There is no place on the earth surface where potentially dangerous drug resistant bacteria have not reached. They have infiltrated even into wilderness of virgin and barren islands including the Arctic region. After discovery of antimicrobial agents in the first half of 20th century, clinicians felt relieved as these wonder drugs substantially reduced the threat of infectious diseases. Over the years, antimicrobials have saved lives, eased the suffering of millions of people. And have contributed to the major gains in life expectancy (WHO 2000, 2005). However, these wonder drugs have started to loose ground rapidly. With each application of antibiotic to kill bacteria a new micro environment is created where the sensitive microbes get killed but the resistant organisms start to flourish. New selection pressure each time leads to rapid evolution in bacteria. As a result, now almost all important infection causing bacteria are armoured to survive in antibiotic loaded environment with much deadlier infective power.
An antifungal medication is a pharmaceutical fungicide used to treat and prevent mycoses such as athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush), serious systemic infections such as cryptococcal meningitis, and others. Such drugs are usually obtained by a doctor's prescription, but a few are available OTC (over-the-counter).
Antifungals work by exploiting differences between mammalian and fungal cells to kill the fungal organism with fewer adverse effects to the host. Unlike bacteria, both fungi and humans are eukaryotes. Thus, fungal and human cells are similar at the biological level. This makes it more difficult to discover drugs that target fungi without affecting human cells. As a consequence, many antifungal drugs cause side-effects. Some of these side-effects can be life-threatening if the drugs are not used properly.
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
An antifungal medication is a pharmaceutical fungicide used to treat and prevent mycoses such as athlete's foot, ringworm, candidiasis (thrush), serious systemic infections such as cryptococcal meningitis, and others. Such drugs are usually obtained by a doctor's prescription, but a few are available OTC (over-the-counter).
Antifungals work by exploiting differences between mammalian and fungal cells to kill the fungal organism with fewer adverse effects to the host. Unlike bacteria, both fungi and humans are eukaryotes. Thus, fungal and human cells are similar at the biological level. This makes it more difficult to discover drugs that target fungi without affecting human cells. As a consequence, many antifungal drugs cause side-effects. Some of these side-effects can be life-threatening if the drugs are not used properly.
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
Antibiotics Resistance is a new issue in Microbiology-Medicine aspects, taken from Lange Review of Medical Microbiology, this purpose is for education only
Antibiotics
History and development of antibiotics
Decline of antibiotics
Bacteriophage: nature’s most abundant antibiotics
Phage specificity, resistance, transduction, lysis
Emergence of phages
Phage Case studies
Challenges to mainstream commercialization
Distinguish between cellular and acellular. Give examples of microorg.pdfarjuntiwari586
Distinguish between cellular and acellular. Give examples of microorganisms in each category.
Describe the distinguishing features of each type of cell. What are the three domains of life?
Describe features of each domain. Escherichia coli is a bacterial species. Identify the genus and
the species. Escherichia coli has different strains. What is the significance of the strain
designation? What contributes to the emergence and/or re-emergence of infectious diseases?
Define the divisions of microbiology: bacteriology, mycology, virology, parasitology, serology,
molecular biology. The following made significant contributions to the field of microbiology,
identify the contribution of each: Leeuwenhoek, Holmes, Semmelweis, Lister, Pasteur, Koch,
Jenner
Solution
2.Unicellular organism is made up of one cell, a being with a cell wall, that gets along fine on its
own (like amoebas, protozoa or bacteria that usually move about all on their own) or which
could get along fine on its own (like yeasts or algae, which usually grow in bunches or
strings).Acellular organisms do not divide into discrete cells following the division of the
nucleus - they just carry on growing and producing more nuclei.Eg:Viruses, viroids, satellites,
plasmids, phagemids, cosmids, transposons and prions.
3. please specify the cells,in human or microbes?
4.The three domains of life are:
(a)EUKARYOTA
The Eukaryota include the organisms that most people are most familiar with - all animals,
plants, fungi, and protists. They also include the vast majority of the organisms that
paleontologists work with. Although they show unbelievable diversity in form, they share
fundamental characteristics of cellular organization, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Eg:
dinoflagellate,single-celled photosynthetic protist; plants; animals; and fungi.
(b)BACTERIA
Bacteria are often maligned as the causes of human and animal disease (like this one, Leptospira,
which causes serious disease in livestock). However, certain bacteria, the actinomycetes, produce
antibiotics such as streptomycin and nocardicin; others live symbiotically in the guts of animals
(including humans) or elsewhere in their bodies, or on the roots of certain plants, converting
nitrogen into a usable form. Bacteria put the tang in yogurt and the sour in sourdough bread;
bacteria help to break down dead organic matter; bacteria make up the base of the food web in
many environments. Bacteria are of such immense importance because of their extreme
flexibility, capacity for rapid growth and reproduction, and great age - the oldest fossils known,
nearly 3.5 billion years old, are fossils of bacteria-like organisms.
(c)ARCHEA
Archaeans include inhabitants of some of the most extreme environments on the planet. Some
live near rift vents in the deep sea at temperatures well over 100 degrees Centigrade. Others live
in hot springs, or in extremely alkaline or acid waters. They have been found thriving inside the
digestive tracts of cows, t.
Similar to Antimicrobial drug use and its implications (20)
Issues in Veterinary Disease Diagnosis.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
Diagnosis of a disease or a problem is the first step towards solution/ treatment/ control/ prevention.
