Antibiotics
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Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by fungi and bacteria that kill or slow the growth of bacteria. They are used as medicines to treat diseases caused by bacteria but not viruses. Professor Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, the first natural antibiotic, in 1928 at St. Mary's Hospital in London while experimenting with the Penicillium fungus. Antibiotics have disadvantages like secondary effects but their main advantage is that they cure diseases and have saved many lives by treating conditions that were often fatal before antibiotics were developed.
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Antibiotics
Antibiotics are chemicals that kill or inhibit bacteria and are used to treat bacterial infections. They are produced naturally by soil bacteria and fungi. Antibiotics target microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and parasites, but not viruses. It is important to know if an infection is caused by bacteria or a virus so the correct treatment can be given. Antibiotics work by preventing bacterial cells from multiplying so the host's immune system can fight the infection. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance where bacteria become less inhibited by an antibiotic.
Beta Lactam Antibiotics
This document provides an overview of beta lactam antibiotics, including their structure, mode of action, examples, and mechanisms of resistance. It begins by discussing the bacterial cell wall structure and how beta lactams work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. Major classes of beta lactams covered include penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams. Examples such as methicillin, amoxicillin, and imipenem are described. The document also discusses beta lactamase resistance and concludes with a brief overview of classification.
Penicillin
Penicillin Classification, Mechanism of Action, Structure Activity Relationship, Structure of Penicillins, penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) functional propertiesCross-linking of the peptidoglycan by transpeptidases, Cross-linking of the peptidoglycan by transpeptidases, Shape of penicillin G Penicillin SAR AcylSide Chain Modifications Instability of β-lactams to nucleophiles
Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins Protein Binding of Penicillins
Penicillin
This is all about the Penicillin , which includes its mode of action, manufacturing process, product recovery etc.
Antibiotics
THIS PPT IS ABOUT THE ANTIBIOTICS THEIR TYPES, HISTORY, USES , THEIR ADVERSE EFFECT AND ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE .
Penicillin
Penicillin is a group of antibiotics that includes different formulations for intravenous, oral, and intramuscular use. It was the first effective medication against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci. Penicillin works by inhibiting penicillin-binding proteins in bacteria, which normally help cross-link the bacterial cell wall during growth and division. This prevents proper cell wall formation and causes bacterial cells to die as they shed their cell walls.
Beta lactamase inhibitors
This document discusses beta-lactamase inhibitors which are used to combat bacteria that have developed resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins and cephalosporins. It explains that beta-lactamase enzymes produced by bacteria inactivate beta-lactam antibiotics by breaking the beta-lactam ring. The three main inhibitors discussed are clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam, which are commonly used in combination with other antibiotics. Clavulanic acid is well-absorbed orally and re-establishes activity against common resistant bacteria. Sulbactam has less potency than clavulanic acid and is preferably given parenter
ANTIBIOTICS
INTRODUCTION TO ANTIBIOTICS, PENICILLIN, CEPHALOSPORIN, AMINOGLYCOSIDES,
CHLORAMPHENICOL, TETRACYCLIN.
Recommended
Antibiotics
Antibiotics are chemicals that kill or inhibit bacteria and are used to treat bacterial infections. They are produced naturally by soil bacteria and fungi. Antibiotics target microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and parasites, but not viruses. It is important to know if an infection is caused by bacteria or a virus so the correct treatment can be given. Antibiotics work by preventing bacterial cells from multiplying so the host's immune system can fight the infection. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance where bacteria become less inhibited by an antibiotic.
Beta Lactam Antibiotics
This document provides an overview of beta lactam antibiotics, including their structure, mode of action, examples, and mechanisms of resistance. It begins by discussing the bacterial cell wall structure and how beta lactams work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis. Major classes of beta lactams covered include penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams. Examples such as methicillin, amoxicillin, and imipenem are described. The document also discusses beta lactamase resistance and concludes with a brief overview of classification.
Penicillin
Penicillin Classification, Mechanism of Action, Structure Activity Relationship, Structure of Penicillins, penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) functional propertiesCross-linking of the peptidoglycan by transpeptidases, Cross-linking of the peptidoglycan by transpeptidases, Shape of penicillin G Penicillin SAR AcylSide Chain Modifications Instability of β-lactams to nucleophiles
Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins Protein Binding of Penicillins
Penicillin
This is all about the Penicillin , which includes its mode of action, manufacturing process, product recovery etc.
