to obtain the medication might become a proxy of clinical trial for other people .Lastly, fair decision in health investment is critical because in low income countries where health resources are scare difficult decisions need to be made depending on the priority and severity of disease.
2
The Foundations for Health and Human Rights
Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other legally binding multilateral treaties
Governments are obliged to respect, protect, and fulfill the rights they state
International Bill of Human Rights is the cornerstone for human rights. This bill include couple of documents including the Universal declaration of human rights that was officially declared in 1948, that place obligation on Government to respect , protect, and fulfill the rights of the state.
3
Selected Human Rights
The Rights-Based Approach
Assess health policies, programs, and practices in terms of impact on human rights
Analyze and address the health impacts resulting from violations of human rights when considering ways to improve population health
Prioritize the fulfillment of human rights
In considering human right, first we are going to examine the issue of right based approach. Some global health advocates argue that this approach, which thinks that fulfillment of people’s human right is conducive to their health, should be followed in global health. This means we need to assess health policies, programs or practices in terms of its impact on human right and analyze the health impacts from the perspective of violation of human rights
.
ELSI is an acronym for Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues including all non-technical issues that arise when developing emerging science and technologies and implementing them in society. It is briefly discussed in the ppt.
Ethical and Human Rights Concerns in Global HealthChapter Fou.docxdebishakespeare
Ethical and Human Rights Concerns in Global Health
Chapter Four
Chapter four: Ethical and human rights concerns in global health.
As with any area of health, global health is affected by the issues of ethics and right for sound health outcome. In this chapter we will explore ethical and human rights concerns, some of the central treaties and conversions related to human rights, some historically significant cases in human subject research and key principles for making critical decisions in health research.
1
Failure to respect human rights is often associated with harm to human health
Health research with human subjects puts people at risk for the sake of other people’s health
Health investments must be made in fair ways since resources are limited
The Importance of Ethical and Human Rights Issues in Global Health
Access to the health care is human right and failure to respect this right might causes harm for health. For example, the stigma associated with HIV, TB and leprosy makes it difficult for the patient to obtain necessary health care, it not only cause harm to individual health but as a whole community health even. For example, if a TB patient remains untreated by the health care workers, then that individual could be a source of infection for other people.
Health research with human subject in particular in low income countries where study participants may not have other option to obtain the medication might become a proxy of clinical trial for other people .Lastly, fair decision in health investment is critical because in low income countries where health resources are scare difficult decisions need to be made depending on the priority and severity of disease.
2
The Foundations for Health and Human Rights
Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other legally binding multilateral treaties
Governments are obliged to respect, protect, and fulfill the rights they state
International Bill of Human Rights is the cornerstone for human rights. This bill include couple of documents including the Universal declaration of human rights that was officially declared in 1948, that place obligation on Government to respect , protect, and fulfill the rights of the state.
3
Selected Human Rights
The Rights-Based Approach
Assess health policies, programs, and practices in terms of impact on human rights
Analyze and address the health impacts resulting from violations of human rights when considering ways to improve population health
Prioritize the fulfillment of human rights
In considering human right, first we are going to examine the issue of right based approach. Some global health advocates argue that this approach, which thinks that fulfillment of people’s human right is conducive to their health, should be followed in global health. This means we need to assess health policies, programs or practices in terms of its impact on human right and analyze the health impacts from the perspective of violation of human rights
.
ELSI is an acronym for Ethical, Legal, and Social Issues including all non-technical issues that arise when developing emerging science and technologies and implementing them in society. It is briefly discussed in the ppt.
(I) MEDICAL RESEARCH_ UNIT_III_RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & BIOSTATISTICS.pptxRAHUL PAL
Research Methodology and Biostatistics syllabus:
Medical Research: History, values in medical ethics, autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, double effect, conflicts between autonomy.
Medical research has a long and varied history. It has evolved from rudimentary practices to sophisticated, evidence-based methodologies. Some key milestones include the development of the scientific method, the use of randomized controlled trials, the discovery of antibiotics, and the mapping of the human genome. Ethical concerns have also played a significant role in shaping the history of medical research, especially in response to various ethical violations, such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and the Nuremberg Trials.
Resolving conflicts between these principles often requires careful consideration, ethical analysis, and, in some cases, consultation with ethics committees or boards. The specific course of action may vary based on the individual circumstances and ethical frameworks employed by healthcare professionals and researchers. Ethical guidelines and regulations also play a significant role in addressing and preventing these conflicts in medical research.
The most important figures in the history of medical research is Louis
Pasteur. Pasteur was is known as medical microbiologist. A French
chemist and microbiologist who made significant contributions to the
understanding of infectious diseases. In the 1860s, Pasteur showed that
germs caused disease and that they could be killed by heat.
This discovery led to the development of pasteurization, a process of
heating food to kill harmful bacteria
Running Head FINDINGS USED TO MAKE PUBLIC HEALTH PLANNING AND POL.docxcowinhelen
Running Head: FINDINGS USED TO MAKE PUBLIC HEALTH PLANNING AND POLICY DECISIONS 5
Findings Used to Make Public Health Planning and Policy Decisions
Unit 4 - HA560
March 28, 2016
There has been increased concern among policy makers, scientists and communities that health is greatly affected by a number of factors that occur in a person’s lifetime and in multi levels. Prevention is sententious to curb occurrence of any disease within the population, and it has to come first even if access to quality healthcare services is provided. To adequately promote health and prevent diseases, certain policies and factors need to be addressed mostly factors that are related to health behaviors.
Social psychology is all about understanding individuals’ behavior specifically in a social setting. Basically, social psychology focuses on factors that influence people to behave in certain ways in presence of others. The two greatest contributors in the field of social psychology were Allport (1920) and Bandura (1963). To begin with, according to Allport; he argued that the interaction of individuals with others or the presence of social groups can encourage the development of certain behaviors (Kassin, 2014). This is what Allport referred to as social facilitation, in his research he identified that an audience will facilitate the performance of an actor in a well learnt and understood task; however the performance of the same actor will decrease in performance on difficult tasks which are newly learnt, and this is contributed by social inhibition. The second contributor in the field of social psychology is Bandura (1963), in his work he developed a notion that behavior in the social world could be possibly modeled, and this is what he referred to as social learning theory. He gave his explanation with three groups of children who were watching a video where in the video an adult showed aggressiveness towards a “bobo doll” and the adults who displayed such behavior were awarded by another adult or were just punished. Therefore Bandura found that children who saw the adult being rewarded were found to be more likely to imitate that adult’s behavior.
Certain theories plays important roles in health assessment, and a theory is defined as a collection of concepts in specific area of concern or interest in the world that need explanations, intervening and prediction. Theories need to be backed up with evidence that tend to explain why things will happen in relation to current situations, and followed with some actions to turn situations in certain desirable ways. Health assessment can be defined as a plan of care that recognizes specific person’s health needs and how such needs will be addressed by healthcare system or any other health institutions (Jarvis, 2008). Generally, health assessment is the evaluation of health status through examination of physical and psychological concerns after looking at the health history of the victim assess ...
Causal relationships between risk estimates and alcohol consumptio.docxcravennichole326
Causal relationships between risk estimates and alcohol consumption must be made cautiously as most studies have used a cross-sectional methodology, poor definitions of alcohol use, and inadequate assessments of risk perceptions. Despite a lack of evidence, the concept of adolescent “invulnerability” remains pervasive in both scientific and lay circles, is used to explain adolescents' decisions to engage in a potentially harmful behavior and is incorporated into many intervention programs (Fell, et al., 2015). Longitudinal, prospective studies are needed to understand fully the extent to which perceptions of low risk predict and motivate alcohol use.
I. Perceptions of Alcohol-Related Benefits:
An emphasis on perceived risk alone may be inadequate to predict or change behavior because a risk is only part of the behavioral decision-making equation. What is missing knows the extent to which adolescents perceive benefits of risky behaviors. The decision literature has argued that individuals should consider both the risks and benefits when making decisions. In addition, alcohol expectancy researchers have found that perceived benefits, in addition to perceived risks, are significant predictors of drinking behavior. More recently, Goldberg and colleagues (2002) concluded that, regardless of age, participants with more drinking experience perceived benefits to be more likely to occur, and risks less likely (Grube & Voas, 2014).
Indeed, adolescents' reasons for drinking alcohol often include an acknowledgment or identification of alcohol-related benefits, such as alcohol being used in social interactions to help them to reduce inhibitions, feel more relaxed reduce tension, foster courage, and reduce worry. Attachment theories are based on the view that human beings have an intrinsic and universal desire to be accepted by others. Parent attachment is broadly conceptualized as the overall level of parental responsiveness toward the offspring.
The youth’s internalization of the security of attachment is expected to be imprinted heuristically through interaction with the caregiver, in time becoming relatively resistant to change, showing enduring effects across the lifespan (Miller, et al., 2010). Through the formation of secure bonds to parents, children acquire a robust internal working model of themselves and others.
Youth with secure attachment to parents develop the skills necessary to regulate their Attachment emotional theories are based on the view that human beings have an intrinsic and universal desire to be accepted by others. Parent attachment is broadly conceptualized as the overall level of parental responsiveness toward the offspring (Foster, et al., 2013).
The youth’s internalization of the security of attachment is expected to be imprinted heuristically through interaction with the caregiver, in time becoming relatively resistant to change, showing enduring effects across the lifespan. Through the formation of ...
V o l u m e 3 9 N u m b e r 2 J u n e 2 0 1 4 71Intro.docxdickonsondorris
V o l u m e 3 9 N u m b e r 2 J u n e 2 0 1 4 71
Introduction
Educational research involving children is highly
regulated to protect its vulnerable, at-risk participants.
However, can the same be said about the publication
of this research? As readers of academic journals, it
is assumed that informed consent is received from all
research participants prior to the commencement of
data collection and that institutional ethics approval has
been obtained. These and other exemplary standards
are deeply imbedded in the modern research process.