Diagnosis is successfully. important to determine Prevalence (True prevalence, apparent prevalence) and Incidence of the disease to estimate the disease burden so that prevention and control measures can be planned and implemented.
However, in few years with the invasion of pharmaco-politics in disease control the term got vitiated.
Epidemiological Approaches for Evaluation of diagnostic tests.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
Diagnosis of a disease or a problem is the first step towards solution/ treatment. Clinical Diagnosis or Provisional Diagnosis is the first step in diagnosis and is done after a physical examination of the patient by a clinician. Clinical diagnosis may or may not be true and to reach Final diagnosis Laboratory Investigations using gross and microscopic pathological observations and determining the disease indicators are required. The diagnostic tests may be Non-dichotomous Diagnostic Tests (when continuous values are given by the test in a range starting from sub-normal to above-normal range) and Dichotomous Diagnostic Tests (when results are given either plus or minus, disease or no-disease). To make non- Dichotomous diagnostic test a Dichotomous one you need to establish the cut-off values based on reference values or Gold Standard test readings or with the use of Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves, Precision-Recall Curves, Likelihood Ratios, etc., and finally establishing statistical agreement (using Kappa values, Level of Agreement, χ2 Statistics) between the true diagnosis and laboratory diagnosis. Thereafter, the Accuracy, Precision, Bias, Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive value, and Negative Predictive value, of a diagnostic test are established for use in clinical practice. Diagnostic tests are also used to determine Prevalence (True prevalence, apparent prevalence) and Incidence of the disease to estimate the disease burden so that control measures can be implemented. There are several Phases in the development and use of a diagnostic assay starting from conceptualization of the diagnostic test, development and evaluation to determine flaws in diagnostic test use and Interpretation influencers. This presentation mainly deals with the epidemiological evaluation procedures for diagnostic tests.
Types of Trials in Medicine, vaccine efficacy or effectiveness trials and rel...Bhoj Raj Singh
The importance of learning about medicines’ and vaccines’ efficacy or effectiveness trials is not only necessary to those who are developing, producing or marketing these pharmaceutical products but to the users also because: The Emergency approval of Covid-19 vaccines and many other medicines in last few years has created so much fuss to understand the reality. The lesson learnt from Covid-19 vaccine(s) by vaccine production, marketing, vaccination and finally the revenue earned by vaccine developers and producers, and political gain by politicians, is proving deleterious to the society as several vaccine(s), useless or scarcely proven safe and useful, are going to infest and some have already infested the market (the health industry). So reading this presentation may be useful to you so that you may question the authorities if any is engaged in bluffing you. The presentation talks briefly about Prevention trials, Screening trials, Treatment trials, Feasibility studies, Pilot studies, Phases in clinical trial, Multi-arm multi-stage (MAMS) trials, Global Clinical Trials, Vaccine efficacy, Vaccine safety, Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), Serious Adverse Events (SAE), SEA rules, The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), Vaccine Safety Datalink (VSD), The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), Clinical Immunization Safety Assessment (CISA), CDSCO Rules Governing Clinical Trials, Schedule Y, The Ethics Committee, Empowered Committee on Animal Health, Tracking Vaccine Quality, Pre-clinical and Clinical data, Proof of Concept, Biological License Application (BLA) and Clinical hold.
Detection and Characterization of Pathotypes, Serotypes, Biotypes, Phenotypes...Bhoj Raj Singh
This presentation of my lecture, to Epidemiology students, briefs about different methods for differentiating or finding similarities among isolates of pathogens required establishing causal associations in epidemiological disease diagnosis.
Epidemiology of antigenic, genetic and biological diversity amongst pathogens...Bhoj Raj Singh
This presentation briefly describes the Antigenic, genetic and biological diversity amongst pathogens, and their origin and emergence. It also discusses with their association with different forms associated with a disease/ outbreak. The presentation also enlists diversity in strains causing some common diseases of livestock in India.
Differentiation of field isolates (wild) from vaccine strains (Marker, DIVA &...Bhoj Raj Singh
Nowadays vaccination is often reported as the cause of disease outbreaks. To ward off this misconception (vaccines are made to save the masses not to risk their lives)or to understand vaccination failures, it is necessary to understand the difference between a field strain causing the disease and a vaccine strain having attenuated virulence. This presentation talks about DIVA and DISA vaccines too.
Lumpy skin disease (LSD) Globally and in India.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
LSD has emerged as a dairy industry devastating disease in India in the last four years. First noticed in Orrisa and is now present all over India. Recurring outbreaks are now noticed in Rajasthan, Uttarakhand and other states indicating that the disease is becoming endemic in India.
Molecular determinants of pathogenicity and virulence among pathogens.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
The presentation discusses the pathogenicity and virulence of pathogens, their determinants and their interaction with the host. It talks briefly about pathogenicity, virulence, adhesions, invasions, toxins, disease, pathogenesis, pathogenicity islands (PAIs), intracellular, extracellular, bacteria, virus, fungi, prion, metazoan worms, protozoa, tuberculosis, E. coli, Salmonella, Yersinia, Mycobacterium, cytotoxins, enterotoxins, exotoxins, neurotoxins, endotoxins, in-silico, in-Vitro, in-vivo, immunohistology, haemagglutinins, spike proteins, integrins, and phagolysosomes.
Molecular epidemiology and Disease causation.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
This short presentation describes molecular epidemiology, differentiate it from genetic epidemiology, and also deals with ascertaining the cause of disease.