Antibiotics
THIS PPT IS ABOUT THE ANTIBIOTICS THEIR TYPES, HISTORY, USES , THEIR ADVERSE EFFECT AND ANTIBIOTICS RESISTANCE .
Penicillin
Penicillin is a group of antibiotics that includes different formulations for intravenous, oral, and intramuscular use. It was the first effective medication against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci. Penicillin works by inhibiting penicillin-binding proteins in bacteria, which normally help cross-link the bacterial cell wall during growth and division. This prevents proper cell wall formation and causes bacterial cells to die as they shed their cell walls.
Beta lactamase inhibitors
This document discusses beta-lactamase inhibitors which are used to combat bacteria that have developed resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins and cephalosporins. It explains that beta-lactamase enzymes produced by bacteria inactivate beta-lactam antibiotics by breaking the beta-lactam ring. The three main inhibitors discussed are clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam, which are commonly used in combination with other antibiotics. Clavulanic acid is well-absorbed orally and re-establishes activity against common resistant bacteria. Sulbactam has less potency than clavulanic acid and is preferably given parenter
ANTIBIOTICS
INTRODUCTION TO ANTIBIOTICS, PENICILLIN, CEPHALOSPORIN, AMINOGLYCOSIDES,
CHLORAMPHENICOL, TETRACYCLIN.
Cholinergic system and drugs
The document provides information about the autonomic nervous system (ANS). It discusses how the ANS controls involuntary functions and maintains homeostasis. It describes the two divisions of the ANS - the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic system is responsible for the fight or flight response while the parasympathetic system promotes rest and digestion. Cholinergic drugs such as pilocarpine act on muscarinic receptors to cause miosis and are used to treat glaucoma. Anticholinesterase drugs inhibit the breakdown of acetylcholine and are used for myasthenia gravis and organophosphate poisoning.
Antibiotics
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria and is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections. Antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of such infections. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria
Beta lactam antibiotics
β-Lactam antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis through binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Since their discovery in the 1940s, β-lactams have been modified and developed into several classes including penicillins, cephalosporins, and monobactams. However, bacterial resistance through β-lactamase production threatens the efficacy of these drugs, leading to the development of β-lactamase inhibitors that are often combined with β-lactams.
Antibiotics: Introduction.pdf
This presentation is all about introduction to antibiotics. Brief history and an overview of classification of antibiotics is discussed in this presentation.
Classification of Cephalosporins.docx
This document classifies cephalosporin antibiotics into five generations based on their chemical structure and properties. First generation cephalosporins such as cephalothin and cefalexin have simple R groups. Second generation drugs like cefaclor and cefuroxime have more complex R groups. Third generation cephalosporins including cefotaxime and ceftriaxone have even more elaborate R groups and broader spectra of activity. Fourth generation cefepime and fifth generation antibiotics like ceftobiprole and ceftaroline have the most intricate R groups and the broadest coverage of bacteria.
Beta lactamase inhibitors
This document discusses beta lactamase inhibitors, which are used to enhance the efficacy of beta lactam antibiotics like penicillins and cephalosporins. It describes how beta lactamase enzymes produced by bacteria provide resistance to these antibiotics by breaking their beta lactam ring structure. Beta lactamase inhibitors prevent this degradation by binding to and inactivating the beta lactamase enzymes. There are two classes of inhibitors - those with a beta lactam core like clavulanic acid and those without, such as avibactam. Inhibitors are used in combination with beta lactams to treat infections that may involve beta lactamase producing bacteria.
Antibiotics
This document provides an overview of antimicrobials (also known as antibiotics). It defines antimicrobials and discusses their classification as bactericidal or bacteriostatic. The document outlines the history of antimicrobial discovery and discusses their sources, selective toxicity, and modes of action. Key topics covered include the classification of antibiotics based on chemical structure and mechanism of action, as well as details on specific classes of antibiotics like penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and others.
Chloramphenicol & Tetracyclines
This document discusses two broad spectrum antibiotics - chloramphenicol and tetracyclines. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, resistance mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects. Chloramphenicol and tetracyclines are bacteriostatic and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Their widespread use led to many resistant bacterial strains. Recent interest in their clinical use has increased due to fewer resistant bacteria. The document reviews specifics on the properties and use of each antibiotic.