But what evidence actually exists to confirm to the
reader that correct ethical standards were followed?
The purpose of this paper is to present a meta-analysis
of current ethical reporting practices in 10 international
early childhood education research journals.
Nothing has been published about the reporting of ethics
in early childhood education research. As Flewitt (2005,
p. 553) points out, ‘ethical issues arise in all aspects
of research, and are particularly salient when studying
vulnerable members of society’. Although the ethical
complexities associated with research involving young
children is becoming more prominent (Alderson &
Morrow, 2011; Christensen & James, 2008; Farrell, 2007;
Harcourt, Perry & Waller, 2011; Mortari & Harcourt, 2012),
reporting standards are not yet part of the conversation
and have not been explicitly defined. No education-based
regulations currently exist to determine which aspects (if
any) of the ethics process should be included in published
manuscripts. This is potentially problematic, as the entire
structure of a research project should be transparent and
subject to ethical scrutiny. Given the vulnerability of young
child participants, it is particularly crucial that research
agendas and methods are explicitly visible.
Literature review
Informed consent and assent
‘Informed consent’ describes the interaction between
potential participant and researcher, where the research
is discussed, understanding results and a desire to
participate is freely expressed (Harcourt & Conroy,
2005; Helseth & Slettebø, 2004). ‘Informed assent’
is a relatively recent term that was first used in an
education research context in 2005. It has taken on
special significance in research where children are active
participants. It describes consent from minors who agree
to participate in research, but are not yet old enough to
enter into a legal contract (Harcourt & Conroy, 2005;
Ungar, Joffe & Kodish, 2006). When used, informed
assent is obtained in addition to formally documented
consent to participate from the child’s parent or guardian
(World Medical Association, 2008).
Reporting of ethics in early childhood journals:
A meta-analysis of 10 journals from 2009 to 2012
Fiona Mayne
Christine Howitt
University of Western Australia
THIS PAPER PRESENTS A comprehensive review of reporting practices of research
ethics in 10 scholarly inte ...
Ethical Case Study 2Gloria is a housekeeper in an independent li.docxdebishakespeare
Ethical Case Study 2
Gloria is a housekeeper in an independent living community. While walking through a hallway, she noticed the door of a resident’s apartment was left open, which was unusual. She stepped in to check on Louis, and quickly realized that he was on the phone in his living room. As she turned to leave, she over heard him saying that he had stopped taking all of his medications because he was ready to die. She could tell that the person that he was speaking with was trying to reason with him. Gloria knows that Louis has a very loving and involved daughter that visits him every Saturday. She left the room determined that she would tell his daughter what she heard when she saw her on Saturday.
You have to answer all the questions below
What issues are facing Gloria? Discuss the possible ethical principles at play and your recommendation to Gloria.
Hint: Confidentiality, Beneficence, Self-determination
.
Ethical consideration is important in nursing practice, especial.docxdebishakespeare
Ethical consideration is important in nursing practice, especially when providing care to patients from diverse sociocultural backgrounds. The population of the United States comprises various ethnic/racial groups with different cultural and social beliefs, practice, norms, and values. There is an increasing disparities on the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes among different communities in the United States. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Hispanics and African Americans have the highest incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the country (Concha, Mayer, Mezuk, & Avula, 2016). Caring for patients from different ethnic/racial groups require consideration of ethical principles and concepts to prevent ethical issues that may arise during nurse-patient interaction.
Recently, I cared for patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus who had been hospitalized for more than two weeks due to acute hypertension, partial loss of vision. Also, the patient had a chronic diabetic foot ulcer. The analysis of his medical history revealed that the diabetic foot ulcer had developed in the last two years and had never healed. The patient was so worried about his health status and kept asking when he was going to be discharged from the hospital. The patient came from the Hispanic community, which is one of minority groups with the highest incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the country. Being a culturally competent registered nurse, I had an obligation to take into account the specific ethnic background of the patient when providing care. Considering patient’s ethnic/racial background is important in providing quality, holistic, and patient-centered care based their health concerns, preferences, and values (Concha et al., 2016).
When collecting subjective data for analysis and planning for the care. I asked the patient about his perceptions about the possible causes of type 2 diabetes that he was suffering from. Hispanics have different beliefs in the causation of diabetes mellitus (Frieden, 2016). First, the patient believed that diabetes is a temporary condition that is not fatal. Second, the patient narrated a story that attempts to identify the cause of diabetes and concluded that they believe that people with “good diabetes” do not experience a lot of complications. The Hispanics use the term “good diabetes” when referring to the type of diabetes that do not require insulin for therapeutic purposes; non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (Frieden, 2016). Also, the patient had a fatalistic attitude and believed that his health condition is likely to be a punishment from God.
The patient had a low health literacy level because caregivers had encouraged him to engage in some physical exercise and adopt a self-management approach as a way of controlling and preventing complications related to his condition, but he never implemented them. Also, the pat.
Ethical Competency Writing Assignment Description
PHI 108 Spring 2019
Dr. David M. DiQuattro
March 5, 2019
1 Basic Assignment Description
For your ethical competency writing assignment, you will write analyze a disagreement between two authors/viewpoints
that we discussed this semester. I am calling the assignment a critical disagreement analysis. Below I will
provide a number of examples of disagreements between the authors we discuss this semester. Your
paper will have the following components
1. Hone the disagreement
• I want you to start by taking my general statement of disagreement and providing your own clear specifics
that focus on particular claims or passages. Here you are taking my starting point, but providing your
own framing of the disagreement that will provide focus for your paper.
• You will hone your statement of the disagreement in a way that sets things up for the next parts of the
paper.
• For example:
– In number 2 below, you will identify a specific critique of Rawls from either Kittay or Noddings.
You need to explain where the disagreement is and set the stage for a fruitful dialogue to follow in
the paper.
• This part of the paper should be focused. You should discuss the two views in a way that sets the stage
for your objection and response.
• In the opening part of the paper you need to preview what is ahead - you may only write this part late
in the writing process, but you need to provide a clear preview of where the rest of the paper goes.
2. Provide the best objection from one point of view to another
• I want you to do more than just state the two sides of the issue in this paper. I want you to bring the
authors into dialogue. You will do this by articulating an objection to one position from the point of
view of the other, then responding to the objection.
– You want your objection to be more than just restating a point where the authors diagree. Here’s
what I mean by just restating, as an example:
1
Kant believes that there are absolute rules that should be followed without regard to conse-
quences. The strongest utilitarian objection to this is that Kant disregards the importance
of how an action affects overall happiness.
– The above is an example of what not to do. That way of stating things won’t get you far because
it is just a re-stating of a key difference between Kant and utilitarianism.
• You should look for an objection that raises a new question for the other point of view, or points out
an unforeseen implication of the view. In some way it should move discussion forward. I am not
asking you to discover something that has never been said about these issues. I just want
you to deepen your understanding of the two views by raising a serious objection to one
position, then responding to it.
– In some way the objection should force you to think in new ways about the position objected to.
• In this section you should explain as clearly as you can how the objection presents a proble.
More Related Content
Similar to Ethical Conduct of Researchpower point from this document, 1.docx
(I) MEDICAL RESEARCH_ UNIT_III_RESEARCH METHODOLOGY & BIOSTATISTICS.pptxRAHUL PAL
Research Methodology and Biostatistics syllabus:
Medical Research: History, values in medical ethics, autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, double effect, conflicts between autonomy.
Medical research has a long and varied history. It has evolved from rudimentary practices to sophisticated, evidence-based methodologies. Some key milestones include the development of the scientific method, the use of randomized controlled trials, the discovery of antibiotics, and the mapping of the human genome. Ethical concerns have also played a significant role in shaping the history of medical research, especially in response to various ethical violations, such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study and the Nuremberg Trials.
Resolving conflicts between these principles often requires careful consideration, ethical analysis, and, in some cases, consultation with ethics committees or boards. The specific course of action may vary based on the individual circumstances and ethical frameworks employed by healthcare professionals and researchers. Ethical guidelines and regulations also play a significant role in addressing and preventing these conflicts in medical research.
The most important figures in the history of medical research is Louis
Pasteur. Pasteur was is known as medical microbiologist. A French
chemist and microbiologist who made significant contributions to the
understanding of infectious diseases. In the 1860s, Pasteur showed that
germs caused disease and that they could be killed by heat.
This discovery led to the development of pasteurization, a process of
heating food to kill harmful bacteria
Running Head FINDINGS USED TO MAKE PUBLIC HEALTH PLANNING AND POL.docxcowinhelen
Running Head: FINDINGS USED TO MAKE PUBLIC HEALTH PLANNING AND POLICY DECISIONS 5
Findings Used to Make Public Health Planning and Policy Decisions
Unit 4 - HA560
March 28, 2016
There has been increased concern among policy makers, scientists and communities that health is greatly affected by a number of factors that occur in a person’s lifetime and in multi levels. Prevention is sententious to curb occurrence of any disease within the population, and it has to come first even if access to quality healthcare services is provided. To adequately promote health and prevent diseases, certain policies and factors need to be addressed mostly factors that are related to health behaviors.
Social psychology is all about understanding individuals’ behavior specifically in a social setting. Basically, social psychology focuses on factors that influence people to behave in certain ways in presence of others. The two greatest contributors in the field of social psychology were Allport (1920) and Bandura (1963). To begin with, according to Allport; he argued that the interaction of individuals with others or the presence of social groups can encourage the development of certain behaviors (Kassin, 2014). This is what Allport referred to as social facilitation, in his research he identified that an audience will facilitate the performance of an actor in a well learnt and understood task; however the performance of the same actor will decrease in performance on difficult tasks which are newly learnt, and this is contributed by social inhibition. The second contributor in the field of social psychology is Bandura (1963), in his work he developed a notion that behavior in the social world could be possibly modeled, and this is what he referred to as social learning theory. He gave his explanation with three groups of children who were watching a video where in the video an adult showed aggressiveness towards a “bobo doll” and the adults who displayed such behavior were awarded by another adult or were just punished. Therefore Bandura found that children who saw the adult being rewarded were found to be more likely to imitate that adult’s behavior.