My research proposals, to porotect holy cow, rejected by the ICAR-IVRI in the...Bhoj Raj Singh
The presentation relates to my three research proposals, aimed at Protection of Holy cow, rejected at ICAR-ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India, in last five years
Clinical evaluation of newly advocated therapies for brucellosis in cattle and buffaloes. Duration: September 2019 to August 2021
A cross-sectional survey of Holy Cow Infectious Problems in Gaushalas (Gaushalas are protective shelters for stray cows in India). Duration: September 2022-August 2024
Explorative study on Epidemiological determinants associated with a drastic reduction in Milk Production of Dairy Animals with reference to communicable diseases. Duration: September 2022-August 2024
Animal Disease Control and Antimicrobial Resistance-A Message to Veterinary S...Bhoj Raj Singh
This presentation is for
• Introspection by all authorities before criticizing Veterinarians for an increase in AMR & to Doyens of Veterinary Science sitting mum when Vets are criticized!
• To realize that DAHD and State Animal/ Livestock Departments are:
– Fake data masters!
A realization to Doyens of Veterinary Science that they are:
– Spineless when their voice is the most needed!
– Don’t understand epidemiology to the least and make minimal attempts to improve Epidemiological understanding in veterinarians!
– The real negative thinkers!
– Suffering from an inferiority complex!
– Real killers of the holy cow!
– Interested to develop the best vet doctors but creating butchers!
– Real anti-nationals!
They talk of one health without understanding it!
– Much more!!!
Causes of Disease and Preserving Health in Different systems of Medicine.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
This presentation deals with concepts of disease causation and methods used for the alleviation of those causes to ensure health. It has briefed the causes of diseases according to Ayurvedic medicine, Unani medicine, Siddham medicine, Naturopathy, Homeopathy, Chinese medicine, Touch therapy- Reiki, Mantra therapy, and Allopathy. It also summarizes the treatments and practices in different systems of medicine. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.30883.22569
AMR challenges in human from animal foods- Facts and Myths.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
This presentation talks about ÄMR: A public health threat, a “silent pandemic”.
Infections caused by Antimicrobial-drug-resistant (AMR) pathogens caused >1.27 million deaths worldwide in 2019 (low level or no surveillance) and increasing year after year which may be > million in coming decades. Covid-19 caused ~6.8 million deaths in >3 years but now the pandemic is ending but the AMR pandemic has no timeline for its ending. Many deaths are also attributed to AMR pathogens.
More antibiotic use (irrespective of the sector) = More AMR.
This presentation also talks about ways and means to mitigate the AMR pandemic. 1. Stopping the blame game. All are equally responsible for the emergence of AMR, the share of developed and educated communities is much more than poor and un-educated communities.
2. Working together: On-Line Real-Time AST Data Sharing Platform for different diagnostic and research laboratories doing AST routinely.
3. Implementing not only antibiotic veterinary and medical stewardship but antimicrobial production and distribution stewardship too.
4. Educating for Environmental health not only human, plant, and animal health.
5. AMR's solution is not in searching for alternatives to antibiotics but in establishing environmental harmony.
6. More emphasis on AMR epidemiology than on AMR microbiology and pharmacology.
7. Development of understanding that bacteria and other microbes are more essential for life on earth than the human race. Microbes can live without humans, but humans can’t without microbes.
Global-Health is of prime importance than economic growth/ greediness.
Herbal antimicrobials are considered as an important alternative to antibiotic and probable tools to mitigate emerging antimicrobial-drug-resistance (AMR). However, it is difficult to accept that microbes may not adapt to herbal antimicrobials as rapidly as to antibiotics. This is now well documented that herbal antimicrobial resistance is also common among common pathogenic microbes and genes are now known to encode herbal drug-resistance too. This lecture gives description how resistance to conventional antimicrobials impacts susceptibility of microbes for herbal antimicrobials. Lecture Scheduled on 21st February 2023, In: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in Foodborne pathogens” sponsored under the ICAR-NAHEP-CAAST project by the MAFSU, Mumbai Veterinary College, at the Division of Veterinary Public Health, ICAR-IVRI from 20th February to 25th February, 2023.
Epidemiological characterisation of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) from c...Bhoj Raj Singh
The presentation is extracted from the thesis talking about
1. The presence of Bcc organisms in the clinical infections of animals.
2. Ultrasound gels as a potential source of pathogens, especially Bcc.
3. Multidrug resistance in BCCs.
4. Lack of regulatory guidelines in Indian Pharmacopeia as existing in USP.
There are hundreds of diseases of livestock and pet animals that can be printed through properly used quality vaccines. This presentation summarises different types of vaccines used by veterinarians to control/ prevent diseases. The presentation enlists the vaccine-preventable diseases of pets and livestock, and also the different vaccines used.
Major flaws in Animal Disease Control Leading to Partial Success or Failure.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
This presentation summarises major problems of Animal Disease Control Programs ongoing in India. India is a hyperendemic country for many animal diseases and zoonotic diseases. Every year billions of rupees are spent on disease control, surveillance, monitoring, and vaccination against vaccine-preventable diseases. However, due to the failure of most animal disease control programs for one or other reasons India directly losses about 20 and 25 thousand crores annually due to endemicity of FMD & brucellosis, respectively. The presentation identifies problems at different levels of different ongoing disease control programs in India. The non-availability of authentic disease data and flaws in vaccine quality control are the biggest problems.
