This document summarizes a study that characterized compounds from Jamu Ratus, a traditional Malaysian herbal remedy, absorbed in the milk of lactating rats and tissues of suckling neonates. Lactating rats were orally administered Jamu Ratus ethanolic extract (JEC) at different dosages and their milk and neonate tissues were analyzed. Thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry identified flavonoid compounds in neonatal tissues, even at low dosages, indicating bioavailability and persistence over time. While herbal remedies are traditionally claimed to benefit postpartum recovery, this study found the absorbed JEC compounds bioaccumulated in neonatal liver and brain tissues, implicating potential
Characterizations of JEC compounds absorbed in lactating rat's milk and neonatesNorhafilda Ismail
The document summarizes a study that characterized compounds from a traditional herbal remedy called Jamu Ratus absorbed in the milk of lactating rats and tissues of suckling neonates. Various techniques including thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to analyze samples from rats and neonates that were administered different doses of Jamu Ratus extract. The analysis found evidence of flavonoid compounds absorbed even at low doses in neonatal brain and liver tissues over time, indicating bioaccumulation and potential toxicity risks to developing neonatal organs from long-term exposure. The study provides insights into herbal drug metabolism and the vulnerability of neonatal tissues to drug absorption.
This study evaluated the immunostimulatory and antioxidant properties of Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as dates. Mice were injected with various concentrations of a Phoenix dactylifera extract. Results showed that the extract significantly increased phagocytic activity and reduced the half-life of carbon in the blood, indicating enhanced function of the reticuloendothelial system. The extract also significantly increased levels of the antioxidant glutathione in the liver. The concentration of 50 mg/kg produced the highest effects on phagocytosis and glutathione. Therefore, the study suggests that Phoenix dactylifera has immune-stimulating and antioxidant activities, with 50 mg/kg having the strongest impact.
Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Momordica charantia on Blood Sugar Level in No...RahulGupta2015
Using four different experimental models of normal and diabetic male albino rats, blood sugar lowering efficacy of Momordica charantia Linn. of the family Cucurbitaceae has been assessed. Ethanolic (95%) extract of the whole plant of M. charantia significantly lowered blood sugar in fasted, fed and mild diabetic male albino rats at a single oral dose of 250mg/kg that has not been reported earlier. This extract also depressed the peak value significantly in the glucose loaded model.
1. The study characterized an apple polyphenol extract standardized to 5% phloridzin and evaluated its effects on glucose transport.
2. In vitro, the extract showed a dose-dependent inhibition of up to 60% on glucose uptake by cells, comparable to known inhibitors.
3. In mice, the extract had a lower acute toxicity than green tea extract when administered orally or intraperitoneally.
4. The results suggest the extract may help regulate blood glucose levels and have potential benefits for managing diabetes and body weight control through inhibition of intestinal glucose transport. Further human studies are needed to confirm these effects.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cestrum parqui L. aerial parts and Phytochemical ...Jing Zang
This study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective effect of 70% methanolic extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts and determination of the bioactive components of the plant. The hepatoprotective effect of Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) was analysed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. The administration of a single dose of 40% CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w.) causes an increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and so pretreated orally of a dose from Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) for three consecutive days prior to The administration of a single dose of CCl4 significantly prevented the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Histological analysis showed that Cestrum parqui methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and silymarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions including vacuole formation, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by CCl4. The extract cause a negative result on the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver, as compared to those in the CCl4-treated group and this suggests that the hepatoprotective activity of the extract is due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts showed that it contained different phytoconstituents, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates.
1) The study investigated the effects of corn silk extract (CSE) on glycemic metabolism in hyperglycemic mice.
2) CSE treatment significantly reduced blood glucose and HbA1c levels and increased insulin secretion in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice.
3) CSE treatment partly recovered damaged pancreatic β-cells in hyperglycemic mice. However, CSE did not inhibit gluconeogenesis or increase hepatic glycogen.
Isolation of anxiolytic principle from ethanolic root extract of Cardiospermu...Rajesh Bhalla
The document summarizes a study that isolated and identified the anxiolytic compound from the ethanolic root extract of Cardiospermum halicacabum. Researchers fractionated the extract and tested the fractions in elevated plus maze and light/dark transition tests in mice. They found that fractions MF-14, 16 and 17 significantly increased open arm entries and time spent in the light area, indicating anxiolytic effects. Compound identification of MF-14 revealed it to be Cardiospermin, a known cyanogenic glucoside. The study suggests Cardiospermum halicacabum root contains anxiolytic properties and Cardiospermin is responsible for the observed central effects.
Characterizations of JEC compounds absorbed in lactating rat's milk and neonatesNorhafilda Ismail
The document summarizes a study that characterized compounds from a traditional herbal remedy called Jamu Ratus absorbed in the milk of lactating rats and tissues of suckling neonates. Various techniques including thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to analyze samples from rats and neonates that were administered different doses of Jamu Ratus extract. The analysis found evidence of flavonoid compounds absorbed even at low doses in neonatal brain and liver tissues over time, indicating bioaccumulation and potential toxicity risks to developing neonatal organs from long-term exposure. The study provides insights into herbal drug metabolism and the vulnerability of neonatal tissues to drug absorption.
This study evaluated the immunostimulatory and antioxidant properties of Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as dates. Mice were injected with various concentrations of a Phoenix dactylifera extract. Results showed that the extract significantly increased phagocytic activity and reduced the half-life of carbon in the blood, indicating enhanced function of the reticuloendothelial system. The extract also significantly increased levels of the antioxidant glutathione in the liver. The concentration of 50 mg/kg produced the highest effects on phagocytosis and glutathione. Therefore, the study suggests that Phoenix dactylifera has immune-stimulating and antioxidant activities, with 50 mg/kg having the strongest impact.
Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Momordica charantia on Blood Sugar Level in No...RahulGupta2015
Using four different experimental models of normal and diabetic male albino rats, blood sugar lowering efficacy of Momordica charantia Linn. of the family Cucurbitaceae has been assessed. Ethanolic (95%) extract of the whole plant of M. charantia significantly lowered blood sugar in fasted, fed and mild diabetic male albino rats at a single oral dose of 250mg/kg that has not been reported earlier. This extract also depressed the peak value significantly in the glucose loaded model.
1. The study characterized an apple polyphenol extract standardized to 5% phloridzin and evaluated its effects on glucose transport.
2. In vitro, the extract showed a dose-dependent inhibition of up to 60% on glucose uptake by cells, comparable to known inhibitors.
3. In mice, the extract had a lower acute toxicity than green tea extract when administered orally or intraperitoneally.
4. The results suggest the extract may help regulate blood glucose levels and have potential benefits for managing diabetes and body weight control through inhibition of intestinal glucose transport. Further human studies are needed to confirm these effects.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Cestrum parqui L. aerial parts and Phytochemical ...Jing Zang
This study deals with the investigation of hepatoprotective effect of 70% methanolic extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts and determination of the bioactive components of the plant. The hepatoprotective effect of Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) was analysed on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury. The administration of a single dose of 40% CCl4 (1ml/kg b.w.) causes an increase in the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspirate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes and so pretreated orally of a dose from Cestrum parqui methanol extract (100, 500, 1000 mg/kg) and silymarin (200 mg/kg) for three consecutive days prior to The administration of a single dose of CCl4 significantly prevented the increase in the activities of these enzymes. Histological analysis showed that Cestrum parqui methanol extract at doses of 500 and 1000 mg/kg and silymarin reduced the incidence of liver lesions including vacuole formation, neutrophil infiltration and necrosis of hepatocytes induced by CCl4. The extract cause a negative result on the antioxidative enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRd) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) level in liver, as compared to those in the CCl4-treated group and this suggests that the hepatoprotective activity of the extract is due to the antioxidant effect of the extract. Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract from Cestrum parqui aerial parts showed that it contained different phytoconstituents, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenes and carbohydrates.
1) The study investigated the effects of corn silk extract (CSE) on glycemic metabolism in hyperglycemic mice.
2) CSE treatment significantly reduced blood glucose and HbA1c levels and increased insulin secretion in alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice.
3) CSE treatment partly recovered damaged pancreatic β-cells in hyperglycemic mice. However, CSE did not inhibit gluconeogenesis or increase hepatic glycogen.
Isolation of anxiolytic principle from ethanolic root extract of Cardiospermu...Rajesh Bhalla
The document summarizes a study that isolated and identified the anxiolytic compound from the ethanolic root extract of Cardiospermum halicacabum. Researchers fractionated the extract and tested the fractions in elevated plus maze and light/dark transition tests in mice. They found that fractions MF-14, 16 and 17 significantly increased open arm entries and time spent in the light area, indicating anxiolytic effects. Compound identification of MF-14 revealed it to be Cardiospermin, a known cyanogenic glucoside. The study suggests Cardiospermum halicacabum root contains anxiolytic properties and Cardiospermin is responsible for the observed central effects.