Certain theories plays important roles in health assessment, and a theory is defined as a collection of concepts in specific area of concern or interest in the world that need explanations, intervening and prediction. Theories need to be backed up with evidence that tend to explain why things will happen in relation to current situations, and followed with some actions to turn situations in certain desirable ways. Health assessment can be defined as a plan of care that recognizes specific person’s health needs and how such needs will be addressed by healthcare system or any other health institutions (Jarvis, 2008). Generally, health assessment is the evaluation of health status through examination of physical and psychological concerns after looking at the health history of the victim assess ...
Causal relationships between risk estimates and alcohol consumptio.docxcravennichole326
Causal relationships between risk estimates and alcohol consumption must be made cautiously as most studies have used a cross-sectional methodology, poor definitions of alcohol use, and inadequate assessments of risk perceptions. Despite a lack of evidence, the concept of adolescent “invulnerability” remains pervasive in both scientific and lay circles, is used to explain adolescents' decisions to engage in a potentially harmful behavior and is incorporated into many intervention programs (Fell, et al., 2015). Longitudinal, prospective studies are needed to understand fully the extent to which perceptions of low risk predict and motivate alcohol use.
I. Perceptions of Alcohol-Related Benefits:
An emphasis on perceived risk alone may be inadequate to predict or change behavior because a risk is only part of the behavioral decision-making equation. What is missing knows the extent to which adolescents perceive benefits of risky behaviors. The decision literature has argued that individuals should consider both the risks and benefits when making decisions. In addition, alcohol expectancy researchers have found that perceived benefits, in addition to perceived risks, are significant predictors of drinking behavior. More recently, Goldberg and colleagues (2002) concluded that, regardless of age, participants with more drinking experience perceived benefits to be more likely to occur, and risks less likely (Grube & Voas, 2014).
Indeed, adolescents' reasons for drinking alcohol often include an acknowledgment or identification of alcohol-related benefits, such as alcohol being used in social interactions to help them to reduce inhibitions, feel more relaxed reduce tension, foster courage, and reduce worry. Attachment theories are based on the view that human beings have an intrinsic and universal desire to be accepted by others. Parent attachment is broadly conceptualized as the overall level of parental responsiveness toward the offspring.
The youth’s internalization of the security of attachment is expected to be imprinted heuristically through interaction with the caregiver, in time becoming relatively resistant to change, showing enduring effects across the lifespan (Miller, et al., 2010). Through the formation of secure bonds to parents, children acquire a robust internal working model of themselves and others.
Youth with secure attachment to parents develop the skills necessary to regulate their Attachment emotional theories are based on the view that human beings have an intrinsic and universal desire to be accepted by others. Parent attachment is broadly conceptualized as the overall level of parental responsiveness toward the offspring (Foster, et al., 2013).
The youth’s internalization of the security of attachment is expected to be imprinted heuristically through interaction with the caregiver, in time becoming relatively resistant to change, showing enduring effects across the lifespan. Through the formation of ...
V o l u m e 3 9 N u m b e r 2 J u n e 2 0 1 4 71Intro.docxdickonsondorris
V o l u m e 3 9 N u m b e r 2 J u n e 2 0 1 4 71
Introduction
Educational research involving children is highly
regulated to protect its vulnerable, at-risk participants.
However, can the same be said about the publication
of this research? As readers of academic journals, it
is assumed that informed consent is received from all
research participants prior to the commencement of
data collection and that institutional ethics approval has
been obtained. These and other exemplary standards
are deeply imbedded in the modern research process.
But what evidence actually exists to confirm to the
reader that correct ethical standards were followed?
The purpose of this paper is to present a meta-analysis
of current ethical reporting practices in 10 international
early childhood education research journals.
Nothing has been published about the reporting of ethics
in early childhood education research. As Flewitt (2005,
p. 553) points out, ‘ethical issues arise in all aspects
of research, and are particularly salient when studying
vulnerable members of society’. Although the ethical
complexities associated with research involving young
children is becoming more prominent (Alderson &
Morrow, 2011; Christensen & James, 2008; Farrell, 2007;
Harcourt, Perry & Waller, 2011; Mortari & Harcourt, 2012),
reporting standards are not yet part of the conversation
and have not been explicitly defined. No education-based
regulations currently exist to determine which aspects (if
any) of the ethics process should be included in published
manuscripts. This is potentially problematic, as the entire
structure of a research project should be transparent and
subject to ethical scrutiny. Given the vulnerability of young
child participants, it is particularly crucial that research
agendas and methods are explicitly visible.
Literature review
Informed consent and assent
‘Informed consent’ describes the interaction between
potential participant and researcher, where the research
is discussed, understanding results and a desire to
participate is freely expressed (Harcourt & Conroy,
2005; Helseth & Slettebø, 2004). ‘Informed assent’
is a relatively recent term that was first used in an
education research context in 2005. It has taken on
special significance in research where children are active
participants. It describes consent from minors who agree
to participate in research, but are not yet old enough to
enter into a legal contract (Harcourt & Conroy, 2005;
Ungar, Joffe & Kodish, 2006). When used, informed
assent is obtained in addition to formally documented
consent to participate from the child’s parent or guardian
(World Medical Association, 2008).
Reporting of ethics in early childhood journals:
A meta-analysis of 10 journals from 2009 to 2012
Fiona Mayne
Christine Howitt
University of Western Australia
THIS PAPER PRESENTS A comprehensive review of reporting practices of research
ethics in 10 scholarly inte ...
Similar to Ethical Conduct of Researchpower point from this document, 1.docx (19)
Ethical Case Study 2Gloria is a housekeeper in an independent li.docxdebishakespeare
Ethical Case Study 2
Gloria is a housekeeper in an independent living community. While walking through a hallway, she noticed the door of a resident’s apartment was left open, which was unusual. She stepped in to check on Louis, and quickly realized that he was on the phone in his living room. As she turned to leave, she over heard him saying that he had stopped taking all of his medications because he was ready to die. She could tell that the person that he was speaking with was trying to reason with him. Gloria knows that Louis has a very loving and involved daughter that visits him every Saturday. She left the room determined that she would tell his daughter what she heard when she saw her on Saturday.
You have to answer all the questions below
What issues are facing Gloria? Discuss the possible ethical principles at play and your recommendation to Gloria.
Hint: Confidentiality, Beneficence, Self-determination
.
Ethical consideration is important in nursing practice, especial.docxdebishakespeare
Ethical consideration is important in nursing practice, especially when providing care to patients from diverse sociocultural backgrounds. The population of the United States comprises various ethnic/racial groups with different cultural and social beliefs, practice, norms, and values. There is an increasing disparities on the incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes among different communities in the United States. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Hispanics and African Americans have the highest incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the country (Concha, Mayer, Mezuk, & Avula, 2016). Caring for patients from different ethnic/racial groups require consideration of ethical principles and concepts to prevent ethical issues that may arise during nurse-patient interaction.
Recently, I cared for patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus who had been hospitalized for more than two weeks due to acute hypertension, partial loss of vision. Also, the patient had a chronic diabetic foot ulcer. The analysis of his medical history revealed that the diabetic foot ulcer had developed in the last two years and had never healed. The patient was so worried about his health status and kept asking when he was going to be discharged from the hospital. The patient came from the Hispanic community, which is one of minority groups with the highest incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the country. Being a culturally competent registered nurse, I had an obligation to take into account the specific ethnic background of the patient when providing care. Considering patient’s ethnic/racial background is important in providing quality, holistic, and patient-centered care based their health concerns, preferences, and values (Concha et al., 2016).
When collecting subjective data for analysis and planning for the care. I asked the patient about his perceptions about the possible causes of type 2 diabetes that he was suffering from. Hispanics have different beliefs in the causation of diabetes mellitus (Frieden, 2016). First, the patient believed that diabetes is a temporary condition that is not fatal. Second, the patient narrated a story that attempts to identify the cause of diabetes and concluded that they believe that people with “good diabetes” do not experience a lot of complications. The Hispanics use the term “good diabetes” when referring to the type of diabetes that do not require insulin for therapeutic purposes; non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (Frieden, 2016). Also, the patient had a fatalistic attitude and believed that his health condition is likely to be a punishment from God.
The patient had a low health literacy level because caregivers had encouraged him to engage in some physical exercise and adopt a self-management approach as a way of controlling and preventing complications related to his condition, but he never implemented them. Also, the pat.
Ethical Competency Writing Assignment Description
PHI 108 Spring 2019
Dr. David M. DiQuattro
March 5, 2019
1 Basic Assignment Description
For your ethical competency writing assignment, you will write analyze a disagreement between two authors/viewpoints
that we discussed this semester. I am calling the assignment a critical disagreement analysis. Below I will
provide a number of examples of disagreements between the authors we discuss this semester. Your
paper will have the following components
1. Hone the disagreement
• I want you to start by taking my general statement of disagreement and providing your own clear specifics
that focus on particular claims or passages. Here you are taking my starting point, but providing your
own framing of the disagreement that will provide focus for your paper.
• You will hone your statement of the disagreement in a way that sets things up for the next parts of the
paper.
• For example:
– In number 2 below, you will identify a specific critique of Rawls from either Kittay or Noddings.
You need to explain where the disagreement is and set the stage for a fruitful dialogue to follow in
the paper.
• This part of the paper should be focused. You should discuss the two views in a way that sets the stage
for your objection and response.
