Description on types of fungal organisms with differences between bacteria and fungi. A note on useful and harmful fungi. Brief insight on Antifungal classification, mechanism of actions and pharmacological profile with drug of choices for various fungal infections.
The presentation gives an in-depth review of the Anti-fungal drugs used to treat various acute and chronic fungal infections along with their uses and MOA.
Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology of Antifungal Agents and how to take care from fungal infections. Useful Course study material for the undergraduate , postgraduate and aspirants of Pharmacy , Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry.
Description on types of fungal organisms with differences between bacteria and fungi. A note on useful and harmful fungi. Brief insight on Antifungal classification, mechanism of actions and pharmacological profile with drug of choices for various fungal infections.
The presentation gives an in-depth review of the Anti-fungal drugs used to treat various acute and chronic fungal infections along with their uses and MOA.
Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology of Antifungal Agents and how to take care from fungal infections. Useful Course study material for the undergraduate , postgraduate and aspirants of Pharmacy , Pharmacology and Medicinal Chemistry.
Introduction
Mycobacteria are intrinsically resistant to most antibiotics & they grow slowly compared with other bacteria.
Thus antibiotics that are most active against growing cells are relatively ineffective.
Mycobacterial cells can also be dormant & thus completely resistant to many drugs or killed only very slowly.
Antitubercular drugs for Second Year MBBS Pharmacology students. It contains recent recall questions from NEET PG 2021 and AIIMS 2020 exams, highlighting the importance of the topic. Don't miss the summary at the end.
Drugs used in protozoal infections with antiprotozoal drugskhangloo1110
This file includes diseases caused by protozoa like amebiasis, Giardiasis, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis with drugs acting on the diseases like Emetine, Metronidazole, clioquinol and iodoquinol with their mechanism of action and their pharmacology.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. Introduction
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites; their replication depends
primarily on synthetic processes of the host cell.
Viral replication consists of several steps.
Antiviral agents can potentially target any of these steps.
3. Antiherpes Agents
Acyclovir
Acyclovir triphosphate inhibits viral DNA synthesis
Acyclovir is available in oral, intravenous, and topical formulations.
Clinical Uses: Acyclovir is effective for treatment of primary
infection and recurrences of herpes.
Adverse Reactions: Nausea, diarrhea, and headache have occasionally
been reported.
IV infusion may be associated with renal insufficiency or neurologic
toxicity.
4. Antiretroviral Agents
Antiretroviral drugs are synthetic agents that have antiviral activity
against HIV and are used in the management of HIV infection.
There are four different classes of antiretroviral agents commercially
available currently: Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
(NRTI), Protease inhibitors, Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors (NNRTI), and Fusion inhibitors.
7. Other Antiviral Agents
Amantadine, Rimantadine
Amantadine/ rimantadine inhibit uncoating of the viral RNA of
influenza A within infected host cells, thus preventing its replication.
Both agents are effective in the prevention of influenza a virus
infection in high-risk individuals.
Additionally, both drugs can be used in the treatment of influenza A,
effectively reducing the duration of symptoms when administered
within 48 hours after their onset.
The most common side effects are gastrointestinal intolerance and
central nervous system effects (eg, nervousness, difficulty in
concentrating, lightheadedness).
8. Antifungal agents
The antifungal drugs fall into two groups: antifungal antibiotics and
synthetic antifungals.
antifungal antibiotics
◦ Amphotericin B
◦ Nystatin
◦ Griseofulvin
9. synthetic antifungals
◦ Flucytosine
◦ Azoles
◦ The imidazoles consist of ketoconazole, miconazole, and
clotrimazole.
◦ The triazoles include itraconazole and fluconazole.
10. Antifungal antibiotics
Amphotericin B
Amphotericin B is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
Oral amphotericin B is thus effective only on fungi within the lumen
of the tract.
The drug is widely distributed in tissues, but only 2-3% of the blood
level is reached in CSF, thus occasionally necessitating intrathecal
therapy for certain types of fungal meningitis.
11. Mechanism of Action: Amphotericin B binds to ergosterol (a cell
membrane sterol) and alters the permeability of the cell by forming
amphotericin B-associated pores in the cell membrane.
The pore allows the leakage of intracellular ions and
macromolecules, eventually leading to cell death.
Adverse Effects: The toxicity of amphotericin B which may occur
immediately or delayed include fever, chills, muscle spasms,
vomiting, headache, hypotension (related to infusion), renal damage
associated with decreased renal perfusion (a reversible) and renal
tubular injury (irreversible).
liver damage, and anemia occurs infrequently.
12. Antifungal Activity: Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal
agent.
It has activity against yeasts including; Candida albicans and
Cryptococcus neoformans; molds, Aspergillus fumigatus.
Clinical Use: Amphotericin B remains the drug of choice for nearly
all life-threatening mycotic infections.
Used as the initial induction regimen for serious fungal infections
(immunosuppressed patients, severe fungal pneumonia, and
cryptococcal meningitis with altered mental status).