Effect of tocopherol extraction of lepidium sativum seeds in sperm parameters...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of tocopherol extracted from Lepidium sativum (garden cress) seeds on sperm parameters in male rabbits. The study found that orally administering 33.6 mg/kg of body weight per day of the tocopherol extract for 50 days significantly increased testicular and epididymal sperm concentration, sperm motility, viability and reduced abnormal morphology. This suggests the tocopherol extract from garden cress seeds has the potential to enhance human fertility.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antidiabetic effects of Vinca rosea extracts in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Key findings include:
1) Methanolic extracts of Vinca rosea reduced blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner and improved body weight, lipid profiles, and other diabetes-related biomarkers.
2) The extracts showed regeneration of pancreatic beta cells and restoration of cellular population in the islets of Langerhans.
3) The high dose extract (500mg/kg) was more effective than the low dose (300mg/kg) in managing diabetes symptoms after 14 days, showing similar effects to the antidiabetic drug gliben
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
This research article evaluated the potential aphrodisiac effects of Moringa oleifera seed extracts in male albino rats. Researchers administered aqueous, alcohol, and chloroform extracts of M. oleifera seeds to male rats for 21 days. They observed several parameters of sexual behavior and found that the extracts significantly increased mounting frequency, intromission frequency, and ejaculation latency, while decreasing mounting latency, intromission latency, and post-ejaculatory interval. The extracts also increased libido without any adverse effects. The results suggest that M. oleifera seed extracts can enhance sexual behavior in male rats, supporting its traditional use as an aphrodisiac.
This study evaluated the safety of rambutan rind extract (RRE) in male rats. In the acute toxicity study, the lethal dose (LD50) of RRE was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. Significant decreases in body weight gain and food consumption were observed at doses above 1000 mg/kg. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, no mortality or signs of toxicity were observed at doses up to 1000 mg/kg/day for 30 days. At 2000 mg/kg/day, the mortality rate was 12.5%. Significant decreases in body weight gain, food consumption, and plasma triglyceride and blood urea nitrogen levels were observed. Histopathological examination found no changes
This study investigated the chronic toxic effects of carrageenan on the thyroid gland and pancreas in rats and the possible protective effects of diacerein. Rats were divided into groups receiving carrageenan, diacerein, or a combination. Biochemical, histological and immunohistochemical analysis was performed after 3 months. Carrageenan significantly increased oxidative damage in the thyroid and decreased thyroid function markers compared to controls. Diacerein ameliorated these effects when given with carrageenan. Histologically, carrageenan caused hypothyroid changes while the combination caused milder changes. Carrageenan increased proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in the thyroid, indicating oxidative damage, which was
Liver Histological Response of Hyperlipidemic Male Rat (Rattus norvegicus) to...AI Publications
The leaf of lakum (Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin.) contains compounds that are expectedly antihyperlipidemic. This study aims to determine the liver histological response to the lakum leaf extract and its effect on the levels of SGOT and SGPT in hyperlipidemic male rats (Rattus norvegicus). The male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups. P0 was a group of rats that were given standard feed, P1 was a group that were fed with high fat diet, P2 was a group that were fed high fat diet and lakum leaf extract with a dose of 40mg/200g BW (body weight)/day, and P3 was a group were fed high fat diet and simvastatin at a dose of 0.18mg/200g BW/day. High fat diet was given for 30 days, whilst treatments were implemented for 28 days. The histological descriptions showed that the hepatocyte cell repair occurred in the treatment group that was given lakum leaf extract but there were no significant differences in liver weight as well as SGOT and SGPT levels. Lakum leaf extract can be used as an antihyperlipidemic agent whilst maintaining the histology of hepatocytes and would not interfere with the liver function of the hyperlipidemic male rats.
Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa on alcoho...Bhavana Gundavarapu
The aim of present study was to investigate the Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Malvaceace) leaves in albino rats on alcohol induced hepatotoxic activity. .
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the hypoglycemic and anti-diabetic effects of the ethanolic extract of Catharanthus pusillus in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In oral glucose tolerance tests, the extract at doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg showed significant anti-hyperglycemic effects. In diabetic rats treated with the extract for 14 days, blood glucose levels were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner compared to diabetic controls. The 500 mg/kg dose showed anti-diabetic effects comparable to the standard drug glibenclamide. The results suggest the ethanolic extract of C. pusillus possesses anti-diabetic properties
1) The study investigated the effects of Clitoria ternatea leaf and flower extracts on alloxan-induced diabetic rats over 84 days.
2) Oral administration of the extracts significantly reduced blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and kidney/liver markers, while increasing insulin, glycogen stores, and beneficial cholesterol.
3) The leaf extract showed slightly better effects than the flower extract in regulating these biochemical parameters and enzymes related to glucose metabolism.
Expt. 8 Hypoglycemic effect of insulin in rabbitVISHALJADHAV100
This experiment aims to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of insulin in rabbits at different time intervals. Healthy rabbits weighing 1800-3000 grams were fasted for 18 hours before being injected with 1 unit per ml of insulin. Blood glucose levels were measured initially and then every hour for 5 hours post-injection. Insulin caused blood glucose levels to decrease over time, demonstrating its ability to lower blood sugar as it stimulates glucose uptake into cells. The mean percentage decrease in glucose at each interval determined the hypoglycemic potency of insulin over the study period.
YOGA FOR EPILEPSY - PERSON WITH EPILEPSY ARE EMINENT PERSONArise Roby
Epilepsy is a group of disorders characterized by recurrent seizures caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Yoga poses like meditation, shoulderstand, and corpse pose can help reduce seizures by relaxing the nervous system and improving circulation. Specific poses target areas of the body affected by epilepsy like the neck, back, and abdomen. Regular yoga practice may restore balance and calm the mind and body for those with epilepsy.
The story of the tortoise and the hare teaches several lessons about teamwork and competition. Initially, the hare loses by being overconfident and resting, but wins the next race by running consistently without stopping. Later races show the value of adapting to one's strengths and working as a team, with the tortoise and hare helping each other complete the course. The moral is that individual brilliance is not enough, and true success comes from harnessing each person's skills through teamwork and situational leadership.
Warom Technology is a leading lighting company based in Shanghai that specializes in LED products. It has over 3000 employees and strong technical capabilities, with many patents and awards. The company aims to provide high-quality, energy-efficient LED lighting solutions through advanced manufacturing facilities, strict quality controls, and a large sales network covering China and other countries. The Chairman emphasizes Warom's commitment to green, sustainable development in the LED lighting industry.
Such was the disposition of Rama after his return from the pilgrimage as explained by one of his attendant. In chapters to follow we shall now see what Rama’s real apathy is as explained in his own words.
God gives this opportunity to all human beings as a feeling of loneliness and detachment from the Objective World. This is actually the pull of the soul towards its source God. But we fail to recognize the pull and miss the golden opportunity.
This also calls for the guidance of a realized teacher and only a few fortunate human beings who reflect upon the transient nature of the world get necessary help.
strengthening of steel structures with fiber reinforced polymersKorrapati Pratyusha
FRP composites have advantages over steel for strengthening structures, including higher strength-to-weight ratio, ability to conform to irregular shapes, and corrosion resistance. They are formed using processes like hand lay-up, filament winding, and pultrusion. When bonded to steel, FRP composites can increase strength and stiffness through flexural and fatigue strengthening or prevent local buckling. The bond between FRP and steel is critical and depends on surface treatment and adhesive properties. FRP composites are an effective technique for strengthening steel structures.
This document provides instructions for installing Backtrack 3 on a USB drive in a non-persistent mode. It describes formatting the USB drive, copying necessary files from the Backtrack ISO, and making the USB drive bootable. Additional tips are included for specific hardware like the Lenovo Thinkpad T60. The process can be done from Windows or Linux and allows using Backtrack tools from any computer by booting from the USB drive.
This document discusses the senses of taste and smell (chemosenses). It notes that chemosenses provide survival value by allowing animals to detect chemicals in the air and dissolved in saliva. While some molecules can have similar structures but different smells, others can have different structures but be identified as the same smell. The human nose contains over 350 types of olfactory receptors that each detect particular odor groups. Taste is detected on the tongue by taste buds in specific areas. Both taste and smell involve complex neural processing and perception.
This document discusses many topics in a disorganized manner, including:
1) Discussing political and economic issues across several countries.
2) Mentioning various countries, policies, and time periods.
3) Switching between different subjects without transitions.
Effect of tocopherol extraction of lepidium sativum seeds in sperm parameters...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of tocopherol extracted from Lepidium sativum (garden cress) seeds on sperm parameters in male rabbits. The study found that orally administering 33.6 mg/kg of body weight per day of the tocopherol extract for 50 days significantly increased testicular and epididymal sperm concentration, sperm motility, viability and reduced abnormal morphology. This suggests the tocopherol extract from garden cress seeds has the potential to enhance human fertility.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antidiabetic effects of Vinca rosea extracts in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Key findings include:
1) Methanolic extracts of Vinca rosea reduced blood glucose levels in a dose-dependent manner and improved body weight, lipid profiles, and other diabetes-related biomarkers.