• In the opening part of the paper you need to preview what is ahead - you may only write this part late
in the writing process, but you need to provide a clear preview of where the rest of the paper goes.
2. Provide the best objection from one point of view to another
• I want you to do more than just state the two sides of the issue in this paper. I want you to bring the
authors into dialogue. You will do this by articulating an objection to one position from the point of
view of the other, then responding to the objection.
– You want your objection to be more than just restating a point where the authors diagree. Here’s
what I mean by just restating, as an example:
1
Kant believes that there are absolute rules that should be followed without regard to conse-
quences. The strongest utilitarian objection to this is that Kant disregards the importance
of how an action affects overall happiness.
– The above is an example of what not to do. That way of stating things won’t get you far because
it is just a re-stating of a key difference between Kant and utilitarianism.
• You should look for an objection that raises a new question for the other point of view, or points out
an unforeseen implication of the view. In some way it should move discussion forward. I am not
asking you to discover something that has never been said about these issues. I just want
you to deepen your understanding of the two views by raising a serious objection to one
position, then responding to it.
– In some way the objection should force you to think in new ways about the position objected to.
• In this section you should explain as clearly as you can how the objection presents a proble.
Ethical Case StudyAn example of unethical treatment of participa.docxdebishakespeare
Ethical Case Study
An example of unethical treatment of participants was the Tuskegee syphilis experiment, who believed they were being treated for “bad blood”
“Bad blood”: A term used to describe problems like anemia, fatigue, and syphilis
Those in the control group were not given treatment for syphilis, and many died
Why would this research study not fall under the present ethical and legal restraint? Please support your answer with scholarly articles.
.
Ethical AwarenessDEFINITION a brief definition of the k.docxdebishakespeare
Ethical Awareness
DEFINITION
:
a brief definition of the key term followed by the APA reference for the term; this does not count in the word requirement.
SUMMARY
:
Summarize the article in your own words- this should be in the
150-200 word range
. Be sure to note the article's author, note their credentials and why we should put any weight behind his/her opinions, research or findings regarding the key term.
DISCUSSION
:
Using
300-350 words
, write a brief discussion, in your own words of how the article relates to the selected chapter Key Term. A discussion is not rehashing what was already stated in the article, but the opportunity for you to
add value by sharing your experiences, thoughts, and opinions
.
This is the most important part of the assignment.
REFERENCES
:
All references must be listed at the bottom of the submission--in APA format.
Please follow the above format, No Plagiarism, APA format, add citations and references.
.
ETHICAL CHALLENGES
JOYCAROLYNE MUIGAI
NTC/302
5/26/2020
INTRODUCTION
Ethics in business is mainly concerned with the good or bad actions and behaviors that often take place in the world of business
Ethical challenges have often resulted from lack of a clear and distinctive description of norms that ought to be used
Business ethics hence help economists to think productively along moral dimensions on matters regarding policy problems
Ethics could be a complex aspect in business as it influences all aspect of business as it provides the most adequate action that ought to be taken. Ethics causes huge conflicts as morality may not be clearly definitive and situations in many cases greatly vary (Nuseir & Ghandour, 2019).
2
Ethics in intellectual property
Intellectual property rights is a socio-economic tool that create some form of monopoly for firms to charge a price for their innovations
For many innovative firms, it is a timely and expensive to come up with new innovations for the market yet other competitors in the market will attempt to copy new design of products launched.
Firms have however, taken advantage of intellectual property rights by asking for high prices for products
Intellectual property rights are a tool that protects innovators from losing their innovations to counter-feighting firms in the market. However many have leveraged this property rights to put high prices on their products to maximize their profits from their innovations (Sonderholm, 2018).
3
Policy statement on Ethics in intellectual property
To ensure easy and right access of new innovated products, it is important to come up with an ethical way to reduce exploitation by firms.
Firms can take up he differential pricing strategy that has in the past been articulated to be of great influence and guarantees the firm’s profitability
Through differentia; pricing, the protected innovation can be offered at different prices based on the socio-economic demographics of the area. A product can be offered at a cheaper price at a low-earning area while it is offered at different price at a different location (Sonderholm, 2018).
4
Corruption index
Corruption is seen as legal complication that is often manifested in the absence of controls over power
Corruption in business could come in many ways but it is always some grease payment paid to expedite decision or transactions
Connection are as well viewed as to have an effect on business processes as they have a negative connotation regardless of their informality.
In many business ventures, corruption has been indicated to grow over time and is often seen in terms of exchange of favors for the sake of expedition of certain process to take a shorter time without necessarily having to undergo the require stipulated process (Samuel, 2019).
5
Policy statement in corruption index
Transparency is key in business processes hence all actions need to be accounted for
As a way to reduce the corruption index and subsequ.
Ethical Approaches
An Overview of:
(1)Consequential,
(2) Nonconsequential, and
(3) Virtue Ethics Theories
What is Ethics?
Ethics is the study of those values that relate to our moral conduct,
including questions of good and evil, right and wrong, and moral responsibility.
Consequentialist Theoretical Approach:
-Consequentialist theories claim that the morality of an action depends only on its consequences.
-It only considers the result of actions and not principles or rules in determining morality.
1
Three (3) Types of Consequentialist Theories:
-Ethical Egoism argues that each person should act in his/her own self-interest.
-Act Utilitarianism argues that each person should act in a way that produces the greatest happiness
for everyone.
-Rule Utilitarianism argues that each person should follow rules that tend to produce the greatest
happiness for everyone.
Weaknesses of Consequentialist Theories
-Requires person to predict the future and all possible outcomes.
-Can easily be used to justify questionable actions (the ends justifies the means).
2
Nonconsequentialist Theoretical Approach:
Nonconsequentialist theories claim that the morality of an action depends on principles or other factors
that are not related to consequences.
Two (2) Types of Nonconsequentialist Theories:
-Divine command theory argues that we should obey the laws of God.
-Kant’s Categorical Imperative states that we should always act in a way that is based on reason, duty,
and would be considered ethical if everyone acted in the exact same way. Also, people should be
treated as an end and not as a means.
Weaknesses of Nonconsequentialist Theories: Self-Challenge Question:
Question: What might prove a problem in a country so diverse as the U.S. with regards to
Nonconsequentialist theories?
When you are ready check the expert’s response.
3
https://kapextmediassl-a.akamaihd.net/business/CS125/1902c/ethics_challenge_expert1.pdf
Virtue Ethics Theoretical Approach:
-Virtue ethics seeks to identify character traits of a moral person and develop those with the idea that the
virtuous person will act in a virtuous manner. It does not look to principles or consequences.
-Virtue ethics was developed among the ancient Greek philosophers such as Aristotle and the Chinese
teacher and philosopher Confucius.
-Virtue ethics enjoys modern support as an approach that avoids many of the problems with
Consequential and Nonconsequential ethical theories.
Weaknesses of Virtue Theory
-Difficulty in determining just which characteristics are virtues
-Justification for respecting a virtue usually brings one back to either consequences or principles.
-Difficulty in applying it to specific situations
4
Example of all Three Theoretical Ethical Approaches:
Scenario: The air quality in a particular city Y is so polluted, people are getting physically ill and are on .
Ethical and Professional Issues in Group PracticeThose who seek .docxdebishakespeare
Ethical and Professional Issues in Group Practice
Those who seek to be professional group leaders must be willing to examine both their ethical standards and their level of competence. Among the ethical issues treated in this chapter are the rights of group members, including informed consent and confidentiality; the psychological risks of groups; personal relationships with clients; socializing among members; the impact of the group leader’s values; addressing spiritual and religious values of group members; working effectively and ethically with diverse clients; and the uses and misuses of group techniques. In my opinion, a central ethical issue in group work pertains to the group leader’s competence. Special attention is given to ways of determining competence, professional training standards, and adjuncts to academic preparation of group counselors. Also highlighted are ethical issues involved in training group workers. The final section outlines issues of legal liability and malpractice.
As a responsible group practitioner, you are challenged to clarify your thinking about the ethical and professional issues discussed in this chapter. Although you are obligated to be familiar with, and bound by, the ethics codes of your professional organization, many of these codes offer only general guidelines. You will need to learn how to make ethical decisions in practical situations. The ethics codes provide a general framework from which to operate, but you must apply these principles to concrete cases. The Association for Specialists in Group Work’s (2008) “Best Practice Guidelines” is reproduced in the Student Manual that accompanies this textbook. You may want to refer to these guidelines often, especially as you study Chapters 1 through 5.
The Rights of Group Participants
My experience has taught me that those who enter groups are frequently unaware both of their basic rights as participants and of their responsibilities. As a group leader, you are responsible for helping prospective members understand what their rights and responsibilities are. This section offers a detailed discussion of these issues.
A Basic Right: Informed Consent
If basic information about the group is discussed at the initial session, the participants are likely to be far more cooperative and active. A leader who does this as a matter of policy demonstrates honesty and respect for group members and fosters the trust necessary for members to be open and active. Such a leader has obtained the informed consent of the participants.
Informed consent is a process that begins with presenting basic information about group treatment to potential group members to enable them to make better decisions about whether or not to enter and how to participate in a group (Fallon, 2006). Members have a right to receive basic information before joining a group, and they have a right to expect certain other information during the course of the group. Discussing informed consent is not a one-t.
Ethical AnalysisSelect a work-related ethical scenario that .docxdebishakespeare
Ethical Analysis
Select a work-related ethical scenario that you (or someone close to you) have experienced. Organizations and names should be changed when identifying references in the assignment. Compose an essay that addresses the following requirements:
Identify the key positions, titles, and assigned responsibilities in the organization.
Discuss and illustrate the individual pressures faced and how the issues were handled or delegated to another position.
Describe how changing attitudes and behaviors evolved as the incidents occurred.