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Betalactam antibiotics
This document discusses beta-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins and cephalosporins. It provides details on their chemistry, mechanisms of action, mechanisms of bacterial resistance, classifications, kinetics, uses, and adverse effects. Penicillins are the original beta-lactam antibiotics and were discovered from the fungus Penicillium. Cephalosporins are structurally similar but were derived from the fungus Cephalosporium. Both classes inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis but bacteria can develop resistance through various mechanisms.
Tetracyclines
tetracyclines classification, advantages and adverse effect in easily understandable for undergraduates
Penicillin
Penicillin is an antibiotic that was first discovered in 1941 and works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. It comes in both oral and injectable forms for treating various bacterial infections. Common side effects include diarrhea, rashes, and allergic reactions like anaphylaxis. Nurses must carefully assess patients for allergies and monitor for signs of side effects when administering penicillin.
Beta lactamase inhibitors
Beta lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam, and avibactam work to inhibit beta-lactamase enzymes produced by bacteria that provide resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins. They bind to and inactivate the beta-lactamase enzymes. When combined with beta-lactam antibiotics, the inhibitors can help the antibiotics overcome resistance and be effective against infections. Common combinations include amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, piperacillin-tazobactam, and ceftazidime-avibactam which are used to treat a variety of bacterial infections.
6 beta lactum drugs dental
Beta lactam antibiotics like penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams contain a beta-lactam ring. They are bactericidal and work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. Penicillins are further divided into narrow and extended spectrum types. Common side effects include hypersensitivity reactions and diarrhea. Beta lactamase inhibitors are often combined with antibiotics to overcome resistance from beta lactamase producing bacteria. Each class of beta lactam antibiotic has varying spectra of activity and therapeutic uses depending on whether they are effective against gram-positive, gram-negative, anaerobic, and multidrug resistant bacteria.
Antibiotic Aminoglycoside history,classification,mechanism of action and adve...
Antibiotic Aminoglycoside history,classification,mechanism of action and adve...Muhammad Amir Sohail
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that were commonly used to treat infections caused by aerobic gram-negative bacilli but have been replaced by safer alternatives due to serious toxicities. They work by binding to the bacterial ribosome and inhibiting protein synthesis. While effective, aminoglycosides can cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, especially at high doses or prolonged use, requiring careful monitoring of plasma levels. Due to their polar structure, they must be administered parenterally except for neomycin.Antimicrobial drugs class
This document defines various terms related to chemotherapy and antimicrobial drugs. It discusses how antibiotics like penicillin work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis through binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). It notes that penicillin was the first effective antibiotic discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming. Resistance can be intrinsic, due to properties of the bacterial species, or acquired through genetic changes. Later generations of cephalosporin antibiotics were developed with broader spectra of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria through resistance to beta-lactamases. Fifth generation cephalosporins like ceftaroline maintain activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Sulphonamide
Sulfonamide (also called sulphonamide, sulfa drugs or sulpha drugs) is the basis of several groups of drugs. The original antibacterial sulfonamides are synthetic antimicrobial agents that contain the sulfonamide group.
Beta lactam antibiotics
This document discusses beta-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins. It describes how penicillins work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis through binding to penicillin-binding proteins. This prevents cross-linking of peptidoglycan and kills bacteria. It classifies penicillins as narrow spectrum (natural penicillins) or broad spectrum (aminopenicillins, antipseudomonal penicillins). Common adverse effects include allergic reactions and disruption of normal gut flora. Resistance can develop through plasmids transferring resistance genes.
Calvulanic acid and analoug
Clavulanic acid is a β-lactamase inhibitor discovered from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is used in combination with β-lactam antibiotics like amoxicillin to restore their effectiveness against β-lactamase producing bacteria. Clavulanic acid inactivates β-lactamases non-competitively but has weak antibacterial activity itself. Other β-lactamase inhibitors discussed are sulbactam, tazobactam, which have different spectrums of activity and inhibition profiles against various classes of β-lactamases. The development of β-lactamase inhibitors was an important strategy to overcome resistance arising
Antimicrobial agents
This document discusses the modes of action and classification of antimicrobial agents. It explains that antimicrobials affect microorganisms through five main processes: inhibition of cell wall synthesis, alteration of cell membrane integrity, inhibition of ribosomal protein synthesis, suppression of DNA synthesis, and inhibition of folic acid synthesis. It provides examples of antimicrobial classes that act through each of these modes of action. It also discusses mechanisms of microbial resistance to antibiotics and gives overviews of specific antibiotic classes including penicillins and tetracyclines.