2) The extracts showed regeneration of pancreatic beta cells and restoration of cellular population in the islets of Langerhans.
3) The high dose extract (500mg/kg) was more effective than the low dose (300mg/kg) in managing diabetes symptoms after 14 days, showing similar effects to the antidiabetic drug gliben
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
This research article evaluated the potential aphrodisiac effects of Moringa oleifera seed extracts in male albino rats. Researchers administered aqueous, alcohol, and chloroform extracts of M. oleifera seeds to male rats for 21 days. They observed several parameters of sexual behavior and found that the extracts significantly increased mounting frequency, intromission frequency, and ejaculation latency, while decreasing mounting latency, intromission latency, and post-ejaculatory interval. The extracts also increased libido without any adverse effects. The results suggest that M. oleifera seed extracts can enhance sexual behavior in male rats, supporting its traditional use as an aphrodisiac.
This study evaluated the safety of rambutan rind extract (RRE) in male rats. In the acute toxicity study, the lethal dose (LD50) of RRE was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. Significant decreases in body weight gain and food consumption were observed at doses above 1000 mg/kg. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, no mortality or signs of toxicity were observed at doses up to 1000 mg/kg/day for 30 days. At 2000 mg/kg/day, the mortality rate was 12.5%. Significant decreases in body weight gain, food consumption, and plasma triglyceride and blood urea nitrogen levels were observed. Histopathological examination found no changes
This study investigated the chronic toxic effects of carrageenan on the thyroid gland and pancreas in rats and the possible protective effects of diacerein. Rats were divided into groups receiving carrageenan, diacerein, or a combination. Biochemical, histological and immunohistochemical analysis was performed after 3 months. Carrageenan significantly increased oxidative damage in the thyroid and decreased thyroid function markers compared to controls. Diacerein ameliorated these effects when given with carrageenan. Histologically, carrageenan caused hypothyroid changes while the combination caused milder changes. Carrageenan increased proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in the thyroid, indicating oxidative damage, which was
Liver Histological Response of Hyperlipidemic Male Rat (Rattus norvegicus) to...AI Publications
The leaf of lakum (Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin.) contains compounds that are expectedly antihyperlipidemic. This study aims to determine the liver histological response to the lakum leaf extract and its effect on the levels of SGOT and SGPT in hyperlipidemic male rats (Rattus norvegicus). The male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups. P0 was a group of rats that were given standard feed, P1 was a group that were fed with high fat diet, P2 was a group that were fed high fat diet and lakum leaf extract with a dose of 40mg/200g BW (body weight)/day, and P3 was a group were fed high fat diet and simvastatin at a dose of 0.18mg/200g BW/day. High fat diet was given for 30 days, whilst treatments were implemented for 28 days. The histological descriptions showed that the hepatocyte cell repair occurred in the treatment group that was given lakum leaf extract but there were no significant differences in liver weight as well as SGOT and SGPT levels. Lakum leaf extract can be used as an antihyperlipidemic agent whilst maintaining the histology of hepatocytes and would not interfere with the liver function of the hyperlipidemic male rats.
Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Hibiscus Sabdariffa on alcoho...Bhavana Gundavarapu
The aim of present study was to investigate the Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa (Malvaceace) leaves in albino rats on alcohol induced hepatotoxic activity. .
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the hypoglycemic and anti-diabetic effects of the ethanolic extract of Catharanthus pusillus in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In oral glucose tolerance tests, the extract at doses of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg showed significant anti-hyperglycemic effects. In diabetic rats treated with the extract for 14 days, blood glucose levels were significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner compared to diabetic controls. The 500 mg/kg dose showed anti-diabetic effects comparable to the standard drug glibenclamide. The results suggest the ethanolic extract of C. pusillus possesses anti-diabetic properties
1) The study investigated the effects of Clitoria ternatea leaf and flower extracts on alloxan-induced diabetic rats over 84 days.
2) Oral administration of the extracts significantly reduced blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and kidney/liver markers, while increasing insulin, glycogen stores, and beneficial cholesterol.
3) The leaf extract showed slightly better effects than the flower extract in regulating these biochemical parameters and enzymes related to glucose metabolism.
Expt. 8 Hypoglycemic effect of insulin in rabbitVISHALJADHAV100
This experiment aims to evaluate the hypoglycemic effect of insulin in rabbits at different time intervals. Healthy rabbits weighing 1800-3000 grams were fasted for 18 hours before being injected with 1 unit per ml of insulin. Blood glucose levels were measured initially and then every hour for 5 hours post-injection. Insulin caused blood glucose levels to decrease over time, demonstrating its ability to lower blood sugar as it stimulates glucose uptake into cells. The mean percentage decrease in glucose at each interval determined the hypoglycemic potency of insulin over the study period.
YOGA FOR EPILEPSY - PERSON WITH EPILEPSY ARE EMINENT PERSONArise Roby
Epilepsy is a group of disorders characterized by recurrent seizures caused by abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Yoga poses like meditation, shoulderstand, and corpse pose can help reduce seizures by relaxing the nervous system and improving circulation. Specific poses target areas of the body affected by epilepsy like the neck, back, and abdomen. Regular yoga practice may restore balance and calm the mind and body for those with epilepsy.
The story of the tortoise and the hare teaches several lessons about teamwork and competition. Initially, the hare loses by being overconfident and resting, but wins the next race by running consistently without stopping. Later races show the value of adapting to one's strengths and working as a team, with the tortoise and hare helping each other complete the course. The moral is that individual brilliance is not enough, and true success comes from harnessing each person's skills through teamwork and situational leadership.
Warom Technology is a leading lighting company based in Shanghai that specializes in LED products. It has over 3000 employees and strong technical capabilities, with many patents and awards. The company aims to provide high-quality, energy-efficient LED lighting solutions through advanced manufacturing facilities, strict quality controls, and a large sales network covering China and other countries. The Chairman emphasizes Warom's commitment to green, sustainable development in the LED lighting industry.
Such was the disposition of Rama after his return from the pilgrimage as explained by one of his attendant. In chapters to follow we shall now see what Rama’s real apathy is as explained in his own words.
God gives this opportunity to all human beings as a feeling of loneliness and detachment from the Objective World. This is actually the pull of the soul towards its source God. But we fail to recognize the pull and miss the golden opportunity.
This also calls for the guidance of a realized teacher and only a few fortunate human beings who reflect upon the transient nature of the world get necessary help.
strengthening of steel structures with fiber reinforced polymersKorrapati Pratyusha
FRP composites have advantages over steel for strengthening structures, including higher strength-to-weight ratio, ability to conform to irregular shapes, and corrosion resistance. They are formed using processes like hand lay-up, filament winding, and pultrusion. When bonded to steel, FRP composites can increase strength and stiffness through flexural and fatigue strengthening or prevent local buckling. The bond between FRP and steel is critical and depends on surface treatment and adhesive properties. FRP composites are an effective technique for strengthening steel structures.
This document provides instructions for installing Backtrack 3 on a USB drive in a non-persistent mode. It describes formatting the USB drive, copying necessary files from the Backtrack ISO, and making the USB drive bootable. Additional tips are included for specific hardware like the Lenovo Thinkpad T60. The process can be done from Windows or Linux and allows using Backtrack tools from any computer by booting from the USB drive.
This document discusses the senses of taste and smell (chemosenses). It notes that chemosenses provide survival value by allowing animals to detect chemicals in the air and dissolved in saliva. While some molecules can have similar structures but different smells, others can have different structures but be identified as the same smell. The human nose contains over 350 types of olfactory receptors that each detect particular odor groups. Taste is detected on the tongue by taste buds in specific areas. Both taste and smell involve complex neural processing and perception.
This document discusses many topics in a disorganized manner, including:
1) Discussing political and economic issues across several countries.
2) Mentioning various countries, policies, and time periods.
3) Switching between different subjects without transitions.
The document discusses how developing countries are increasingly competing based on creativity and innovation rather than just cost. This will drive more research and development in emerging markets and lead to new low-cost and disruptive products. While some fear this could undermine rich countries, the conclusion is that innovation in emerging markets will actually encourage further innovation globally and more consumers will have access to goods and services.
Bill White co-founded a marketing consulting firm in 1985 and has extensive experience in marketing and developing various technologies used in biomedical and life science industries. He has created marketing programs and technical documentation for over 50 types of laboratory equipment and systems. Throughout his career, White has published papers and created branding materials, websites, and training programs related to emerging technologies in clinical and biotechnology fields.
Better Biz Dev – Music Startup Academy Denver - October 8, 2015Shawn Yeager
My talk on the keys to doing better business development delivered to the Music Business Association's Music Startup Academy in Denver on October 8, 2015
A collection of work examples and a peak into the culture of Orange Sparkle Ball. See how we use our design strengths and strategic thinking to execute all kinds of design work and problem solving for our clients.