Compare and contrast the behaviors in the scenario with the philosophical theories of ethical decision-making that are referenced in Unit II. Examples may include Utilitarianism or Deontology application.
Illustrate any mishandling of the decision-making process that resulted in lessons learned.
Summarize what you have learned from an analysis of this event.
Your response should be at least 500 words in length (not including the references page) in APA style. You are required to use at least your textbook as source material for your response. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying citation.
.
Ethical (Moral) RelativismIn America, many are comfortable describ.docxdebishakespeare
Ethical (Moral) Relativism
In America, many are comfortable describing ethics as follows: “Well, what’s right for me is right for me and what’s right for you is right for you. Let’s just agree to disagree.” This is an affirmation of what philosophers call
individual
or
subjective moral relativism
. In this understanding of relativism, morality is a matter of individual feelings and personal preference. In individual moral relativism, the determination of what is right and wrong in a situation varies according to the individual. Moral relativists do not believe in natural law or universal truths.
Cultural moral relativism
puts culture at the forefront of relative ethical decision-making. It says the individual must include the precepts of his or her culture as a prominent part of the relativistic moral action.
Lawrence
Kohlberg,
a prominent psychologist known for recognizing moral stages of development, takes it a step farther saying cultural relativists are persons stuck in the “
Conventional
Stage” of ethical development
.
In your paper, please define individual moral relativism and cultural moral relativism in detail, noting how they differ from each other, their strengths and weaknesses, and give your position on Kohlberg’s stance on ethical relativism.
What aspects of ethical relativism do you identify and agree with? What aspects do you disagree with? Give a personal example that illustrates your stance on ethical relativism, describing how you made a moral decision in an ethical dilemma. Include at least two references to support your thoughts.
Post a 500-word paper to the
M4: Assignment 2 Dropbox
by due
Wednesday, April 9, 2014
. All written assignments and responses should follow proper citation rules for attributing sources. Please use Microsoft Word spelling/grammar checker. Be mindful of plagiarism policies.
.
Ethical Analysis on Lehman Brothers financial crisis of 2008 , pleas.docxdebishakespeare
Ethical Analysis on Lehman Brothers financial crisis of 2008 , please include bibliography and footnotes and answer the questions below.
It must be between 5-7pgs.
1. What was the case about?
2. Who was (were) the individual(s) and company (ies) involved?
3. When did it happen?
4. Why did it happen?
5. How did it come to the attention of the media?
6. What was the outcome of the case?
7. How could this case been avoided?
8. What can we learn from the case?
.
Ethical Analysis on Merrill lynch financial crisis of 2008 , please .docxdebishakespeare
Ethical Analysis on Merrill lynch financial crisis of 2008 , please include bibliography and footnotes and aswer the questions below.
It must be between 5-7pgs.
1. What was the case about?
2. Who was (were) the individual(s) and company (ies) involved?
3. When did it happen?
4. Why did it happen?
5. How did it come to the attention of the media?
6. What was the outcome of the case?
7. How could this case been avoided?
8. What can we learn from the case?
.
ETHC 101
Discussion Board Reply Grading Rubric
Criteria
Levels of Achievement
Content 70%
Advanced
Proficient
Developing
Not Present
Points Earned
Word Count
15 points
Word count is between 500 and 600 words.
11 to 14 points
Word count exceeds 600 words.
1 to 10 points
Word count is less than 500 words.
0 points
Not present
Style
10 points
Reply offers constructive feedback to a classmate in a manner that is polite, rationally argued, and not overly emotional.
7 or 9 points
Reply offers constructive feedback to a classmate but with some deficiency of politeness, reasonableness, and/or dispassion.
1 to 6 points
Reply offers little to no constructive feedback, and/or is strongly impolite, and/or is very emotional.
0 points
The post is not a reply (it is off-topic).
Understanding
10 points
Reply utilizes many of the concepts and technical vocabulary taught in the class in a manner that demonstrates accurate understanding.
7 to 9 points
Reply utilizes some of the concepts and technical vocabulary taught in the class in a manner that demonstrates accurate understanding.
1 to 6 points
Reply utilizes some of the concepts and technical vocabulary taught in the class but sometimes in ways that suggest that they are not correctly understood.
0 points
Reply does not utilize the concepts and technical vocabulary taught in the class.
Structure 30%
Advanced
Proficient
Developing
Not Present
Points Earned
Spelling, Punctuation, and Grammar
10 points
Reply is written in paragraph form and is devoid of spelling, punctuation, and grammar errors.
7 or 9 points
Reply is not written in paragraph form and/or has occasional spelling, punctuation, and grammar errors.
1 to 6 points
Reply is not written in paragraph form and has numerous spelling, punctuation, and grammar problems.
0 points
Not present
Turabian formatting
5 points
Direct references and/or allusions to outside resources (such as the textbooks) are present and are cited using footnotes in current Turabian format.
4 points
Direct references and/or allusions to outside resources (such as the textbooks) are present but are cited otherwise than using footnotes in current Turabian format.
1 to 3 points
Direct references and/or allusions to outside resources (such as the textbooks) are present but the sources are not cited. (Note: if plagiarism is present, that requires additional corrective action.)
0 points
No direct references and/or allusions to outside resources are present.
Total
/50
Instructor's Comments:
Page 1 of 1
For this untimed, open-resource essay exam, answer each question thoroughly and clearly, and ground it in course reading material. Essay answers must be more than 3 or 4 brief sentences, but kept within the bounds of an essay exam (4 - 6 paragraphs). All your writing must be in your own words. Paraphrase (restate what you read) rather than copying material from the course textbook or the Internet. No copying is permitted in this course and doing so will result in zero points on th.
Ethical & Legal Aspects in Nursing WK 14Please answer the .docxdebishakespeare
Ethical & Legal Aspects in Nursing WK 14
Please answer the following Discussion Question. Please be certain to answer the four questions on this week DQ and to provide a well-developed and complete answer to receive credit.
Case Study, Chapter 23, Professional Identity and Image
Nursing care is frequently perceived by the public as simple and unskilled. Many male nurses live in fear of how their caring actions might be interpreted. Many nurses hold that stereotypes about the profession are true, just as the general public does. Public identity and image has been a struggle for nurses for a long time. The greater public clearly does not understand what professional nursing is all about, and the nursing profession has done a poor job of correcting long-standing, historically inaccurate stereotypes.
1. What are the common nursing stereotypes?
2. What was the role of the Center for Nursing Advocacy? Discuss the role of Truth about Nursing in addressing inaccurate or negative portrayals of nursing in the media and the process they use to raise public and professional awareness of the issues surrounding nursing public image?
3. What are some of the ways of changing nursing’s image in the public eye?
4. One of the most important strategies needed to change nursing’s image is to change the image of nursing in the mind of the image makers. What are some of the key ways for nurses to interact with the media?
INSTRUCTIONS:
APA FORMAT
IN TEXT CITATIONS WITH 3 REFERENCES NO LESS THAN 5 YEARS
.
EthernetSatellite dishInternational Plastics, Inc. - C.docxdebishakespeare
Ethernet
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International Plastics, Inc. - China Headquarters
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P800M
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Exchange
Server
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Network
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UNIX
ERP/MRP
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ERP = SAP
UPS:
Serve the entire server room; additional UPS in satellite base station.
IBM
pSeries
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ATM AA1 PVC 51.8 Mb data rate, AES end-to-end
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Ethanolv.DrizinUnited States District Court, N.D. Iowa, Eastern .docxdebishakespeare
Ethanolv.Drizin
United States District Court, N.D. Iowa, Eastern DivisionFeb 7, 2006
No. C03-2021 (N.D. Iowa Feb. 7, 2006) Copy Citation
No. C03-2021.
February 7, 2006
Be a better lawyer. Casetext is legal research for lawyers who want do their best work.
ORDER
JOHN JARVEY, Magistrate Judge
This matter comes before the court pursuant to trial on the merits which commenced on January 23, 2006. The above-described parties have consented to jurisdiction before a United States Magistrate Judge pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c). The court finds in favor of the plaintiff and awards compensatory damages in the amount of $3,800,000 and punitive damages in the amount of $7,600,000.
In this case, the plaintiff brings numerous theories of recovery against defendant Jerry Drizin arising out of the misappropriation of escrow funds that were to serve as security for financing for the construction of an ethanol plant in Manchester, Iowa. The plaintiff contends that defendant Drizin, in concert with others, knowingly converted funds from an escrow account that were not to have been spent on anything without the plaintiff's prior written permission. Defendant Drizin contends that his only client and only duty of loyalty was to a Nigerian citizen living in Munich who caused the funds to be sent to bank accounts controlled by Defendant Drizin. The court makes the following findings of fact and conclusions of law.
In 2000 in Manchester, Iowa, farmer and President of the local Co-op, Douglas Bishop, began meeting with representatives of the United States Department of Agriculture to explore the feasibility of building an ethanol plant in the Manchester area. The idea was to assist farmers in the area in getting more value for their crops. An ethanol plant produces ethanol and feed grain which can be sold at a profit exceeding that associated with the mere sale of grain.
A series of 40 local meetings culminated in a membership drive. The Plaintiff, Northeast Iowa Ethanol, L.L.C., was later formed in order to sell 2500 shares of stock in the L.L.C. to raise funds for the financing of the plant. The construction of the plant was expected to cost $21 Million. It would have a capacity for producing 15 million gallons of ethanol per year. Through the meetings, Mr. Bishop and others raised $2,365,000. The average investor purchased two shares.
The membership drive ended in September 2001. The original plan was to begin construction in the fall of 2001 and have the plant operating by the fall of 2002. However, the issue of financing for the plant was more problematic than plaintiff had anticipated. Traditional lenders (banks) demanded that the plaintiff raise forty percent of the construction costs. It was clear that the plaintiff could not raise $8 Million. Plaintiff's proposed marketing partner, Williams Ethanol Services, agreed to invest $1 Million in the project. The contractor anticipated to build the facility, North Central Construction from North Dakota,.