Animal Disease Control Programs in India.pptBhoj Raj Singh
India is a hyperendemic country for many animal diseases and zoonotic diseases. Every year billions of rupees are spent on disease control, surveillance, monitoring, and vaccination against vaccine-preventable diseases. However, due to the failure of most animal disease control programs for one or other reasons India directly losses about 20 and 25 thousand crores annually due to endemicity of FMD & brucellosis, respectively. The presentation describes the pros and cons of different ongoing disease control programs going on in India.
Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptxBhoj Raj Singh
The presentation details different methods and terminologies used in disease management. It briefs about different types of disease control programs run at global, regional, and national levels. It also tells about the success and failure of different disease control programs. The presentation also briefed about methods of disease control.
The presentation summarises important methods and protocols of Clinical Microbiology. It may be useful to learners of Clinical microbiology at the undergraduate label. The presentation describes the procedures for collecting clinical samples, transport, and testing. It also describes the different methods of antimicrobial susceptibility testing and standards.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
The Metaverse and AI: how can decision-makers harness the Metaverse for their...Jen Stirrup
The Metaverse is popularized in science fiction, and now it is becoming closer to being a part of our daily lives through the use of social media and shopping companies. How can businesses survive in a world where Artificial Intelligence is becoming the present as well as the future of technology, and how does the Metaverse fit into business strategy when futurist ideas are developing into reality at accelerated rates? How do we do this when our data isn't up to scratch? How can we move towards success with our data so we are set up for the Metaverse when it arrives?
How can you help your company evolve, adapt, and succeed using Artificial Intelligence and the Metaverse to stay ahead of the competition? What are the potential issues, complications, and benefits that these technologies could bring to us and our organizations? In this session, Jen Stirrup will explain how to start thinking about these technologies as an organisation.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Essentials of Automations: The Art of Triggers and Actions in FMESafe Software
In this second installment of our Essentials of Automations webinar series, we’ll explore the landscape of triggers and actions, guiding you through the nuances of authoring and adapting workspaces for seamless automations. Gain an understanding of the full spectrum of triggers and actions available in FME, empowering you to enhance your workspaces for efficient automation.
We’ll kick things off by showcasing the most commonly used event-based triggers, introducing you to various automation workflows like manual triggers, schedules, directory watchers, and more. Plus, see how these elements play out in real scenarios.
Whether you’re tweaking your current setup or building from the ground up, this session will arm you with the tools and insights needed to transform your FME usage into a powerhouse of productivity. Join us to discover effective strategies that simplify complex processes, enhancing your productivity and transforming your data management practices with FME. Let’s turn complexity into clarity and make your workspaces work wonders!
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
zkStudyClub - Reef: Fast Succinct Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Regex ProofsAlex Pruden
This paper presents Reef, a system for generating publicly verifiable succinct non-interactive zero-knowledge proofs that a committed document matches or does not match a regular expression. We describe applications such as proving the strength of passwords, the provenance of email despite redactions, the validity of oblivious DNS queries, and the existence of mutations in DNA. Reef supports the Perl Compatible Regular Expression syntax, including wildcards, alternation, ranges, capture groups, Kleene star, negations, and lookarounds. Reef introduces a new type of automata, Skipping Alternating Finite Automata (SAFA), that skips irrelevant parts of a document when producing proofs without undermining soundness, and instantiates SAFA with a lookup argument. Our experimental evaluation confirms that Reef can generate proofs for documents with 32M characters; the proofs are small and cheap to verify (under a second).
Paper: https://eprint.iacr.org/2023/1886
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Removing Uninteresting Bytes in Software FuzzingAftab Hussain
Imagine a world where software fuzzing, the process of mutating bytes in test seeds to uncover hidden and erroneous program behaviors, becomes faster and more effective. A lot depends on the initial seeds, which can significantly dictate the trajectory of a fuzzing campaign, particularly in terms of how long it takes to uncover interesting behaviour in your code. We introduce DIAR, a technique designed to speedup fuzzing campaigns by pinpointing and eliminating those uninteresting bytes in the seeds. Picture this: instead of wasting valuable resources on meaningless mutations in large, bloated seeds, DIAR removes the unnecessary bytes, streamlining the entire process.
In this work, we equipped AFL, a popular fuzzer, with DIAR and examined two critical Linux libraries -- Libxml's xmllint, a tool for parsing xml documents, and Binutil's readelf, an essential debugging and security analysis command-line tool used to display detailed information about ELF (Executable and Linkable Format). Our preliminary results show that AFL+DIAR does not only discover new paths more quickly but also achieves higher coverage overall. This work thus showcases how starting with lean and optimized seeds can lead to faster, more comprehensive fuzzing campaigns -- and DIAR helps you find such seeds.
- These are slides of the talk given at IEEE International Conference on Software Testing Verification and Validation Workshop, ICSTW 2022.
Enhancing Performance with Globus and the Science DMZGlobus
ESnet has led the way in helping national facilities—and many other institutions in the research community—configure Science DMZs and troubleshoot network issues to maximize data transfer performance. In this talk we will present a summary of approaches and tips for getting the most out of your network infrastructure using Globus Connect Server.
Enhancing Performance with Globus and the Science DMZ
Antimicrobial drug use and its implications
1. Antimicrobial drug use and its
implications
The term antibiotic, meaning “substance against life," thus
“Antibiotic resistance means life”.
Antibiotic therapy, if indiscriminately used, may turn out to be a
medicinal flood that temporarily cleans and heals, but ultimately
destroys life itself (Felix Marti-Ibanez, 1955)
Bhoj R Singh
Section of Epidemiology, CADRAD, IVRI, Izatnagar
2. Bacteria
Most numerous denizens of agriculture, with
populations ranging from 100 million to 3 billion in a
gram of soil.