This document lists 100 C programming problems covering a wide range of concepts including input/output, arithmetic operations, conditional statements, loops, functions, arrays, strings, pointers, structures, and file handling. The problems include basic programs to print text, calculate sums, check even/odd numbers, and find largest of three numbers. More complex problems involve multi-dimensional arrays, strings, structures, sorting, file operations, and mathematical concepts like Fibonacci series and factorials.
Metaphors are an essential part of how we think and communicate. They structure our perceptions and understandings. George Lakoff and Mark Johnson argue in their book "Metaphors We Live By" that metaphors are pervasive in everyday language and thought, not just in poetic language. The documents provides numerous examples of metaphors used in various contexts like love, politics, business, medicine, and literature to illustrate how metaphors shape our views and expectations. It also discusses different types of metaphors and techniques for developing creative metaphors.
ABC Learning Centres had a record year with significant growth. Revenue increased 149.9% to $631.5 million and operating profit after tax grew 86.4% to $81.1 million. ABC expanded globally through acquisitions, becoming the largest listed childcare provider in the world with over 900 centres across Australia, New Zealand, and the United States after acquiring Learning Care Group and Children's Courtyard. ABC also grew its presence in Australia through the acquisitions of Kids Campus and Hutchison's Child Care Services.
Open Education Week presentation as part of session organised by Gabi Witthaus for her SCORE fellowship:
http://toucansproject.wordpress.com/2012/03/07/rich-sharing/
Matching presentation from Martin Weller: http://www.slideshare.net/mweller/standing-up-for-little-oer
And Sandra Wills presentation: http://www.slideshare.net/Sandrawills/oeru-sandra
cC-BY: PAtrick McAndrew
Effects of Metformin, Pioglitazone and Aqueous Extract of Delonix Regia on Bl...iosrjce
The effects of Delonix regia extract (d200mg, d300mg, and d400mg), metformin (m8.3mg, m12.5mg
and m16.5mg), pioglitazone (p0.5mg, p0.7mg and p0.9mg) and combined formulation of metformin and extract
(m6.25d150mg) on glycated hemoglobin status in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Albino wistar rats. Diabetic
status of these rats was assessed by estimating fasting blood glucose levels. A total of 150 albino rats were used
for the investigation and were grouped into twelve groups of twelve rats each as follows; Group I: normal
control rats (NCR). Group II: Diabetic control rats (DCR). Group III: Diabetic rats treated with d200mg.
Group IV: Diabetic rats treated with d300mg. Group V: Diabetic rats treated with d400mg. Group VI: Diabetic
rats treated with m8.3mg. Group VII: Diabetic rats treated with m12.5mg. Group VIII: Diabetic rats treated
with m16.5mg. Group IX: Diabetic rats treated with p0.5mg. Group X: Diabetic rats treated with p0.75mg.
Group XI: Diabetic rats treated with p1.0mg. Group XII: Diabetic rats treated with m125d300mg each for male
and female respectively, for a total of 56 days. After every two weeks interval of treatment for eight weeks three
rats from each group were sacrificed and blood sample were collected and analyzed for various parameters.
The result obtained showed an elevated level of glycated hemoglobin in diabetic-induced wistar albino rats
compared with normal control rats. However, there was reversal of the effects when treated with the
drug/extract. Also there was reduction in the blood glucose level of the diabetic rats treated with metformin
(from 6.37±0.69 to 5.20±0.62mmol/l), pioglitazone (from 7.30±0.21mmol/l to 4.70±0.46), aqueous extract of
Delonixregia (from 8.20±0.81mmol/l to 6.10±0.60) and combined formulation of metformin and extract (from
7.81±0.34 to 4.80±0.17), at p<0.05 confidence level when compared with diabetic control rats in the various
weeks of treatment respectively
CYP2A6_HPLC_PK_2015 New Simple Method for Coumarin in Liver Cytochrome of RatsWael Ebied
This document describes the development and validation of a new liquid chromatography method for determining coumarin and its 7-hydroxy metabolite as a marker of cytochrome P450 2A6 activity in rats. The method uses a C18 column and isocratic mobile phase to separate coumarin, 7-hydroxycoumarin, and an internal standard. The method was validated and showed good linearity, precision, and accuracy. This validated method was then applied to study the effect of resveratrol, sulforaphane, and thymoquinone on hepatic CYP2A6 activity in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CHROMATOGRAPHIC FRACTION AQUEOUS AND ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS O...Jing Zang
In recent studies Teucrium polium(T. polium ) was known as a hypoglycemic plants. But further research is needed to better understand the effect of Teucrium polium and biological active part of it. The purpose of this investigation is to examine the effect of different chromatographic fractions of aqueous and alcoholic extract of this plant on the level of insulin secretion and glucose content in hyperglycemic rat model. Also, our aim is determination of biological active fraction of aqueous and alcoholic extract of this plant. This study was carried out on the 36 rats. Hyperglycemia induced by administrating of 50 mg/kg alloxan intraperitoneally and glucose level was monitored for hyperglycemic status. Hyperglycemic was confirmed by blood glucose measurement. In each experiment 100 grams of Teucrium polium aerial parts powder were boiled with 2 Litter of distilled water for 36 h. The decoction preparation was then filtered through a gauz cloth followed by filtration through filter paper. The extract was evaporated to one-fifth of its original volume and kept at 4oC until its use. Determination of different fraction aqueous extract effect of Teucrium polium on glucose level and insulin secretion was carried out. Blood was collected from the tail of the rats. Then glucose and insulin level was evaluated. The hyperglycemic animals showed significant decrease in the blood glucose level in rats administered with fourth fraction compared with other factions. Administration of fourth fraction Teucrium polium aerial parts extract cause increase in insulin levels in alloxan-treated rats. Results suggest that treatment of fourth fraction Teucrium polium aerial parts extract may be useful in preventing the increase of glucose level in hyperglycemic rats. The interesting phenomenon of our results has shown that fourth fraction given parenterally possesses a hypoglycemic effect in alloxan hyperglycemic rats. Fourth fraction was found biological active and to be responsive to glucose challenge as evidenced by increase in insulin secretion.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the genotoxic effects of an aqueous extract of Goji berry (Lyciumbarbarum) using micronucleus and comet assays in rats. Rats were divided into three groups: an experimental group that received 200 mg/kg of the Goji berry extract orally, a positive control group that received cyclophosphamide, and a negative control group. The comet assay showed no significant increase in DNA damage in the experimental group compared to the negative control group at 4 or 24 hours. The micronucleus test also found no significant difference in micronuclei between the experimental and negative control groups for acute or chronic exposure. The results suggest that the Goji berry
Studying the Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Properties of The A...iosrphr_editor
The document describes a study that investigated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties of the aqueous extract of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) in experimental animal models. The extract showed significant anti-inflammatory effects in carrageenan, dextran, and histamine-induced paw edema models, as well as in a cotton pellet-induced granuloma model. It also exhibited analgesic effects in acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests. Additionally, the extract reduced yeast-induced hyperpyrexia in rats. The study demonstrates that the aqueous extract of parsley possesses anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities.
This study examined the effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exposure on the uterus of adult female rats. Rats were orally administered DEHP at doses of 0, 1, 10, and 100 mg/kg body weight daily for 30 days. Key findings include:
1) Serum estradiol levels were unchanged in the 1 and 10 mg groups but marginally increased in the 100 mg group. Progesterone levels increased in the 1 and 10 mg groups.
2) Histological examination found structural abnormalities in the uterus such as decreased diameter and thinning of layers in the 10 and 100 mg groups.
3) mRNA expression of estrogen receptor alpha decreased in the 100 mg
Protective effects of commelina benghalensis linn (root) extract on ethanol i...IJSIT Editor
The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect and possible mechanism of
alcoholic (AlE) and aqueous extract (AqE) from Commelina benghalensis root (CB) on EtOH-induced hepatic
injury in Wistar rat. Hepatotoxic parameters studied in vivo include serum transaminases (AST, and ALT),
ALP, bilirubin, protein, lipid profile (Cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL and HDL) and level of antioxidants
together with histopathological examination. Liv 52® was used as a reference hepatoprotective agent
(5ml/kg-1b.w.). AlE and AqE (200 mg/kg-1b.w.) on oral administration decreased the level of AST, ALP, ALT,
bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride, VLDL, MDA and increased the level of protein, HDL and antioxidants (SOD,
GSH and CAT) in rats being treated with ethanol (EtOH). Pentobarbitone -induced sleeping time study was
carried out to verify the effect on microsomal enzymes Histopathological observations confirmed the
beneficial roles of MF against EtOH-induced liver injury in rats. Possible mechanism may involve their
antioxidant activity
Luteolin isolate from the methanol extract identified as the single-carbon co...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Evaluation of antioxidant activities of Cyperusrotundus (Ethanolic extract an...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Screening of immunomodulatory activity of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. whole plantiosrjce
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the immunomodulatory activity of the methanolic extract of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (MESI) whole plant in rats. The study assessed the effects of MESI at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg on humoral immunity (antibody titers, plaque forming cells), cellular immunity (delayed type hypersensitivity, T-cell populations), and myelosuppression. MESI showed significant increases in circulating antibody titers, plaque forming cells, delayed type hypersensitivity responses, and T-cell populations compared to control, indicating immunostimulatory effects. The results suggest that Sphaeranthus indicus has potential as
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND HEPATOPROTECTIVE EFFECTOF POMEGRANATE PEEL AND WHEY...Anurag Raghuvanshi
The antioxidant activity of pomegranate peel powder (PPP) and whey powder (WP) was evaluated, their hepatoprotective effect of each alone or in combination (PPWP) at equal levels was also evaluated in Wistar rats against carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) induced liver injury.