Estudie las siguientes lesiones en GCFAprendeLibre (Excel 20.docxdebishakespeare
Estudie las siguientes lesiones en
GCFAprendeLibre
(Excel 2016: 1,3 , 6-15, 19 - 28).
Prepare en Excel y suba el libro de calculo con las palabras de vocabulario, traducción, sus definiciones y las referencias. .
Vocabulario
Cinta de opciones
Cuadro de nombres
Barra de fórmulas
Columnas
Filas
Celdas
Libros de cálculo
Hojas de cálculo
Barra de herramientas de acceso rápido
Función
La hoja de calculo debe de verse algo así:
El ejemplo esta en un file
.
ESTRUCTURA 7.4 Verbs like gustarCompletarCompleta las orac.docxdebishakespeare
ESTRUCTURA |
7.4 Verbs like
gustar
Completar
Completa las oraciones con todos los elementos necesarios.
[removed] Adela [removed] (encantar) la música de Tito "El Bambino".
A [removed] me [removed] (interesar) la música de otros países.
A mis amigos [removed] (encantar) las canciones (
songs
) de Calle 13.
A Juan y [removed] Rafael no les [removed] (molestar) la música alta (
loud
).
[removed] nosotros [removed] (fascinar) los grupos de pop latino.
[removed] señor Ruiz [removed] (interesar) más la música clásica.
A [removed] me [removed] (aburrir) la música clásica.
¿A [removed] te [removed] (faltar) dinero para el concierto de Carlos Santana?
No. Ya compré el boleto y [removed] (quedar) cinco dólares.
¿Cuánto dinero te [removed] (quedar) a [removed] ?
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Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Basic phrases for greeting and assisting costumers
Ethical Conduct of Researchpower point from this document, 1.docx
1. Ethical Conduct of Research
power point from this document, 15 slides
Introduction
Depending on the context of the study, researchers often
encounter ethical dilemmas that are associated with respect for
privacy, establishment of honest and open interactions, and
avoidance of misrepresentation. From an ethical standpoint,
such challenging circumstances may surface if researchers are
grappling with conflicting issues and have to choose between
different methodological approaches in complex circumstances.
In such circumstances, disagreements among different
components including participants, researchers, researchers’
disciplines, the financing organization, and the society might be
inevitable. Therefore, there are numerous ethical concerns that
should be taken into account when undertaking studies that deal
with human subjects. Understanding ethical principles can guide
researchers to conduct studies that safeguard the wellbeing of
human subjects.
Overview of the Research
In a research work titled
Resilience of People Living with HIV/AIDS in Indonesia: a
Phenomenological Study
, Kumboyono et al. (2018) observe that HIV/ AIDS is among the
most prevalent and expanding communicable diseases on the
planet. The number of individuals who are diagnosed with
HIV/AIDS continues to skyrocket every year in Indonesia and
other parts of the world. According to Kumboyono et al. (2018),
individuals who suffer from HIV/AIDS often plunge themselves
2. into a series of crises, which indicate the challenges of living
with the chronic pathological condition. As such, resilience is
one distinct phenomenon that is common among persons living
with the diseases Indonesia, a pattern that indicates the results
of current health management and expectations of HIV/AIDS
patients for better and improved health outcomes. In light of
this concern, Kumboyono et al. (2018) undertook a study that
sought to examine the mechanism of resilience in Indonesian
people living with HIV/AIDS and the factors that influence
their specific mechanisms.
Using qualitative phenomenological design, the researchers
sampled a total of 27 people living with HIV/AIDS from a
primary health care institution in Malang City, East Java,
Indonesia. The participants were selected from different
socioeconomic, gender, and sexual orientations. The researchers
informed participants about the conduct and processes involved
in the study, resulting in their consent to participate in the
interview process. The findings of the study indicated that the
diagnosis of HIV/AIDS reflects the onset of psychological and
social distress. Moreover, Kumbomoyo et al. (2018) found that
the spiritual response that follows diagnosis is a state that is
characterized by crises. As a consequence, the coping strategies
and understanding of life by HIV patients is a definite sign on
resilience. Based on these findings, Kumbomoyo et al. (2018)
infer that HIV/AIDS is a chronic infection that has the potential
to induce the unique mechanism of resilience within the
Indonesian social system. Therefore, future health and
management of persons living with HIV/ AIDS will be needed
to enhance and encourage this strategy to guide persons living
with HIV into a more comfortable and healthy way of life.
Ethical Issues in Research
The relationships and interactions established between the
researcher and participants in a study can potentially generate a
3. wide range of varying ethical issues. While ethical codes,
policies and principles are highly significant and beneficial,
like any set of norms, they do not cater for all situations. Thus,
they often have a high potentiality of conflicting. Nonetheless,
the vast majority of decisions often entail the straightforward
application of ethical codes and practices. Ethics is one of the
most important issues that are commonly mentioned by
educators in the scientific community. Ethical misconducts most
commonly stem from environmental and individual causes. For
instance, when people who are morally weak or unaware of the
rules participate in research, ethical violations are bound to
occur. Thus, many significant forms of the ethical deviations
that are observed in many scientific studies are attributed to the
fact that some researchers are oblivious of the ethical norms of
scientific research.
Protection of Human Rights
The most important ethical principles in research focus on
protecting human rights when dealing with human subjects.
Principles of protection of human rights during research
emerged out of a dark history that was littered with accounts of
abuses undertaken in the name of medical research. One of the
most dreadful of these atrocities were undertaken by the Nazi
physicians who utilized convicts for human experimentation
(Avasthi et al. 2013). The unearthing of these experiments sent
ripples of shock across the world, a situation that resulted in the
development of the Nuremberg Code to deter recurrence of
similar episodes. The Nuremberg Code was the first
international code of ethics in clinical research that laid down
the guidelines for research dealing with human subjects. This
policy made laid down principles, guidelines and standards to
be followed by researchers and make voluntary consent
essential, allowed subjects withdraw from the experimentation
at any time, banned experiments that could lead to major
injuries or fatalities of the subjects, and made it mandatory to
4. have preclinical data prior to the experimentation of humans.
However, the Nuremberg Code failed to end unethical practices
conducted by certain researchers (Avasthi et al. 2013). As a
consequence, a collection of guidelines was developed by the
18th World Medical Association General Assembly, also
referred to as the Declaration of Helsinki.
The Helsinki Declaration had a collection of principles, which
emphasize on informed consent, confidentiality of data,
vulnerable populations, and requirements of a protocol,
including the scientific justifications for the study. All
researches had to be reviewed based on these standards by the
ethics committee for a research to be declared as ethically fit
(Avasthi et al. 2013). However, it is during the time of the
Helsinki Declaration that other major scandals continued such
as the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment in the United States. This
malpractice raised concerns in the ethics community, thereby
resulting in the establishment of the Belmont Report in 1979.
The Belmont Report established the modern regulations and
human rights principles associated with research dealing with
human subjects in the United States and other parts of the world
(Avasthi et al. 2013). Nonetheless, with the growing interest in
pharmaceutical, health, and psychological research in the
developing and the underdeveloped nations, the Council for
International Organization of Medical Sciences, in collaboration
with the World Health Organization (WHO) and other health
researchers designed the International Ethical Guidelines for
Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects in 1982
(Avasthi et al. 2013). Thereafter, other professional research
organizations such as the American Psychological Organization
(APA), have designed similar standards that relate to protection
of human rights in studies that deal with human subjects.
The Five Human Rights that Must Be Protected
There are five cardinal ethical principles that reflect the five
5. human rights that must be protected during research. These
principles include: nonmaleficence, beneficence, respect for
autonomy, justice, as well as right to self-determination. The
principle of nonmaleficence states that the researcher has an
obligation to avoid infliction of harm on human subjects in a
study. This principle is closely interlinked with the maxim
primum non nocere
(‘first do no harm’). The principle of nonmaleficence prohibits
killing, causing pain or suffering, incapacitating, and causing an
offense on the human subject during research. Therefore, this
principle encourages researchers to act in ways that do not
cause physical or mental harm on the research participants.
More precisely, the principle states that researchers should not
cause avoidable or intentional harm. This should incorporate
avoidance of any possible risks associated with harm (Jahn,
2013). Researchers should avoid intentional and unintentional
violations of this ethical principle. For instance, a researcher
does not necessarily intend to harm in order to violate this
principle. As a matter of fact, knowingly or unknowingly
subjecting a research participant to unnecessary risk amounts to
violation of the principle of nonmaleficense.
The principle of nonmaleficense has been applied to this study
in many ways. One of the primary focuses of the study was to
investigate the coping skills of people living with HIV/AIDS.
Thus, when analyzing these coping skills and strategies, the
researcher must engage in a one-on-one interview with the
participants (Jahn, 2013). In the process, questions that trigger
psychological and emotional pain might be asked unknowingly.
Such situations are likely to occur in the study, especially when
dealing with participants who suffer from HIV/AIDS. In almost
all parts of the world, HIV/AIDS patients often witness
numerous cases of social stigma. These negative experiences
may interfere with the manner in which they respond to
interview questions. Therefore, it is the task of the researcher to
develop strategies that can help to minimize any possible mental
6. and emotional paint that the persons living with HIV are likely
o experience as a result of the data gathering and interview
questions. Many studies on nonmaleficense often narrow down
to physical harm (Chagani, 2014). However, the concept of
harm is broad and dynamic, incorporating all dimensions of
human life, including the mental and physical realms. In this
particular study, there is no serious physical interaction with the
participants that might cause physical pain, harm or death.
The concept of harm is broad and takes many forms. They range
from physical and emotional injuries to deprivation of property
or violations of human rights. Within the research context, the
primary emphasis of harm is often linked to a narrower
definition, such as pain, disability, or death (Chagani, 2014).