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Antibiotics
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria and is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections. Antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of such infections. They may either kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria
Beta lactam antibiotics
β-Lactam antibiotics work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis through binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). Since their discovery in the 1940s, β-lactams have been modified and developed into several classes including penicillins, cephalosporins, and monobactams. However, bacterial resistance through β-lactamase production threatens the efficacy of these drugs, leading to the development of β-lactamase inhibitors that are often combined with β-lactams.
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This presentation is all about introduction to antibiotics. Brief history and an overview of classification of antibiotics is discussed in this presentation.
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This document classifies cephalosporin antibiotics into five generations based on their chemical structure and properties. First generation cephalosporins such as cephalothin and cefalexin have simple R groups. Second generation drugs like cefaclor and cefuroxime have more complex R groups. Third generation cephalosporins including cefotaxime and ceftriaxone have even more elaborate R groups and broader spectra of activity. Fourth generation cefepime and fifth generation antibiotics like ceftobiprole and ceftaroline have the most intricate R groups and the broadest coverage of bacteria.
Beta lactamase inhibitors
This document discusses beta lactamase inhibitors, which are used to enhance the efficacy of beta lactam antibiotics like penicillins and cephalosporins. It describes how beta lactamase enzymes produced by bacteria provide resistance to these antibiotics by breaking their beta lactam ring structure. Beta lactamase inhibitors prevent this degradation by binding to and inactivating the beta lactamase enzymes. There are two classes of inhibitors - those with a beta lactam core like clavulanic acid and those without, such as avibactam. Inhibitors are used in combination with beta lactams to treat infections that may involve beta lactamase producing bacteria.
Antibiotics
This document provides an overview of antimicrobials (also known as antibiotics). It defines antimicrobials and discusses their classification as bactericidal or bacteriostatic. The document outlines the history of antimicrobial discovery and discusses their sources, selective toxicity, and modes of action. Key topics covered include the classification of antibiotics based on chemical structure and mechanism of action, as well as details on specific classes of antibiotics like penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and others.
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This document discusses two broad spectrum antibiotics - chloramphenicol and tetracyclines. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, resistance mechanisms, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects. Chloramphenicol and tetracyclines are bacteriostatic and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Their widespread use led to many resistant bacterial strains. Recent interest in their clinical use has increased due to fewer resistant bacteria. The document reviews specifics on the properties and use of each antibiotic.
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This document discusses beta-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins and cephalosporins. It provides details on their chemistry, mechanisms of action, mechanisms of bacterial resistance, classifications, kinetics, uses, and adverse effects. Penicillins are the original beta-lactam antibiotics and were discovered from the fungus Penicillium. Cephalosporins are structurally similar but were derived from the fungus Cephalosporium. Both classes inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis but bacteria can develop resistance through various mechanisms.
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tetracyclines classification, advantages and adverse effect in easily understandable for undergraduates
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Penicillin is an antibiotic that was first discovered in 1941 and works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. It comes in both oral and injectable forms for treating various bacterial infections. Common side effects include diarrhea, rashes, and allergic reactions like anaphylaxis. Nurses must carefully assess patients for allergies and monitor for signs of side effects when administering penicillin.
Beta lactamase inhibitors
Beta lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam, and avibactam work to inhibit beta-lactamase enzymes produced by bacteria that provide resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics like penicillins. They bind to and inactivate the beta-lactamase enzymes. When combined with beta-lactam antibiotics, the inhibitors can help the antibiotics overcome resistance and be effective against infections. Common combinations include amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, piperacillin-tazobactam, and ceftazidime-avibactam which are used to treat a variety of bacterial infections.
6 beta lactum drugs dental
Beta lactam antibiotics like penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams contain a beta-lactam ring. They are bactericidal and work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. Penicillins are further divided into narrow and extended spectrum types. Common side effects include hypersensitivity reactions and diarrhea. Beta lactamase inhibitors are often combined with antibiotics to overcome resistance from beta lactamase producing bacteria. Each class of beta lactam antibiotic has varying spectra of activity and therapeutic uses depending on whether they are effective against gram-positive, gram-negative, anaerobic, and multidrug resistant bacteria.