The hepatoprotective activity was assessed using various biochemical parameters and histopathological studies.
1) The study evaluated the antifertility effects of an alcoholic extract of Areca catechu in male albino rats.
2) Rats treated with 300mg/kg and 600mg/kg of the extract showed 50% and 100% reduction in fertility respectively.
3) Histological examination of the testes showed effects like reduction in sperm production and changes in testicular structure at higher doses.
In vivo study on the efficacy of hypoglycemic activity of Spirulina plantesis...Open Access Research Paper
The ethanol extract of Spirulina platensis was investigated for antihyperglycemic effects in Long Evans rats. Three tests were carried out to assess these activities. The extract caused a dose dependent inhibition of glucose absorption and showed hypoglycemic effects at rats weighing from 110 – 150 gram. The anti-diabetic effects were estimated by measuring the amount of glucose in the samples collected after the experiment. The extract at a dose level of 250mg/kg showed significant result (p<0.05) at 15 minutes and the dose level of 500mg/kg showed significant efficacy (p<0.05) at 10 and 15 minutes and the glucose absorption rates were 38.94±0.21, 34.99±1.91 and 40.86±0.07 respectively. The present study explored the extra pancreatic action of the plant in Long Evans rats. This study suggests that ethanol extract of Spirulina platensis has anti-diabetic effects in a dose dependant manner and these may be effective in the treatment of diabetes.
Standardization of plectranthus amboinicusshveta arya
The document summarizes the standardization of Plectranthus amboinicus, an herbal plant used in traditional medicine. It describes preparing extracts of the leaves and subjecting them to phytochemical and toxicity testing. The acute and sub-acute toxicity studies in mice found the plant extract to be relatively non-toxic, with no mortality observed up to a 2000 mg/kg dose. Phytochemical analysis identified various compounds in the extract including carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, sterols and flavonoids. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze volatile compounds in the extract. The study supports the standardized use of P. amboinicus extracts as a potentially safe herbal
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against carbon...oyepata
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against
carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury
Oyepata Simeon Joseph1*, Jude e Okokon2, Opeyemi tosin Joseph3
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the total tannin content and antidiarrheal activity of Tecomaria capensis leaves extract. The study found that the extract contained high quantities of tannins. In tests using animal models, the extract showed significant and dose-dependent inhibition of diarrhea, reduction of intestinal transit, and antienteropooling effects, supporting the traditional use of the plant for treating diarrhea. The results provide scientific evidence that Tecomaria capensis leaves extract has potential antidiarrheal properties.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the antinociceptive (pain-relieving) and anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanol extract of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (EESJ) in experimental animal models. The extract showed significant antinociceptive activity in tests of abdominal writhing, hot plate response, and formalin-induced paw licking. Pretreatment with the opioid antagonist naloxone partially reversed the antinociceptive effects, suggesting the involvement of opioid receptors. The extract also demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects in tests of carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma formation. The study provides evidence
Antidiabetic and Cytoprotective Effect of Ethanolic Extract of SalaciaNitida ...IOSRJPBS
The document summarizes a study that investigated the antidiabetic and cytoprotective effects of the ethanolic root extract of Salacia nitida on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Key findings of the study include:
1) The ethanolic extract of S. nitida roots showed significant antidiabetic activity, demonstrated by a dose-dependent reduction in blood glucose levels and increase in body weight of treated diabetic rats.
2) Histological examination showed the extract helped restore damaged pancreatic and kidney tissues in treated diabetic rats closer to normal.
3) The extract demonstrated significant glucose tolerance effects and may lower blood glucose through mechanisms like stimulating insulin production or protecting pancreatic beta cells.
Similar to 2.a OPTIMIZATION CHARACTERIZATION OF JEC ABSORBED COMPOUNDS IN LACTATING RATS AND SUCKLING NEONATES NEW (20)
Characterization of jec absorbed compounds in lactating rat's milk and suckli...Norhafilda Ismail
Jamu Ratus, a widespread use of traditional complementary herbal remedies upon post-partum recovery. The herbal remedies constituents may comprising abundance of herbs and spices namely Piper sp., Alpinia sp., Kaempferia galangal, Curcuma sp. which representing the complexity of herbal formulas and the presence of ubiquitous of bioactive compounds. Preliminary studies has been conducted using different concentrations of therapeutic dosages as given; 0mg/kg/day as control; 150mg/kg/day; 500mg/kg/day and 1500mg/kg/day in lactating rat’s milk and suckling neonates after giving birth within 1 month upon gestation period. The main objectives is to characterize the absorbed of JEC compounds derived from ethanolic fractions compounds using lactating’ rats milks and plasma tissues from liver and brain’s (n=30) of suckling neonates. The subjected samples tested were collected, weighed and further analysed using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC); High Performance of Chromatography (HPLC) and Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) using different phase of solvent as eluents. The presence of flavonoids compounds even at lower dosage of therapeutic dosage (150mg/kg/day) given in neonatal tissues brain persistent with time and dosage given; giving good insight in understanding of xenobiotic metabolism in the liver. The bioaccumulation of absorbed JEC compounds in neonatal brain and liver tissues showing the bioavailability of the drug itself to retain, persistent with time of drug exposure. Albeit the vulnerability of the neonatal liver and brain in early stage development upon drug interference to transverse into the brain tissues; thus, implicated the toxicity potential whilst exhibits and affecting cognitive development and physiological activities and henceforth need to be further resolved.
Key Words;, JEC compounds, xenobiotic , TLC, HPLC and LCMS.
Characterization of jec absorbed compounds in lactating rat's milk and suckli...Norhafilda Ismail
Jamu Ratus, a widespread use of traditional complementary herbal remedies upon post-partum recovery. The herbal remedies constituents may comprising abundance of herbs and spices namely Piper sp., Alpinia sp., Kaempferia galangal, Curcuma sp. which representing the complexity of herbal formulas and the presence of ubiquitous of bioactive compounds. Preliminary studies has been conducted using different concentrations of therapeutic dosages as given; 0mg/kg/day as control; 150mg/kg/day; 500mg/kg/day and 1500mg/kg/day in lactating rat’s milk and suckling neonates after giving birth within 1 month upon gestation period. The main objectives is to characterize the absorbed of JEC compounds derived from ethanolic fractions compounds using lactating’ rats milks and plasma tissues from liver and brain’s (n=30) of suckling neonates. The subjected samples tested were collected, weighed and further analysed using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC); High Performance of Chromatography (HPLC) and Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) using different phase of solvent as eluents. The presence of flavonoids compounds even at lower dosage of therapeutic dosage (150mg/kg/day) given in neonatal tissues brain persistent with time and dosage given; giving good insight in understanding of xenobiotic metabolism in the liver. The bioaccumulation of absorbed JEC compounds in neonatal brain and liver tissues showing the bioavailability of the drug itself to retain, persistent with time of drug exposure. Albeit the vulnerability of the neonatal liver and brain in early stage development upon drug interference to transverse into the brain tissues; thus, implicated the toxicity potential whilst exhibits and affecting cognitive development and physiological activities and henceforth need to be further resolved.
Key Words;, JEC compounds, xenobiotic , TLC, HPLC and LCMS.
2.a OPTIMIZATION CHARACTERIZATION OF JEC ABSORBED COMPOUNDS IN LACTATING RATS AND SUCKLING NEONATES NEW
1. CHARACTERIZATION OF JEC ABSORBED COMPOUNDS IN LACTATING
RAT’S MILK AND SUCKLING NEONATES.
Norhafilda Ismail
Department of Biochemistry, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology,
Faculty of Science & Technology, National University of Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Malaysia.
Corresponding author: hafildaismail@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Jamu Ratus, a widespread use of traditional complementary herbal remedies upon post-
partum recovery. The herbal remedies constituents may comprising abundance of herbs and
spices namely Piper sp., Alpinia sp., Kaempferia galangal, Curcuma sp. which representing
the complexity of herbal formulas and the presence of ubiquitous of bioactive compounds.