Within these standards, the research has observed avoidance of
harm since all the participants who took part in the study did
not die, sustain any physical injury or disability stemming from
the research. However, harm can be strongly within the eye of
the beholder, and a wider definition of harm is often required
during ethical considerations. In light of the above, more than
one level of harm may come into play in a situation. For
instance, the researchers are more likely to inflict mental pain
and suffering in the participants by asking questions related to
the way in which they responded to the news that they had been
diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. However, in such a situation, the
researchers have imposed one harm in order to avoid a greater
harm. Nonetheless, in all situations, researchers should be
prohibited from acting in ways that are likely to generate undue
risks or needless harm to participants.
The principle of beneficence is a moral obligation to act for the
benefit of others. In this respect, any research work that
observes this principle should be designed in a way that is
meant to promote societal good and wellbeing (Jahn, 2013).
There are various ways in which this principle comes into play.
For instance, the principle suggests that researchers should act
7. in a manner that provides benefits to the society, and balances
benefits with risks or harms. The principle of beneficence is
broad and multifaceted. It includes protecting and defending the
rights of others, preventing harm from occurring to others,
removing conditions that will cause harm, and supporting
persons with disabilities. Furthermore, this principle advocates
for rescuing persons in danger during and after research. In
furtherance of these ethical standards advocated by beneficence,
there are various ways in which the study can be assessed. For
instance, the outcomes of the study seeks to improve health
professionals’ understanding of HIV/AIDS patients’ coping
skills and strategies and the psychological pain that they
undergo in the process of coping. As a result, it provides health
professionals and psychological researchers with insights into
ways of developing interventions that are meant to address
mental health problems that affect HIV patients.
The study encourages researchers to design interventions that
are meant to enable HIV patients to bounce back to their normal
psychological and social norms after receiving adversities as a
consequence of HIV/AIDS diagnosis. Indeed, the nature of
resilience among individuals who are diagnosed with chronic
infections can be grouped into the crisis and survival stages.
The former is characterized by the onset of a psychological and
physical struggle that follows after diagnosis with several
struggles. This study can inform future evidence-based practices
that seek to design cognitive and counseling strategies for
improving the quality of life of persons living with HIV/ AIDS.
As such, the study fulfills the ethical principle of benefiting the
participants and the society at large by promoting greater good
and wellbeing for persons living with HIV/AIDS.
The ethical principles of beneficence and nonmaleficense are
multidimensional and intertwined. These dimensions include
positivity and utility. Positivity can be described as the benefits
that are gained after undertaking the research, which outweighs
8. its costs. For instance, timely understanding of the mental and
pain that HIV patients undergo after diagnosis can help to
reduce major depression and help to cope will with the disease.
On the other hand, utility refers to the benefits of undertaking
an action that balances its costs. For instance, in a clinical
research that explores psychological pain that patients undergo,
the patient control group may only receive psychological
treatment-as-usual instead of the experimental treatment that
could generate extra gains. Beneficence and nonmaleficence are
fundamental ethical principles that are essential in guiding the
clinical practice and research in both psychology and
healthcare. Beneficence encourages the researcher to exercise
responsibility of promoting the wellbeing of the patients,
especially participants in clinical trials, often by researching
and administering therapeutic interventions with the highest
possibility of positive patient responsivity. One of the biggest
ethical dilemmas that psychologists confront is the need to
strike a balance between beneficence and nonmaleficence. This
balance may sometimes entail weighing the possible benefits
and limitations or net risks associated with a specific research.
In all jurisdictions, researchers are required by law to inform
their participants or patients of the possible risks and gains of a
research, procedure, or testy. This move allows the study
participants to make an informed decision, with theirs being the
burden to assess the potential costs and benefits of the available
alternatives.
Autonomy and self-determination are other fundamental human
right that the participants should be granted during a research.
Thus, respect for autonomy is a practice that obligates the
researcher to respect the decisions of adults who have the
capacity to make their own decisions. There are three conditions
that must be existent for an action by the research subject to be
regarded as autonomous. They include: intentionality,
understanding, as well as complete absence of controlling
influences that determine the subject’s decisions. In order to
9. meet the ethical obligation of autonomy, there are several moral
standards or guidelines that can be used. They include: telling
the truth, respecting the privacy of others, protecting the
confidentiality of information, as well s seeking consent from
the participant before commencing the data gathering process.
Respect for autonomy represents an obligation to the researcher
to respect the decision making capabilities of the participants. It
also denotes the provision of choices and alternatives to the
subject so that they can practice self-determination. In this
study, the participants’ rights to autonomy were observed by
providing them with all the relevant information about the study
and giving them the opportunity to decide whether or not to
participate in the research. This process was primarily exercised
through issuance of informed consent forms to the subjects.
Within the context of this study, the subjects’ autonomy were
respected by first giving them all sufficient information that are
necessary for the research and then giving them the opportunity
to consent or reject proposals to participate in it. Based on this
practice, it is the responsibility of the researcher to ensure that
the subject is sufficiently competent to practice autonomy. By
competency, a research subject should be not only conscious,
but also possess the sufficient knowledge and understanding to
gain and maintain the information offered to take relevant
decisions. Along with this view, the principle also requires the
researcher to offer complete information to the participant and
not hide anything so that the patient may seek to meet an
obligation or can desire to spend some valuable time with
family members and friends. The subject, after knowing the
truth, may desire to do a hobby with which he or she desired to
do. The participant may also seek to select other options of the
research that may not be available or provided by the
researchers. However, it is the right of human beings to be
treated in a way that does not cause pain and anguish.
Therefore, the researcher should go by the data gathering
method in which the participants are comfortable with in order
10. to avoid restraining the subject from exercising autonomy. In
addition, in many jurisdictions, going ahead with a research
against patients’ rights and decisions even if it is meant for
their goodwill, is considered as an illegal decision. Therefore, a
comprehensive justification on legal is often needed to
undertake a research involving subjects who are patients against
their knowledge and will. The principle of beneficence supports
the autonomy of the patients as in the case of telling the truth to
the research subject and respecting the subject’s autonomy can
go a long way in generating the desired benefits to the
participants, who will feel more confident in determining their
course of life.
Further, self-determination is a human right that is also relevant
and interrelated to the right to autonomy. Self-determination is
a right and principle that plays a critical role in the
contemporary research ethics associated with human subject.
Put simply, this principle suggests that ultimately, it is the
participant who should make the final decision as to whether or
not to accept a proposed research process (Lindberg, Johansson
& Broström, 2019). While this principle is widely discussed in
many academic works, one of its most significant elements has
often been overlooked- the fact that real-world decision making
is temporarily extended. In this respect, decision-making is a
process that broadly takes a significant period of time from the
time at which the researcher determines that there is a need for
the subject to participate in the clinical research and that there
is a decision that should be made. Moreover, the participant
should be able to make it to the point at which they are actually
asked for their views. The principle of self-determination is
broadly viewed as the center of research ethics and trials in the
health sector (Lindberg, Johansson & Broström, 2019). It is a
principle that is commonly codified in legal frameworks and
standards across different parts of the world, and has had a
major effect on researchers’ understanding of ways of dealing
with several legal and ethical issues associated with handling
11. human subjects in research.
There are several accounts of the content and implications of
the principle that have been put into use within the context of
this study. For instance, in all stages of the study, the patients
were given the liberty to opt out of the research. Through the
issuance of informed consent documents and explaining to them
the conduct and content of the study, they were sufficiently
empowered to determine whether or not they would like to chat
their own path by either remaining or opting out of the research.
In view of this phenomenon, it would be deduced that it is the
research subject who ultimately, following evaluation of all
relevant information offered by the researchers, has the
authority to decide whether or not to consent to the research.
The principle of self-determination raises many fundamental
questions. One such question revolves around who should self-
determination be applicable to. In this study, the main subjects
of self determination are the participants of the research. They
are the HIV/AIDS patients who were interviewed on their
psychological coping skills. Since a right to self-determination
is often traditionally ascribed only to people with sufficient
decision-making capabilities, one major issue that confronts
many researchers is what it takes for a patient to be above the
recommended threshold. Based on this standard, it is not clear
in this study whether or not the HIV patient populations that
were sampled were above the recommended normal mental
threshold that is required of them to make informed decision on
whether or not they should take part in the research. However, it
can still be implied that they were mentally upright at the time
of decision-making based on the nature of the data that have
been gathered.
When it comes to self-determination, real-world decision-
making capabilities can be temporarily extended in that it
broadly takes some significant period of time from the point at
which the researcher determines that there is a consent decision
12. that should be made, and that the patient is mentally fit or able
to make it (Lindberg, Johansson & Broström, 2019). Moreover,
such a situation should extent to the point at which the subject
is asked about their views. Such a temporal element of decision-
making raises normative questions. For instance, it may not be
clear under what situations and length of time the researcher
should wait in order to get the feedback from the subject on the
decisions that they have made regarding participation in the
research.
Fi
nally, the principle of justice in research can also be used to
analyze the ethical standards that were used in the study. The
right to justice requires the researcher to exercise equity in the
distribution of the benefits of the research. These include the
benefits, costs, and resources. The key justice principles in a
study include: promotion of equal share, giving each person in
accordance with heir efforts, rewarding each individual
according to their contributions, and issuing gains made out of
the research according to merits (Silver, Ventura & Castro,
2016). In almost all forms, clinical trials require the active
participation of human subjects and entail clinical interventions
that are comprised of various procedures. However, this study
only engaged human subjects in the interviewing process alone.