One bacterium is capable of producing 16 million
more in just 24 hours.
Bacteria perform chemical transformations, including
degradation, disease suppression, disease, and
nutrient transformations.
Cloud formation in Troposphere (NASA’s
Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes
experiment).
Generation of electricity: Using microbial fuel cell Bacillus
stratosphericus generates twice as much electricity as other
bacteria.
3. Bacteria
I always thought the most significant thing that we ever found on the whole
goddamn Moon was that little bacteria who came back and lived and nobody
ever said shit about it. — Pete Conrad
On April 20, 1967, unmanned lunar lander Surveyor 3, left a camera on
Moon. Two-and-a-half years later, on November 20, 1969, Apollo 12
astronauts Pete Conrad and Alan L. Bean recovered the camera. NASA
scientists examined it back and find still alive Streptococcus mitis, survived
for 31 months in the vacuum of the moon's atmosphere.
Zero gravity: “Generally speaking, bacteria tend to grow better in
space,” Klaus (2004) said. “The first and most fundamental b
Bacteria found in rocks taken from the cliffs at Beer have survived a
grueling year-and-a-half exposure to space conditions on the exterior
of the ISS and returned home alive, becoming the longest-lived
photosynthesizing microbes to survive in space.acterial response to
spaceflight is a shortened lag phase.” The bacteria sent was: OU-20
resembling the cyanobacteria genus Gloeocapsa
4. Bacteria in our body
We are 90% bacteria and only 10% human(approximately 1014
versus 1013
). Sears,
2005.
500 to 1000 species of bacteria live in the human gut and a roughly similar number on
the skin. Science, 2008; Grice et al., 2009.
The human gut alone contains on average: 40,000 bacterial species 9 million unique
bacterial genes and 100 trillion microbial cells and only 1% of them are characterized
(Yang et al., 2009).
332,000 genetically distinct bacteria belonging to 4,742 different species were
detected on hands of students using molecular techniques. Fierer et al., 2008.
The mass of microorganisms are estimated to account for 1-3% total body mass. 1.0
to 2.26 kilograms of live bacteria inside our bodies (Berg, 1996; Raymond, 2012).
Bacterial makeup of our body change little over time (National Human Genome
Research Institute in Bethesda, Maryland).
Infections increase from overuse of antibiotics (Human Microbiome Project; HMP).
They help in development of our immune system and how we fight off pathogens, they
influence our metabolism, our odor and even our behavior. Eisen, 2012.
5. How we get them?
Any two hands – even belonging to the same person – had only 13%
of their bacterial species in common (Fierer et. al., 2008). It is due to
the influence of sex, handedness, and washing habits but relatively
unrelated with type of food intake.
We get them from:
From mothers while come to this world.
From Air, Food, Water, Environment and friends and family.
How we can get healthy bacteria?
From healthy donors
From excrements of the healthy persons
Poop transplant (the best way to fight enteritis necroticans, Cl.
difficile)
6. Where bacteria are absent?
Where there is no life?
NASA’s Clean room: 100 types of bacteria, about 45 percent of
which were previously unknown to scientists.
Two miles below the surface of a Greenland glacier – “ultrasmall
bacteria” in a glacial core – a habitat which is low-temperature, high-pressure,
reduced-oxygen, and nutrient-poor. The core was estimated to be 120,000 ye
Deepest layer of the earth's crust –the Earth's oceanic crust has revealed a
new ecosystem living over a kilometer beneath our feet.
In tissue sites once deemed sterile – The Relman Lab at Stanford used
real time PCR to target conserved regions of the bacterial 16S ribosomal
DNA (rDNA). They concluded that there is a substantial and “normal”
population of bacterial DNA sequences in the blood of even healthy
individuals.
7. Why bacteria persist so diversely?
Need very few genes to persist –
Encephalitozoon cuniculi (a pathogen of
rabbits) has 2.9Mbp, encoding approximately
2,000 densely packed genes. Genome
Encephalitozoon intestinalis, at 2.3Mbp, a
severely compacted genome.
Can take and give genes rapidly.
Can survive anywhere at any temperature
(even in boiling springs), eat anything, breath
any air.
8. AMDR is Natural?
Call of the wild: antibiotic resistance genes in natural
environments (Allen et al., 2010).
Antibiotic resistance genes are detected in ‘antibiotic-
naïve’ strains isolated in pre-antibiotic era (before
1930).
24% strains of Murray collection (1917-1952) are
resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline.
Bacteria that may grow on antibiotics as the sole
carbon and nitrogen sources include: Pseudomonas
fluorescens (on streptomycin and penicillin); Burkholderia cepacia (on
Penicillin); Flavobacterium spp., Streptomyces venezuelae (on
chloramphenicol), actinomycetes cultured from forest (on telithromycin)
9. Use of anti-microbials in Nature
Antibiotics have been produced for over 500 million years, dating
back to the Cambrian period and the emergence of vertebrate fish.
Antibiotic-like molecules, are likely to be even older than this.
The non-protein amino acids that are found as components of
peptide antibiotics have been detected in meteorites and other
primordial sources (Davies, 2009).
The fungus-growing ant system, in which ants carry an antibiotic-
producing actinomycete (a Pseudonocardia sp.) on their cuticle
and use this bacterium specifically for biocontrol of the fungal
garden parasite, Escovopsis sp. (Currie et al., 1999; Cafaro and
Currie, 2005)
Biocontrol of the causative agent of potato scab, Streptomyces
scabies str. RB4, by the antibiotic-producing suppressive strain,
Streptomyces diastatochromogenes str. (Neeno-Eckwall et al.,
2001)
Some autoinducers used in quorum sensing have antibiotic
activity (Kravchenko et al., 2008).