Preliminary studies has been conducted using different concentrations of therapeutic dosages
as given; 0mg/kg/day as control; 150mg/kg/day; 500mg/kg/day and 1500mg/kg/day in
lactating rat’s milk and suckling neonates after giving birth within 1 month upon gestation
period. The main objectives is to characterize the absorbed of JEC compounds derived from
ethanolic fractions compounds using lactating’ rats milks and plasma tissues from liver and
brain’s (n=30) of suckling neonates. The subjected samples tested were collected, weighed
and further analysed using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC); High Performance of
Chromatography (HPLC) and Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) using
different phase of solvent as eluents. The presence of flavonoids compounds even at lower
dosage of therapeutic dosage (150mg/kg/day) given in neonatal tissues brain persistent with
time and dosage given; giving good insight in understanding of xenobiotic metabolism in the
liver. The bioaccumulation of absorbed JEC compounds in neonatal brain and liver tissues
showing the bioavailability of the drug itself to retain, persistent with time of drug exposure.
Albeit the vulnerability of the neonatal liver and brain in early stage development upon drug
interference to transverse into the brain tissues; thus, implicated the toxicity potential whilst
exhibits and affecting cognitive development and physiological activities and henceforth
need to be further resolved.
Key Words;, JEC compounds, xenobiotic , TLC, HPLC and LCMS.
2. Introduction
Jamu Ratus, a widespread use of traditional complementary herbal remedies by Malay
women upon post-partum recovery. Malaysia has a well-developed traditional system of
medicine, which has been in practice use by complementary herbal practitioners for
treatment various ailments due to its pharmacological activities [30].Preliminary scientific
studies has shown extensive research on traditional complementary herbal remedies using
plants versus biosynthesis modern drug towards the efficacy uses of the drug’s itself. The
constituents of herbal remedies may comprised with ubiquitous herbs and spices inherited
from the late ancestor to cure and care after giving birth. The consumption of Jamu Ratus in
daily dietary intake and traditionally being claimed to be able in enhancing the body
temperature of the mother during postnatal and gestation period for the suckling new born
baby. Kaempferol is a polyphenol antioxidant found in fruits and vegetables.
Epidemiological studies have shown an inverse relationship between kaempferol intake and
cancer. Kaempferol may help by augmenting the body’s antioxidant defense against free
radicals, which promote the development of cancer. [1], [13]. Flavonoids may range from
flavones, flavonols, flavonol aglyconMany flavonoids possess in vitro cancer, antiviral and
anti-inflammatory properties that having ability to inhibit broad range of enzymes and to act
as potent antioxidants [9]. Kaempferol is a yellow crystalline solid with a melting point of
276-278°C. It is slightly soluble in water but soluble in hot ethanol and ether. The health
status of using these traditionally prescribed Jamu Ratus seems dubious and need to be
resolved in future investigations. Thus, these led extensively promising studies which were
conducted in order to generate specific useful information that will provide good insight in
the future therapeutic traditional medicines that is safe to be consumed in human (controlled
drug) without giving bad adverse effect towards both party (mother and the suckling infant).
3. Experimental Designs
Materials and Methods
Jamu Ratus are purchased from local supplier, Johor Bharu, Malaysia in powder form. The
crude JEC, decoctions extracts were made in three different crucial extraction methods.
Firstly, the herbs are weighed , dissolved and defatted with 5 volumes of Petroleum Ether
solvents overnight (40°C-60°C).. Then, the residue were filtered and dried in room
temperature with Whatman 4 paper. The residues were extracted with 10 volume of ethanol
solvents (95%) in 80°C with automatic Soxhlet extraction methods within 6 hours to remove
oil , fat (defatting) and debris from the extracts. Ethanolic extract were dried in vacuo using
rotary evaporator to produce high yield of polar JEC compounds extractions. The residues
ethanolic extracts were undergone partition of chloroform and water with ratio of 1:1
(1.2ml/g of Jamu Ratus). The chloroform partition were done in three time, collected and
dried in vacuo. The percentage of JEC turn over (50µl-100µl) were calculated after
lyophilized with nitrogen gas. The JEC yields distributed in serial glass vials with (mg) for
each, lyophilized with nitrogen gas in 60°C upon JEC treatment. The lyophilized crude JEC
were stored in -30°C to avoid oxidation process [4]. These experimental studies has been
conducted using different batches of relative therapeutic dosages JEC, as such; 0x
(0mg/kg/day) control; 3x (150mg/kg/day); 10x (500mg/kg/day) and 30x (1500mg/kg/day) to
observe the efficacy of the JEC compounds in rat’s model. JEC known as ethanolic extract
and chloroform fraction of Jamu Ratus.
These research has been done for 12 replications of animal models using lactating rats and
suckling neonates (n=144). Two set of animal model, which is 12 lactating rats per set were
divided into four group with three rats per group. The group were divided based on relative
therapeutic dosages 0x (0mg/kg/day) control, 3x (150mg/kg/day), 10x (500mg/kg/day) and
30x (1500mg/kg/day). The lactating rats and suckling neonates were orally fed and
administered daily with crude JEC extracts via force feeding method within 1 months
(chronic studies) during gestation period. The control animal were fed with carboxyl methyl
cellulose solution (CMC) dissolved in saline water. These subjected sample of plasma tissues
4. were obtained upon post mortem process from (plasma) blood, liver (heparin) and plasma
(blood brain barriers) of the suckling neonates.
Milk sampling,
The milk sampling were done in 5th
and 9th
day of JEC treatment. The milk sampling were
done after one hour of post-drug. The lactating rats were anesthetized with diethyl ether,
injected with oxytocin hormones (2 I.U) intravenously through vein’ tail for each rats to
promote the production of milk. Enhancement of milk production was done by massaging the
mammary glands and collected by using micropipette, and eppendorf tube (1.0ml) and stored
in -30°C for next extraction. The average of milk collections were documented. Blood
plasma were collected on 9th
day after JEC treatment and at the end of milk sampling.
Suckling also known as major stimulus for oxytocin secretion during lactation in the rat [14],
[15]. Frequency of milks ejections rather than the amount of oxytocin per milk ejection has
been found previously to depend, in some circumstances on litter size [13];[23]..
Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis
The identification of the JEC compounds binding to plasma protein of tested samples were
analysed and detected using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) techniques , HPLC (High
Performance Liquid Chromatography) and LCMS (Liquid Chromatography Mass
Spectrometry) for reproducible and accurate outcomes.
Thin Layer Chromatography method
The square shaped of glass plate in 20cm X 20cm (length and width) were cleaned with
acetone. 30g of silica gel GF powder are weighed and mixed up with 75ml of distilled water
and homogenized with vortex and spread on the glass plates up to 0.4mm of thickness in a
row. Then, the square plates were dried and preheated in oven up to 110°C for about 30
minutes to activate the silica gel upon being used. The prominent solvent system used are
Chloroform: Acetic Acid (90:10/100ml); (9:1, v/v) of total volume.
5. Organic and aqueous phase of tested samples were separated and dissolved in chloroform
and methanol with 100µl volume for Thin Layer Chromatography analysis. Then, 25µl of
each extract were spotted on the silica plate. Almost 2.5mg of JEC were spotted on the same
plate as reference. The elution was made until ¾ of TLC plate within 1 hours. The separated
bands were detected under ultraviolet exposure (366nm). The unique band represented in
fluorescence band are expected to be presence in subjected plasma sample pre-treated with
JEC relative therapeutic dosages and absence in control sample (0mg/kg/day) of JEC
treatment.
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
The unique bands were detected on TLC chromatograms of subjected milk samples were
scrapped off, collected and further extracted. The extraction method was done by adding
methanol and chloroform solvent (1:3), then vortex for 1 minute and soaked in ultrasonic
bath (60°C) for about 20 minutes. The mixture were centrifuged in 13000 rpm for about 10
minute.as and supernatant were collected in different vials. These crucial steps were repeated
for three times. The collected supernatant were lyophilized using nitrogen gas in 60°C and
further analysed by adding 1ml of Methanol (HPLC grade) , vortex, and filtered with picagari
filtration (the filtration membrane with diameter 13mm, pores: 0.45 µm ) before analysed
using HPLC and LCMS techniques. 20µL of whole samples for unique fraction and unique
fraction for scrapped TLC chromatogram fraction were injected for HPLC and LCMS
analysis. These methods applied in control and standard samples (kaempferol, quercetin and
JEC).
High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis were employed to detect the
flavonoid, isoflavonoid and phenolic compounds [5]. The apparatus used was Intelligent
HPLC Pump Jusco PU-980 , connected with Degassex, degasser vacuum DG440 model and
C18 column type Symmetry® 5µm (3.9 x 150mm column).The absorbent detector used was
Waters 484. Two mobile phase are used which are A, formic acid –water 1% (5:95 v/v) and
B ,methanol HPLC grade. The elusion profile are 0-2min , 7% B in A (isocratic): 2-8 min , 7-
15 % B in A (linear gradient): 8-25 min, 15-75 % B in A (linear gradient): 25-27min , 75-
6. 80% B in a (linear gradient); 27-29 min, 80%B in A (isocratic), 7% B in A (isocratic): 29-33
min , 7% B in a (isocratic), 33-35 min with the flow rate 1ml/min. The thermostat
temperature is 20 °C while the column pressure is 81 bar and UV detection system, viewed
under 280nm wavelength. The analysis has been done in laboratory 1125, Department of
Food Technology and Chemistry Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, National
University of Malaysia, UKM, Bangi, Selangor.