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Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that were commonly used to treat infections caused by aerobic gram-negative bacilli but have been replaced by safer alternatives due to serious toxicities. They work by binding to the bacterial ribosome and inhibiting protein synthesis. While effective, aminoglycosides can cause nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, especially at high doses or prolonged use, requiring careful monitoring of plasma levels. Due to their polar structure, they must be administered parenterally except for neomycin.Antimicrobial drugs class
This document defines various terms related to chemotherapy and antimicrobial drugs. It discusses how antibiotics like penicillin work by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis through binding to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). It notes that penicillin was the first effective antibiotic discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming. Resistance can be intrinsic, due to properties of the bacterial species, or acquired through genetic changes. Later generations of cephalosporin antibiotics were developed with broader spectra of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria through resistance to beta-lactamases. Fifth generation cephalosporins like ceftaroline maintain activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
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Calvulanic acid and analoug
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Antimicrobial agents
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Antibiotics are drugs derived from microorganisms that are used to treat bacterial infections by killing or stopping the growth of bacteria. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 when he observed that a mold that had contaminated a culture plate was releasing a substance that was killing the surrounding bacteria. Penicillin was the first widely used antibiotic and revolutionized medicine, but bacteria have increasingly developed resistance requiring new antibiotics to be discovered and developed.
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Drugs contain carbon and hydrogen with some oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur. They are classified based on their effects on microorganisms and modes of action. Common drug classes include antipyretics to reduce fever, analgesics for pain relief, antimalarials for treating malaria, antibiotics to inhibit germ growth causing disease, and antiseptics to prevent germ growth near wounds. The first antibiotic, penicillin, was accidentally discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming through observation of a fungus contaminating a bacterial plate and creating a zone of inhibited growth.
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Alexander Fleming was born in 1881 in Ayrshire, Scotland. He became interested in bacteria and studied medicine, focusing his later work on microbes. In 1928, while on holiday, Fleming discovered that a mold that had grown in one of his petri dishes had killed the bacteria, revealing the antibacterial agent penicillin. This discovery led to the development of antibiotics which have saved millions of lives by treating bacterial infections. Fleming was knighted for his work and received the Nobel Prize in 1945.
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Sir Alexander Fleming was a Scottish biologist and pharmacologist who made two major discoveries: the enzyme lysozyme in 1923 and the antibiotic substance penicillin in 1928. His discovery of penicillin revolutionized medicine by enabling the effective treatment of many bacterial infections that were previously fatal. The development of penicillin also spurred further research that led to new classes of antibiotics. It completely changed outcomes for illnesses like pneumonia and bacterial endocarditis.
Brief historical background & classification of antibiotics
Antibiotics are chemical substances produced by microorganisms that kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms at low concentrations. Their discovery and use has both ancient roots as well as a modern history beginning in the late 19th century. Key events included Fleming's discovery of penicillin in 1928, the first widespread use of penicillin in the 1940s, and the discovery of other important antibiotics like streptomycin in the 1940s. Antibiotics can be classified based on their structure, function, or spectrum of activity against bacteria.
Presentación de los Microorganisms
The document discusses microorganisms and provides information about bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists and viruses. Microorganisms are the oldest form of life on Earth and can be found virtually everywhere. They can be useful, for example in food production, or harmful if they cause disease. Important discoveries include penicillin as the first antibiotic by Alexander Fleming in 1928. While microbes cause diseases like tuberculosis, pneumonia and strep throat, they are also essential to ecosystems and human activities like brewing and baking.
Presentación de los microorganismos
Microorganisms are unicellular or multicellular organisms that are microscopic. They include bacteria, archaea, and plankton. Microorganisms have inhabited Earth the longest of any living thing, developing when the planet was molten and inhospitable. They can be useful, as humans have used microbes like yeast for thousands of years to produce foods and beverages, but some microbes cause harmful diseases like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and diarrhea. Both beneficial and pathogenic microorganisms play important roles in ecosystems and human health.
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The following presentation will give you an in-depth look at the early development of biotechnology and will get you thinking about the role of biotechnology in your daily life.