Bacteria as natural pesticides in the biological pest control
(Bacillus thuringiensis) (Chattopadhyay et al., 2004)
10. Antimicrobials used by human
We hardly know about 1% of antibacterial molecules in nature. Most of
these molecules cannot be detected, and the few that have been identified
some of them are the most used antibiotics (Baltz, 2008).
Of the known antibiotics, < 1% of antimicrobial agents have medical
value (Marino, 2007).
Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and
Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth
of Bacillus anthracis.
Salvarsan Discovered by Paul Ehrlich was produced in 1932 at the Bayer
Laboratories and was used for treatment of syphilis.
Alexander Fleming: Discovered penicillin in 1928, could not purify.
In 1939, gramicidin from B. brevis. was one of the first commercially
manufactured antibiotics (Sykes, 2001).
Ernst Chain and Howard Florey successfully purified penicillin, and in
1941 tested on human subjects.
The term antibiotic was coined by Selman Waksman in 1942.
11. Use of Antimicrobials for Animals
Antibiotics are used in food-producing animals for three major
reasons (CDC, 2009).
A. in high doses for short periods to treat sick animals.
B. in high doses for short periods to prevent diseases (after
weaning, or during transport). This use “usually involves
treating a whole herd or flock, which increases the likelihood
of selecting for organisms that are resistant to the antibiotic.”
C. antibiotics are commonly given in the feed at low doses
for long periods to promote the growth of cattle, poultry, and
swine (How? No one knows exactly, 1-15% Improvement in
production, poorer the hygiene better the effect).
A=17%, B+C=83% (About ten million Kg alone in USA, i.e., 70%
of total antibiotic production): AHI, 2009, Union of Concerned
Scientists, 2009.
A+B+C=87%, 40% of it is added in to feed (APHA, 2009)
12. Use of Antimicrobials----Conti--
By the mid-1990s the EU had authorised 9 antibiotics, plus the
antibacterials carbadox and olaquindox, for use in animal feed as
‘growth promoters’ and preventive antibiotic use had become a
routine aspect of intensive farming.
FDA authorized the use of 18 antibiotics for ‘growth promotion’, of
which 8 were identical or chemically similar to drugs used in
human medicine
By 1995 around 90% of poultry production units used feed
containing antibiotics.
1999 in the US, 90% of the diets of recently weaned piglets, 70% of
the diets of growing pigs and 50% of the diets of ‘finishing’ pigs
contained some form of antibiotic.
DANMAP (Denmark) estimated that in 1997, 80% of total
antibiotics produced were used in animals.
In 2001, the Union of Concerned Scientists in the US estimated
that around 70% of all US antibiotic usage were in animals.
November 2011 in US, 8 times more antimicrobials are used for
non-therapeutic purposes in the three major livestock sectors [i.e.,
chickens, pigs and cattle than are used in human medicine.
13. Use of Antimicrobials----Conti--
Fifty million pounds of antibiotics are produced in the U.S. each year.
Twenty million pounds are given to animals, of which 80% (16 million
pounds) is used on livestock merely to promote more rapid growth..
American Medical News, "FDA Pledges to Fight Overuse of Antibiotics in Animals",
February 15, 1999.
FDA (2010) reported use of antibiotics totals for food-producing
animals in 2009 were 13,068 tonnes of antibiotics for domestic use
and a further 1,632 tonnes exported.
Who, 2011. In several parts of the world, more than 50% in tonnage of
all antimicrobial production is used in food-producing animals. In
addition.
Veterinarians in some countries earn at least 40% of their income from
the sale of drugs, creating a strong disincentive to limit their use.
In Australia, 500,000kg antibiotics are used in animals and 300,000kg
in humans per year (JETACAR 1999).
In 1992, over 120,000kg of avoparcin (10% active ingredient by weight)
was used in animals in Australia (predominantly as a growth
promoter), while only 68kg of vancomycin was used in people
(JETACAR 1999).
15. Legalities of Antibiotic use in animals
Penicillin Act and the Therapeutic Substances (Prevention of Misuse) Acts in
the UK, FDA in USA and similar acts in most of the developed countries
restricted the use of antibiotics to therapeutic use on prescription by a doctor,
veterinarian or dentist. (1947).
1960s scientists discovered that antibiotic resistance could be transferred from
one bacterial species to another. In the UK, the Netherthorpe Committee in
1962, the Swann Committee in 1969 and the Lamming Committee in 1992
sounded the alarm.
In Denmark, The Feedingstuffs Act was passed by parliament in November
1985 and came into force in January 1986. Antibitotic consumtipn got reduced
by 60% in 1996. Ban was full effective in 1998.
In 1997 the World Health Organization recommended that the use of any
antibiotic for ‘growth promotion’ in animals should be terminated if that antibiotic
is used for human medicine or if its use in animals increases resistance to other
antibiotics used in human medicine.
Between 1999 and January 1st 2006 the EU banned the use of 8 antibiotics for
‘growth promotion’: virginiamycin, tylosin phosphate, bacitracin zinc, spiramycin,
avilamycin, flavophospholipol, monensin and salinomycin, plus the drugs
carbadox and olaquindox.
2000, WHO recommended total ban on feed antibiotics used as growth
promoter.