Still, the performance of a study involving human subject can
be beneficial to the economy and the whole society, especially
the participating country, thereby generating employment
opportunities and promoting local scientific and technological
progress through the scientific data found and studied in
collaboration with many research centers (Silver, Ventura &
Castro, 2016). The financial and economic gains of this
particular study have not yet been determined. However, its
insights can be used to develop interventions that help to
promote psychological wellbeing of persons living with
HIV/AIDS. In so doing, the study can immensely improve their
quality of life.
13. Ethical Scientific Integrity
The credibility of a researcher or author is very critical in
assessing the authenticity and quality of a specific research
work. The personal details of the authors who developed this
research work have not been provided in the journal article.
However, there are other standards that can still be used to
determine the credibility and level of suitability of the
researchers to undertake the above study. For instance, the
authors have revealed at the end of the article that their study
was funded by the Directorate General of Higher Education,
Ministry of Culture and Education in the Republic of Indonesia.
Based on this standard alone, it can be deduced that the authors
have the necessary academic credentials and intellectual acumen
or capacity to undertake such a study. In addition, the mere fact
that the study was approved by these higher educational bodies
raises the credibility of the authors. Another factor that raises
the credibility of this particular study is that its findings were
assessed and later published by the Research HIV Nursing,
which is a widely known reputable international journal that
publishes studies on HIV research.
Plagiarism is one of the ethical issues in research that are
hardly ever mentioned. However, its violations can have far-
reaching consequences on the credibility and authenticity of a
specific body of knowledge. Plagiarism can be defined as the
unethical practice of stealing and passing off ideas or group of
words as one’s own (Ben-Yehuda & Oliver-Lumerman, 2017).
Plagiarism is also the act of utilizing someone’s ideas and
works and pretending to be one’s own. In light of the above,
there are various ways in which plagiarism manifests itself in
research. For instance, many researchers often fail to recognize
the originators of their collection of words. However, this
specific study can be said to have passed plagiarism test. First,
the body section of the study has various in-text citations,
14. indicating that the authors acknowledged the sources or
originators of the ideas that were sued in the study (Ben-Yehuda
& Oliver-Lumerman, 2017). In addition, all the in-text citations
have their corresponding bibliographic citations. As such, the
authors do not have a case of plagiarism or copyright violation.
Fabrication and falsification are some of the cardinal
malpractices ion research conduct. They are commonly regarded
as the key concerns in averting research misconduct. Any
deviation or departure from such standards often undermines the
integrity of a specific body of research for an individual or
organization as a whole (Ben-Yehuda & Oliver-Lumerman,
2017). Falsification can be described as the practice of altering
or omitting research findings to support certain claims,
hypotheses, as well as other data. This can include the act of
manipulating study instrumentation, materials, or procedures.
Usually, manipulations of images or representations in a way
that distorts the figures or data or reads too much between the
lines can also be regarded as an act of falsification (Ben-
Yehuda & Oliver-Lumerman, 2017). The process of identifying
a case of falsification or fabrication is often a complex one. As
such, it was not possible for this specific study to detect any
case of falsification. This is because the main data that were
being explored were primarily qualitative and they were derived
from the interview responses. In the same way, it was not easy
to detect any case of outright fabrication. Fabrication is the
development of or inclusion of data, observations, or
characterizations that never took place during the collection of
data. Fabrications are likely to take place during the process of
filling out the entire of an experiment runs (Ben-Yehuda &
Oliver-Lumerman, 2017). Moreover, the researchers might
come up with claims on the basis of incomplete or presumed
findings, which are regarded as outright forms of fabrication.
Institutional Review Board
15. Details on the Institutional Review Board (IRB) pertaining to
this study have not been written in the article. However, the
researchers indicate that they passed through the due process of
informed consent and other ethical standards before they were
approved to participate in the study. In addition, the study was
approved by the Ministry of Higher Education, although such a
ministry may or may not develop an IRB to assess the ethical
suitability of the researchers. Therefore, it is not easy to
determine whether or not the above study was approved by IRB.
However, the researchers’ use of human subjects was not
experimental in nature. Rather, use of human subjects in this
study was minimized to data collection process through
interviews.
The absence of details regarding the IRB in this study calls for
the need for future researchers to report as to whether or not
their studies were approved by an ethics body. All individual
organizations or sponsors may demand that all studies,
irrespective of their sources of funding, be assessed and
approved by an IRB (Whitney, 2015). An IRB has the specific
power and authority over the nature of the research within its
jurisdiction. For instance, no clinical research may be approved
to stat enrolling participants until it has been given the green
light by the IRB. The IRB primarily has the authority to
approve, dismiss, or halt all research activities that fall within
its jurisdictions in accordance with the relevant government
regulations and institutional standards and procedures. The IRB
also ensures that a given research meets the needed ethical
standards by demanding for modifications in processes,
protocols as well as previously approved studies (Whitney,
2015). Furthermore, the IRB has the power and authority to
demand that participants in a specific research be granted any
extra information that will enable them to make informed
decisions to participate in the study.
One of the most important documentations that the IRB may
16. require is the informed consent form. While researchers who
indicate that they provided participants with informed consent
might have gone through the IRB, it might not be the case in all
situations. All institutions that take part in the research process
that engage human subjects are often tasked with the
responsibility of identifying an IRB to assess and approve such
studies (Whitney, 2015). The IRB is charged with the
responsibility of adhering to the requirements and standards
recommended by the Office for Human Research Protections.
Many study sites may be under the jurisdiction of more than one
IRB. Then IRB plays a significant role in safeguarding the
rights, safety, and wellbeing of all human study participants.
The IRB meets this responsibility by assessing the full research
plan for a specific research study in order to ensure that it meets
the standards that have been recommended by local and
international codes of research ethics (Whitney, 2015).
Moreover, the IRB undertakes a confirmation and approval that
the study plan does not expose human subjects to unreasonable
risks. In this particular study, human subjects are not exposed to
unreasonable risks because their role in the research is to
simply explain how they psychologically cope with the news of
their diagnosis with HIV/ AIDS.
Informed Consent
Informed consent is the main ethical practice that has been
extensively observed by the researchers in this study. For
instance, after selecting the populations to participate in the
study, the participants were informed regarding the conduct of
the research. Thereafter, the researchers report that the
participants consented to the proposals to participate in the
interview. The researchers also indicate that the study
participants were given the opportunity to opt out of the
research at any stage if they so wished. Therefore, it can be
deduced that the study adhered to the recommended informed
consent procedures and standards.
17. Informed consent can be described as the voluntary acceptance
by a study subject to participate in a research (Minor, 2015).
Thus, informed consent should not be treated simplistically as a
form that is signed but a process. As a process, informed
consent is regarded as an essentiality before registering a
participant for study. As such, informed consent should be
sought in all forms of human subjects studies, ranging from
diagnostics and therapeutic investigations, to intervention and
behavioral assessments.
The process of seeking informed consent entails informing the
participants on their rights, objective and role in the study. The
processes should of informing the participant should also entail
enlightening the human subject about all the possible risks and
the advantages involved in participating in the study (Minor,
2015). Usually, the target participants of the research should
take part willingly and not through compulsion. Therefore,
vulnerable and disadvantaged groups of participants such as
prisoners, expectant women, and children should be accorded
extra protections in order for them to make more informed
decisions during the research process.
HIPAA
The study was conducted outside the jurisdictions of the United
States. As such, it is not bound by the standards, laws and
regulations of the Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act (HIPAA). However, if the study and its
findings were to be used to inform evidence-based practices in
the United States, it would be bound by HIPAA laws. One of the
most sensitive and important area of research is dealing with the
privacy of HIV/AIDS patients during research. Indeed, the
privacy of patients is safeguarded by the US Department of
Health and Human Services in line with HIPAA regulations.
18. The Authority of HIPAA goes beyond protection of patient
privacy and confidentiality within the health setting to
incorporate protection of welfare of human study subjects.
While this does not indicate that the privacy and confidentiality
of participants’ data were protected, HIPAA calls for the
safeguarding of the human rights of research subjects under the
Basic HHS Policy for Protection of Human Research Subjects,
also widely referred to as Common Rule (Majumder & Guerrini,
2016). While the word ‘privacy does not feature in HIPAA’s
title, almost all sections of this law calls to attention the need
for researchers to safeguard the privacy and confidentiality of
participants (Majumder & Guerrini, 2016). As such, privacy is
critical to the realization of HIPAA’s goals.
Risk to Benefit Ratio
In this article, the researchers do not show if they calculated a
risk to benefits ratio. However, the research can comfortably be
categorized as a minimal risk study. A minimal risk is a
situation in which the likelihood and degree of harm or
discomfort expected in a proposed study are not higher or
greater in them than those that are commonly encountered in
daily situations during the furtherance of normal physical or
psychological assessments or tests (Melnyk & Morrison-Beedy,
2012). The potential risks posed by this study are low because
there is no physical engagement of the bodies of human subjects
in the study. Instead, the human subjects were only required to
answer interview questions regarding their HIV psychological
coping skills.
Benefits are associated with the potentiality of the research
treatment to eliminate a condition or address certain problems.
These problems can especially relate to an individual or
population that is being surveyed (Melnyk & Morrison-Beedy,
2012). For instance, some of the problems that the research
focused on are the psychological and emotional pain that HIV
19. patients undergo. The potential benefits that can be gained from
the study include providing insights into the development of
interventions to improve HIV/AIDS patients’ resilience after
facing adversities due to HIV diagnosis. In addition, the study
provides benefits to the study population by providing strategies
of fighting stigma.
Conclusion
Ethical problems are bound to occur in all studies. However,
researchers who deal with human subjects must take extra
caution not to affect the participants. Study participants might
be exposed to various malpractices that can adversely affect
their wellbeing. For instance, researchers may fail to protect
them from physical and mental harm. Moreover, their privacy
and confidentiality rights might be at risk during the study
process. However, understanding ethical practices that guide
dealing with human subjects can ensure that the study passes
the tests recommended by the IRB.
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Infections disease: a global perspective
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