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS)
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) modified analyses applied to be used
in order to optimize the detection and characterization of JEC components the JEC absorbed
components of subjected samples upon lactating dams tissues and suckling neonates.
Through the high throughput analyses, the molecular weight of absorbed JEC compounds
were able to be identified based on comparison with elution time RT value, mass spectra of
spectrometry compounds of control samples, kaempferol and quercetin standard samples
with samples pretreated with JEC relative therapeutic JEC dosages.
LCMS (Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry analyses were employed using
microTOF-Q 86 connected with Agilent 1100 HPLC, Gilson321 Pump with Injector Auto
sampler and Jupiter 5u C 18 300A column 5 µm (2.0 x 250mm column). Absorbent Derector
used was Waters 484. Two mobile phase used in these analyses; A: Formic acid-water 1%
(5:95) and B, methanol HPLC grade. Elution profile is 0-2min, 7% B in A (isocratic); 2-8
min, 7-5 % B in A (linear gradient); 8-25 min, 15-75% B in A (linear gradient); 25-27 min,
75-80% B in A (linear gradient); 27-29 min, 80% B in A (isocratic) with flow rate fluorate
0.2ml/min. Thermostat temperature is 20°C while column pressure 81 bar and the UV ,
ultraviolet detection in 280nm. Nitrogen gas are used to break down the ionic fragment (in 80
°C, 40V) to produce ion products (in 160°C, 2V). These analysis was done in ToF laboratory
of Chemistry Building, Centre of Research and Innovation Management, Faculty of Science
and Technology, National University of Malaysia, UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
7. Results and Discussions
The flavonoid-binding protein plasma from subjected plasma blood, liver and brain of
suckling neonates were then being detected using TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography)
classical analysis for bioactive compounds in plant [11],[18] which inferred the absorbed
JEC compounds in tissues. The separation techniques shown the presence of yellowish and
green fluorescence band persistent with time and therapeutic dosages given. This may
implying the presence of secondary metabolite of the flavonoid compounds (flavonol,
flavonol aglycone, alkaloid, phenolic acids) derived from JEC absorbed tissues samples
tested compared to control samples.
The sampling data were analysed and showing the prominent presence of flavonoid binding
protein based on fluorescence bands colours appeared (yellowish and green bands) eluted
with Rt (0.86) prominent and persistent in highest therapeutic dosage (1500mg/kg/day) prior
to 1 month of JEC treatment under ultraviolet (UV) light exposure (366nm) in whole milk
and liver of lactating dam’s samples. The yellowish and green band are known as polar
compound , depicted out and emanated from tested plasma sample seems to be present and
eluted farther than origin point using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) classical screening
and separation analysis, [11], [18]. The fluorescence band were scrapped out, weighed and
further analyses using HPLC analysis. The polar compounds are eluted farther than origin
point using main eluents mobile phase, good resolution of separation (Chloroform: Acetic
Acid) solvent systems. The identification of highest polarity of compounds were shown to
elute farther from the origin point of activated silica gel using different type of eluents
(mobile phase) ratio.
8. Fig.1. Internal section of lactating rat’s abdominal part pretreated with JEC therapeutic
dosages.
Fig. 1.1. Internal section of abdominal stomach of lactating rats’ in 5th
day of JEC
treatment (500mg/kg/day & 1500mg/kg/day)
Notes; The arrow shows the intensity of yellowish coloration in rats’ inner abdominal
stomach based upon different JEC relative therapeutic dosages given.
Fig. 1.2 Internal section of abdominal stomach of lactating rat’s in 5th
day of JEC
treatment (150mg/kg/day)
9. Fig. 1.3 Internal section of abdominal stomach of lactating rat’s in 5th
day of JEC
treatment (0mg/kg/day)
10. Figure 2.1: Chromatogram profile of aqueous and organic fraction chromatogram of liver
extract ; 1500mg/kg/day of JEC relative therapeutic dosages using Chloroform : Acetic Acid
(90:10/100 %); (9:1, v/v) solvent system; under ultraviolet light (366nm) detection.
Reference:
1.Aqueous phase of liver extract (negative control)
2.Aqueous phase of liver ;1500mg/kg/day of JEC relative therapeutic dosage (7th days)
3.Aqueous phase of liver; 1500mg/kg/day of JEC relative therapeutic dosage (10th days)
4.Aqueous phase of liver ; 1500mg/kg/day of JEC relative therapeutic dosage (14th days)
5. Organic phase of liver extract (negative control)
6. Aqueous phase of liver ;1500mg/kg/day of JEC relative therapeutic dosage(7th days)
7 Aqueous phase of liver ;1500mg/kg/day of JEC relative therapeutic dosages (10thth days).
8. Aqueous phase of liver ;1500mg/kg/day of JEC relative therapeutic dosages (14th days)
9. Reference JEC (2.5mg)
Rf= 0.87
Rf= 0.75
11. Figure 2.2 Chromatogram profile of aquoues and organic fraction on liver extract;
1500mg/kg/day of JEC relative therapeutic dosages using Chloroform : Acetic Acid
(90:10/100%); (9:1, v/v) solvent system; under ultraviolet light (254nm) detection.
Reference:
1 .Aqueous phase of liver extract (negative control)
2.Aqueous phase of liver ;1500mg/kg/day of JEC relative therapeutic dosage (7th days)
3.Aqueous phase of liver ;1500mg/kg/day of JEC relative therapeutic dosage(10th days)
4. Aqueous phase of liver ;1500mg/kg/day of JEC relative therapeutic dosage (14th days)
5. Organic phase of liver extract (negative control)
6. Aqueous phase of liver ;1500mg/kg/day of JEC relative therapeutic dosage(7th days)
7 Aqueous phase of liver ;1500mg/kg/day of JEC relative therapeutic dosages (10thth days).
8.Aqueous phase of liver ;1500mg/kg/day of JEC relative therapeutic dosages (14th days)
9. Reference JEC (2.5mg)
The prominent fluorescence bands (yellowish green) shown eluted in Rf 0.86 or Rf 0.75 value
which representing the presence of hydrophilic flavonoid compounds (polar) absorbed in
liver and blood samples of the suckling neonates. The non- fluorescence compounds
12. particularly non polar compounds of flavonoid binding proteins can be identified as volatile
compounds which is easily to evaporate and diminished in ambient temperature (37 °C)
during sampling method. These conventional method seems tedious and only applicable for
qualitative screening methods of bioflavonoids.
Table 1.1 (a) Preliminary studies shown the lactating rat’s pretreated with relative
therapeutic dosages of JEC in 0mg/kg/day; 150mg/kg/day; 500mg/kg/day and
1500mg/kg/day and showing significant results as shown in table below for acute and
chronic studies (n samples=144);
List of
samples
Plasma Protein samples Therapeutic JEC dosages (Chronic
study)
JEC
Results:
(-ve;+ve)
1.(a) Liver
0mg/kg/day ;carboxymethyl selulose
(CMC) dissolved with saline water
-
1.(b) Milk -
1.(c) Plasma sample (Blood) -
2.(a) Liver
150mg/kg/day; JEC dissolved with water
+
2.(b) Milk +
2.(c) Plasma sample (Blood) +
3.(a) Liver
500mg/kg/day; JEC dissolved with water
+
3.(b) Milk +
3.(c) Plasma sample (Blood) -
4. (a) Liver
1500mg/kg/day; JEC dissolved with
water
+
4.(b) Milk +
4. (c) Plasma sample (Blood) -
Notes; Results on tissue samples of plasma protein samples upon relative therapeutic of JEC
dosages treatment. (+ve); positive results showing presence of JEC absorbed components; (-
ve); negative results showing absence of JEC absorbed components)
13. List of
samples
Plasma protein samples Therapeutic JEC dosages (Acute study)
JEC
Results;
(-ve;+ve)
1.(a) Liver
0mg/kg/day ;
carboxymethyl selulose (CMC) dissolved
with saline water
-
1.(b) Milk -
1.(c) Plasma sample (Blood) -
2.(a) Liver
150mg/kg/day; JEC dissolved with water
+
2.(b) Milk +
2.(c) Plasma sample (Blood) +
3.(a) Liver
500mg/kg/day; JEC dissolved with water
+
3.(b) Milk +
3. (c) Plasma sample (Blood) +
4. (a) Liver
1500mg/kg/day; JEC dissolved with water
+
4. (b) Milk +
4. (c) Plasma sample (Blood) +
Notes; Results on tissue samples of plasma protein samples upon JEC relative therapeutic
dosages treatment. (+ve); positive results showing presence of JEC absorbed components; (-
ve); negative results showing absence of JEC absorbed components)
14. Table 2.1 (b) Preliminary studies, qualitative methods shown on suckling neonates
pretreated with relative therapeutic of JEC dosages in 0mg/kg/day; 150mg/kg/day;
500mg/kg/day and 1500mg/kg/day and showing significant results as shown in table below
for acute and chronic studies (n samples =144);
List of
samples.