In 2010, in USA, FDA limited the use of antibiotics for growth promotion.
16.
17. Trends in Tylosin use in growth promotion and Erythromycin
Resistance in Enterococcus faecalis isolated from pigs.
(Aarestrup et al al., 2001, WHO, 2003)
18. Antibiotic in feed had effect on production: A Myth
Denmark Experience, totally stopped antibiotics in feed in 1998
After ban, poultry production was unaffected other than a one percent increase in feed intake (there were
no effects on weight gain or mortality). In finisher pigs there were also no important detrimental effects.
No detrimental effects on overall pork production which continued to rise.
(WHO, 2003)
19. Effect of Antibiotic use on Salmon production
(Source: Norvegian directorate of Fisheries)
20. Why AMDR is essential?
For survival of Bacteria.
It is Natural.
If there was no antibiotic resistance, there
would be no need for a microbiology lab!
Infections could be treated “syndromically”.
It actually stimulate innovation in drug
discovery (Outterson, 2010).
21. Survival of Bacteria in Nature
The ancestors of modern bacteria appeared on Earth, about 4
billion years ago. For about 3 billion years, all organisms were
microscopic, and bacteria and archaea were the dominant forms
of life.
Bacteria are present in most habitats on Earth, growing in soil,
acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, water, and deep in the
Earth's crust, as well as in organic matter and the live bodies of
plants and animals, providing outstanding examples of mutualism
in the digestive tracts of humans, termites and cockroaches
(Fredrickson et al., 2004).
There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a
million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh water; in all, there are
approximatelyfive nonillion (5×1030
) bacteria on Earth (Whitman et
al., 1998)].
Bacteria form a biomass that exceeds that of all plants and
animals (Hogan, 2010). Bacteria are vital in:
recycling nutrients,
fixation of nitrogen.
Provide the nutrients needed to sustain life by converting
dissolved compounds such as hydrogen sulphide and methane.
22. Survival of Bacteria in Nature
Most bacteria have not been characterized, and only about half
of the phyla of bacteria have species that can be grown in the
laboratory (Rappé and Giovannoni, 2003)
Eukaryotes resulted from ancient bacteria entering into
endosymbiotic associations with the ancestors of eukaryotic
cells, which were themselves possibly related to the Archaea.
Due to their small size, commensal bacteria are ubiquitous and
grow on animals and plants exactly as they will grow on any
other surface.
They degrade a variety of organic compounds thus used in
waste processing and bioremediation of industrial wastes.
Bacteria capable of digesting the hydrocarbons in petroleum are
often used to clean up oil spills.
Bacteria a highly social organisms with an uncanny ability to
protect themselves, as a group (Wassenaar, 2011).
23. Secrets of survival
Altruism or selflessness is the principle or practice of concern
for the welfare of others and Bacteria practice it. A traditional
virtue in many cultures.
Lee et al (2010) observed that most individual bacteria within an antibiotic-
resistant population can be significantly more sensitive to the antibiotic than the
global population, then how they survive in presence of antibiotic.
In a 2010 Collins et al., periodically analyzed the levels of drug resistance in an
E. coli the colony, they saw something unexpected: although the entire
population was thriving in the presence of the drug, only a few individual bacteria
were actually resistant. Further analysis revealed that the resistant mutants were
secreting a molecule called indole that thwarts their own growth but helps the
rest of the population to survive by activating drug-export pumps on the bacterial
cell membranes.
Tanouchi et al (2012) while studying programmed death in bacterial cells they
reported an altruistic trait, whereby some cells trigger the cell death program and
release stress-relieving substances that increase the chances of survival of
other cells within the population.
24. Why Survival of Bacteria Important for
life?
The bacteria is:
First and the last in the food-web.
Life forms perform as their microbes evolved.
Ruminant digest fibrous food, Rumen and caecum: the fermenters
Termites digest lignin
Over 1,000 bacterial species in the normal human gut flora of the
intestines and contribute to:
gut immunity,
synthesize vitamins such as folic acid, vitamin K and biotin
convert sugars to lactic acid
fermenting complex indigestible carbohydrates
inhibit the growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria (usually
through competitive exclusion)
Life is not possible without bacteria (L. Pasteur, 1885).
Nencki (1986) disagreed with Pasteur's thought, gnotobiotics.
Gnotobiotics in not natural.
Life without bacteria if even possible is worse (Wassenaar, 2011).
Bacteria: The Benign, the Bad, and the Beautiful. (Wassenaar,
2011).
25. Life within life
There are approximately ten times as many bacterial cells in the
human flora as there are human cells in the body, with large
numbers of bacteria on the skin and as gut flora (Sears, 2005).
In human body, the Living mass of enteric flora accounts for 1
kg to 2 kg of body weight.
It represents a combined genetic microbiome exceeding the
human genome by one hundred-fold.
Magnitude and complexity of the alimentary ecosystem is ill
understood.
It seems surprising that the rediscovery of the importance of the
gut flora is only a latter-day occurrence.
It exhibits a collective metabolic activity that eclipses that of the
liver. The gut flora is tantamount to a hidden organ.
The vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered
harmless by the protective effects of the immune system.
A few are beneficial and still fewer are pathogenic and cause
infectious diseases (WHO, 2002).
26. Lesson from germfree life (Shanahan, 2004)
Life without bacteria is associated with reductions in:
mucosal cell turnover, digestive enzyme activity, cytokine
production, lymphoid tissue, lamina propria cellularity, vascularity,
muscle wall thickness and motility.