13. Nystatin
Nystatin has similar structure with amphotericin B and has the same
pore-forming mechanism of action.
It is too toxic for systemic use and is only used topically. It is not
absorbed from skin, mucous membranes, or the gastrointestinal tract.
Nystatin is active against most Candida species and is most
commonly used for suppression of local candidal infections.
Nystatin is used in the treatment of oropharyngeal thrush, vaginal
candidiasis, and intertriginous candidal infections.
14. Griseofulvin
Griseofulvin is a fungistatic and used in the treatment of
dermatophytosis.
Absorption is improved when it is given with fatty foods.
Griseofulvin is deposited in newly forming skin where it binds to
keratin, protecting the skin from new infection.
It must be administered for 2-6 weeks for skin and hair infections to
allow the replacement of infected keratin by the resistant structures.
Nail infections may require therapy for months to allow regrowth of
the new protected nail and is often followed by relapse.
15. Adverse effects: include an allergic syndrome much like serum
sickness, hepatitis, and drug interactions with warfarin and
phenobarbital.
Griseofulvin has been largely replaced by newer antifungal
medications such as itraconazole and terbinafine.
16. Synthetic Antifungal Agents
Flucytosine
Flucytosine is related to fluorouracil.
Its spectrum of action is much narrower than that of amphotericin B.
It is well absorbed orally. It is poorly protein-bound and penetrates
well into all body fluid compartments including the CSF.
It is eliminated by glomerular filtration. Toxicity is more likely to
occur in AIDS patients and in the presence of renal insufficiency.
Flucytosine inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis.
17. Clinical Use: Active against Cryptococcus neoformans, some
Candida species, and the dematiaceous molds that cause
chromoblastomycosis.
Clinical use at present is confined to combination therapy, either with
amphotericin B for cryptococcal meningitis or with itraconazole for
chromoblastomycosis.
18. Adverse Effects: The adverse effects of flucytosine result from
metabolism (intestinal flora).
Bone marrow toxicity with anemia, leukopenia, and
thrombocytopenia are the most common adverse effects, with
derangement of liver enzymes occurring less frequently.
19. Azoles
Azoles are synthetic compounds that can be classified as imidazoles
and triazoles.
The imidazoles consist of ketoconazole, miconazole, and
clotrimazole.
The triazoles include itraconazole and fluconazole.
The antifungal activity of azole drugs results from the reduction of
ergosterol synthesis by inhibition of fungal cytochrome P450
enzymes.
20. The specificity of azole drugs results from their greater affinity for
fungal than for human cytochrome P450 enzymes.
Imidazoles exhibit a lesser degree of specificity than the triazoles,
accounting for their higher incidence of drug interactions and side
effects.
21. Azoles are active against many Candida species, and Aspergillus
infections (itraconazole).
Adverse Effects: The azoles are relatively nontoxic. The most
common adverse reaction is minor gastrointestinal upset.
Most azoles cause abnormalities in liver enzymes and, very rarely,
clinical hepatitis.
22. Imidazoles
Ketoconazole
Ketoconazole is less selective for fungal P450 than are the
fluconazole and itraconazole (inhibit mammalian cytochrome P450
enzymes).
Clinical use: it has limited use because of the drug interactions,
endocrine side effects, and of its narrow therapeutic range.
Oral formulation that is best absorbed at a low gastric pH.
Ketoconazole is used in treatment of mucocutaneous candidiasis and
nonmeningeal coccidioidomycosis.
23. Adverse effects:
First, ketoconazole inhibition of human cytochrome P450 enzymes
interferes with biosynthesis of adrenal and gonadal steroid hormones,
producing significant endocrine effects such as gynecomastia,
infertility, and menstrual irregularities.
Second, the interaction with P450 enzymes can alter the metabolism
of other drugs, leading to enhance toxicity of those agents
24. Clotrimazole and miconazole
Clotrimazole and miconazole are available over-the-counter and are
often used for vulvovaginal candidiasis.
Oral clotrimazole troches are available for treatment of oral thrush
and are a pleasant-tasting alternative to nystatin.
In cream form, both agents are useful for dermatophytic infections,
including tinea corporis, tinea pedis, and tinea cruris.
Absorption is negligible, and adverse effects are rare.
25. Triazoles
Itraconazole
Itraconazole is available in an oral formulation and its absorption is
increased by food and by low gastric pH.
Undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism.
Itraconazole is the azole of choice in the treatment of
dermatophytoses and onychomycosis and is the only agent with
significant activity against Aspergillus species.
26. Fluconazole
Fluconazole has good cerebrospinal fluid penetration.
Can be given by the intravenous or the oral route.
Fluconazole has the least effect on hepatic microsomal enzymes.
Thus, has a wide therapeutic window.
Fluconazole is the azole of choice in the treatment and secondary
prophylaxis of cryptococcal meningitis.
It is also effective for mucocutaneous candidiasis.