Plasma protein’s sample Therapeutic JEC dosages (Chronic study) JEC
Results;
(-ve/+ve)
1.(a) Liver
0mg/kg/day ;carboxymethyl selulose
(CMC) dissolved with saline water
-
1.(b) Milk -
1.(c) Plasma sample (Blood) -
1.(d) Blood Brain Barrier -
2.(a) Liver
150mg/kg/day; JEC dissolved with water
+
2.(b) Milk +
2.(c) Plasma sample (Blood) +
2.(d) Blood Brain Barrier +
3.(a) Liver
500mg/kg/day; JEC dissolved with water
+
3.(b) Milk +
3.(c) Plasma sample (Blood) -
3.(d) Blood Brain Barrier +
4. (a) Liver
1500mg/kg/day; JEC dissolved with water
+
4.(b) Milk +
4.(c) Plasma sample (Blood) -
4.(d) Blood Brain Barrier +
Results on tissue samples of plasma protein samples upon JEC relative therapeutic dosages
treatment. (+ve); positive results showing presence of JEC absorbed components; (-ve);
negative results showing absence of JEC absorbed components)
15. List of
samples
Plasma protein’s sample Therapeutic JEC dosages (Acute study)
JEC
Results;
(-ve/+ve)
1.(a) Liver
0mg/kg/day ; carboxymethyl selulose
(CMC) dissolved with saline water
-
1.(b) Milk -
1.(c) Plasma sample (Blood) -
1.(d) Blood Brain Barrier -
2.(a) Liver
150mg/kg/day; JEC dissolved with water
+
2.(b) Milk +
2.(c) Plasma sample (Blood) +
2.(d) Blood Brain Barrier +
3.(a) Liver
500mg/kg/day; JEC dissolved with water
+
3.(b) Milk +
3.(c) Plasma sample (Blood) +
3.(d) Blood Brain Barrier +
4. (a) Liver
1500mg/kg/day; JEC dissolved with water
+
4.(b) Milk +
4.(c) Plasma sample (Blood) +
4. (d) Blood Brain Barrier +
Notes; Results on tissue samples of plasma protein samples upon JEC relative therapeutic
dosages treatment. (+ve); positive results showing presence of JEC absorbed components; (-
ve); negative results showing absence of JEC absorbed components)
The optimization of HPLC and LCMS analysis were developed and showing abundance of
flavonoid binding protein plasma derived from suckling neonates’ tissues (blood brain barrier
tissues) and liver. The presence of abundance unique peaks in HPLC (High Performance
Liquid Chromatography) analysis and high throughout LCMS (Liquid Chromatography Mass
Spectrometry) based on eluted retention time (Rt), within time frame of analysis giving the
good insight in xenobiotic metabolism (biotransformation of xenobiotic) that simply occur in
16. the liver. Liver (hepatic samples) known for biotransformation of xenobiotic metabolism
occurrence whereby the foreign compounds begins to interact with mix function oxidase
enzymes in phase 1 and converting the xenobiotic into hydrophilic and rendered to be
eliminated out (Administration; Distribution; Metabolism and Excretion) throughout the
body. The metabolism of xenobiotics, perhaps the most notable pathway is the
monooxygenation function catalyzed by the cytochrome P450s (CYPs; P450s). The CYPs
detoxify and or bioactivate a vast number of xenobiotic chemicals and conduct
functionalization reactions that include N- and O dealkylation, aliphatic and aromatic
hydroxylation, N- and S oxidation, and deamination[6].
The vulnerability and poor development of neonate’s itself, enabling the permeability
and susceptibility towards the drug absorption in liver and transverse into the blood brain
barrier even at lower dosage of relative therapeutic JEC. The results shown the fluorescence
bands emanated from JEC components; nursed by dams even pre-treated at lowest dosages of
JEC (150mg/kg/day) in which undergone biotransformation process in phase 1 liver into
hydrophilic compounds, which rendered to be passively diffused out from liver to the hepar
portal vein before finds it route to transverse blood brain brain in suckling neonates. Previous
study shown the JEC treatment induce the GABA α- receptor that is mediating the sedative
effects; ptosis, anxiolytic effect in mice that shown in drug agonist GABA receptor such as
imidazole and benzodiazepine. The bioaccumulation of JEC compounds in liver and brain
prior to long term of drug exposure even in lowest dosages (150mg/kg/day) may cause
adverse effect or simply said exhibit the toxicity effects towards the neonates at early stage of
development particularly in cognitive impairment and growth development (body weight),
metabolic functions and physiological behaviour in suckling neonates.
The peak absorbance shown upon HPLC and high throughput sensitive LCMS
analysis showing abundance of flavonoids compounds based on retention times eluted out
using standardize mobile phase. The higher molecular weight metabolite compounds will
elute farther within time frame of analysis based on resulted Rt and eluted time shown.
Kaempferol, one of flavonoid compound were detected to be appeared in most all the
subjected tissues samples (liver of maternally ingested JEC extract; brain and blood samples
17. of suckling neonates) persistent with therapeutic dosages given even in highest dosages of
therapeutic JEC dosages (1500mg/kg/day). One of the peak formed was identified similar to
bioflavonoid compound, kaempferol quantified as 0.57mg, partition only 1.1348% in the
sample (n=3) and having turnover 0.38% from maternal ingested dosages (150mg/kg/day).
Notably, this peak has similar properties of molecular mass (287.0561 and 449.1094 max.
m/z) at Rt (24.9 and 30.1 min) with JEC and kaempferol standard profile. These findings
significantly shown the JEC components are able to be cleared rapidly in the pre-hepatic
circulation within short time of post-drug and the other metabolite products of the drugs
which undergone biotransformation in hepar could be traced inside the brains of neonates
nursed by dams even in the lowest dosage. These subjected plasma tissues sample were
quantitatively tested with incorporation of spiked kaempferol as internal standard in plasma
binding protein brain tissues of suckling neonates compared to kaempferol standard, and
plasma tissues of control treatment and showing the presence of kaempferol, In addition,
LCMS chromatogram profiles of maternal ingested JEC of milk tissues, discerning of higher
yield of unique peaks resulted in comparison with the suckling neonates tissues and absence
in for both control samples.
18. Fig 3.1 LCMS chromatogram profile of aqueous phase of neonate’s liver extract
nursed by dam pretreated with lowest; 150mg/kg/day relative therapeutic JEC dosages in
chronic studies (5th
of post-drug). Peaks shown were identified by comparison with reference
standards on retention time. The profile clearly shown presence of bioflavonoid (bioactive
compounds) demonstrated on distinctive number of peaks yield, and peaks no. 15.; identified
as kaempferol (26.7 min); ion m/z 285.2889 , and compared to kaempferol standard whilst
absence in control sample within elution time (RT) 30 min.
19. Fig. 3.2 LCMS Chromatogram profile , mass spectra of aqueous phase of neonate’s
liver extract nursed by dam pretreated with lowest; 150mg/kg/day relative therapeutic JEC
dosages.
20. Fig. 3.3 LCMS chromatogram profile on kaempferol as reference standard (1.0µg/ml)
to provide the best resolution comparison with tissues plasma protein sample pretreated JEC;
150mg/kg/day and 0mg/kg/day; control sample.
Conclusions
These useful informations, thus clearly implying that there is abundance of bioactive JEC
plant derived compounds known as secondary metabolite bioflavonoids or (origin from
parent compound); such as quercetin, quercitrin and astragalin as such which having
pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant agents that being able to adhere and retain in
protein sample tissues even in lower dosages of JEC treatment. This clearly shows the use of
this plant as herbal remedies to evoke the understanding on pharmacology and
pharmacokinetic of therapeutic dosages of drug intake in dietary consumptions which is dose
dependent versus time of drug exposure. Despite all the challenges in producing informative
data, these minimal findings provides good insight and useful information in optimizing the
characterization of bioflavonoids, phenolic acid which is JEC absorbed compounds in plasma
tissues via modern, high resolution and reproducibility analysis using NMR techniques in
providing productive data bank of biosynthesis flavonoids compounds.
21. Acknowledgements
The author are thankful to Biochemistry department’s staffs, lecturers, Food Science and
Technology’s Department staff, Food and Chemistry’s Department staff and Animal House’s
staff in Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, UKM, Bangi,
Selangor, Malaysia. These perpetual research has been funded by FRGS grants in aiding the
instrumentation research analysis and chemicals.
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