Absence of bacteria is associated with an increase in
enterochromaffin cell area, larger GIT.
caloric intake to sustain a normal body weight.
Thus, the normal host–flora relationship is not one in which the host
is in nutritional deficit because of the presence of bacterial guests
within the gut.
Important metabolic effects of the flora include:
the production of short chain fatty acids—a major energy source
for colonic epithelia—from dietary fermentable carbohydrates.
Breakdown dietary carcinogens.
synthesis of biotin, folate, and K vitamins.
Understanding of the activity of the intestinal microbiome, may offer
strong potential for therapeutic exploitation in health and disease.
27. Lesson from germfree life
The fertility of germfree animals is very low, but the reasons for this
are not known (Levenson et al., 1959).
Antibodies can be produced by the germfree animal, but seemingly
at a slower rate (Miyakawa et al., 1957).
The presence of a commensal flora is necessary for fine tuning of T
cell repertoires and TH1/TH2 cytokine profiles (Rook and Stanford,
1998).
The germfree animal, generally is highly susceptible to pathogenic
(and at times to ordinarily nonpathogenic) bacteria (Levenson et al.,
1959).
About 70% germfree animals never reach the adulthood. Almost 30
per cent of germfree animals have spontaneous deaths of due to
volvulus of the enlarged caecum. Forty per cent dies due to asphyxia
(Wardcet al., 1958).
28. Bad Effects of Antibiotic use
Change in our food (antibiotic load) may alter the microbial education and
fine tuning of the immune system.
With increase in use of antibiotics the following disorders have shown an
increasing trend (Bach, 2002; Ekbom, 2003; Anthony Gucciardi , 2011):
Asthma, Autoimmune disorders and allergies (Penicillins, Carbapenems, cefalosporins
and Sulpha drugs),
Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity (Sulphamethazine, Oxytetracycline, Furazolidone)
Nephrotoxicity (Aminoglycosides, Penicillins, sulphonamides)
Bone-marrow toxicity (Chloramphenicol, Tetracyclines, Linezolid, Sulphonamides)
Hepatotoxicity (Macroloides, Telithromycin, Penicillins)
Brain and Nerve damage (Carbapenems, penicillins, polypeptides, quinolones)
Hearing impairment –Ototoxicity (Aminoglycosisdes)
Visual disturbances (Telithromycin)
Foetotoxic (Tetracyclines)
Tendinosis (Quinolones)
Photosensitivity (Sulphonamides, tetracyclines)
Change in Taste (metallic by metronidazole, bitter by tinidazole)
Multiple sclerosis
Soaring obesity rates around the globe
Increased cases of mental illness
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Autoimmune disorders
Obesity
29. Autoimmune disorder: About 75 percent of humans host a
microorganism called Bacteroides fragilis which helps hold the immune
system in check by producing a protein that restrains T-cells. When T-
cells get too high, it can lead to inflammatory and autoimmune
diseases.
Obesity: Human stomach contains bacteria called Helicobacter pylori.
This bacterium regulates the amount of stomach acid that the stomach
produces. Acidity inturn stimulate ghrelin, secretion which signals to
the brain that the stomach is empty and the body needs to eat. When
after eating acidity is low ‘leptin’ is secreted and brain sense that now it
is to stop eating. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori Increases Ghrelin
mRNA expression in the Gastric Mucosa and decrease in ‘leptin’ mRNA
expression. Lack of ghrelin and leptin regulation after Helicobacter
pylori eradication (after antibiotic use) may lead to over-eating and
obesity (Roper et al., 2008).
30. Unwanted effects of Antibiotics
(Blaser, 2011)
Reproductive disorders: Dr. Wassenaar (2011) explains
how the antibiotic use alters intestinal bacterial microflora of a
fruit fly which in-turn drives mating preference. If this applies
to humans!
Mating preference was achieved by dividing a population of Drosophila melanogaster and rearing one part
on a molasses medium and the other on a starch medium. When the isolated populations were mixed,
“molasses flies” preferred to mate with other molasses flies and “starch flies” preferred to mate with other
starch flies. The mating preference appeared after only one generation and was maintained for at least 37
generations. Antibiotic treatment abolished mating preference, suggesting that the fly microbiota was
responsible for the phenomenon (Sharon et al., 2010).
Gastro-intestinal problems
IBD (Krohn’s disease)
Peptic ulcers
Antibiotic Associated Pseudo-Membranous Colitis (AAPMC)
due to Clostridium difficile.
Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (although all antibiotics may
be associated with AAD, cephalosporins, extended
coverage penicillins, and clindamycin are the main)
Superinfection (or Suprainfection):
Candida albicans vaginal infections
Suppression of Normal Microbiota
31. Estimates of Adverse effects of Antibiotic
chemotherapy
It is estimated that 10% to 15% of all hospitalized
patients treated with antibiotics will develop AAD.
Most important, twice as many will become
asymptomatic carriers. Risk factors include:
compromised immune status
advanced age,
abdominal surgery
Comorbidity
types and length of use of antibiotics, and
the length of hospitalization (infection rates for C.
difficile are reported to be around 10% after 2 weeks of
hospitalization but may reach 50% after 4 or more
weeks
32. Conclusion
Many of the emerging health problems are
associated with change/ destruction of our
microbiota.
Bacteria are necessary for healthy life on
earth thus the antibiotic resistance.
Antibiotic is to destroy the life while ADR
is for life.
Most life on earth perform due to life
within (bacteria).