Introduction to microbiology
The document provides an introduction to microbiology. It discusses how early scientists like Antonie van Leeuwenhoek first observed microbes under microscopes in the 1670s. Later, scientists like Louis Pasteur, Edward Jenner, Joseph Lister, Robert Koch, and Alexander Fleming made important contributions to microbiology such as developing vaccines and antibiotics. Their work laid the foundation for the field of medical microbiology which studies microbes that infect humans and how to treat associated diseases.
Antibiotics
Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 almost by accident. When he returned from vacation, he noticed a contaminant mold in one of his culture plates had destroyed some Staphylococcus aureus bacteria surrounding it. This mold was later identified as Penicillium notatum. Further investigation revealed it produced an antibiotic substance, which Fleming named penicillin. A team at Oxford including Howard Florey and Ernst Chain later isolated and purified penicillin, allowing its clinical use during World War II and revolutionizing medicine by enabling the treatment of infections. Fleming, Florey and Chain shared the 1945 Nobel Prize for their contributions to developing penicillin.
Microorganisms
Microorganisms are unicellular or multicellular organisms that are microscopic. They were the earliest form of life on Earth and exist in nearly every habitat. Microorganisms can be beneficial, for example in food production, or harmful, as pathogens that cause disease. While some microbes like bacteria and fungi have been used for millennia to make foods, others like Streptococcus and Salmonella can cause illnesses. Important discoveries like antibiotics and their producers such as penicillin have allowed humans to combat harmful microbial infections.
Pptinglese
Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 while studying influenza at St. Mary's Hospital in London. He noticed that a mold had developed on a culture of staphylococci bacteria plates and created a bacteria-free circle around itself. Fleming experimented further and named the active substance penicillin. This discovery of antibiotics in mold led to the development of modern antibiotics and significantly increased lifespans in the 20th century. Fleming shared the 1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Florey and Chain for his role in the discovery of penicillin.
Pptinglese
Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 while studying influenza at St. Mary's Hospital in London. He noticed that a mold had developed on a culture of staphylococci bacteria plates and had created a bacteria-free circle around itself. Upon further experimentation, Fleming named the active substance penicillin. This discovery of penicillin led to the development of modern antibiotics. In 1945, Fleming shared the Nobel Prize in Medicine with Florey and Chain for their work in developing penicillin.
Scope and History of Microbiology
Lecture 1 - The scope and history of microbiology. Based upon chapter 1 from "Microbiology: A Systems Approach" by Cowan.
Presentation1 Penicillin
Sir Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 by accident. Before antibiotics, bacterial infections routinely killed millions as there were no effective treatments. Fleming was studying influenza when he noticed a mold in his lab that prevented bacterial growth, which he identified as penicillin. Penicillin proved effective against certain bacteria like streptococcus and helped reduce deaths from infections. It revolutionized medicine and led to advances like organ transplants. However, overuse of antibiotics has led to increased resistance from bacteria over time.
Alexander Fleming
Scientists have modified the antibiotic vancomycin to attack the antibiotic-resistant bacteria VRE in three ways, making it harder for bacteria to develop resistance. Vancomycin was previously used to treat VRE but the bacteria became resistant; the reengineered version kills VRE without signs of developing resistance. If further tested successfully, the modified vancomycin could help address the growing problem of antibiotic resistance which occurs when antibiotics are overused and bacteria mutate.
THE DISCOVERY OF PENICILIN.docx
In 1928, Dr. Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin by accident while studying bacteria in his office. He noticed a mold growing in some bottles that was killing the bacteria. Inspired by this, he prepared medicine from the mold and cured a sick little girl patient who had the same bacteria. He named the new medicine penicillin, which doctors now use worldwide to treat many diseases, helping millions of people.
Physicians that changed our world
The document summarizes the contributions of several physicians who helped advance medicine and public health:
- Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine in 1796 which was pivotal in eradicating the disease.
- Ignaz Semmelweis discovered in 1847 that handwashing reduced maternal mortality from puerperal fever in hospitals.
- John Snow conclusively linked a cholera outbreak in 1854 to a contaminated water pump, helping establish germ theory and epidemiology.
- Joseph Lister introduced antiseptic surgery in 1867, reducing surgical infections through carbolic acid and dressings.
- Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928 after noticing bacteria-killing mould in his lab, though it
Presentation for Antibiotic Resistance
Alexander Fleming discovered antibiotics in 1928 when he noticed that a mold growing in one of his culture plates was preventing the growth of Staphylococcus bacteria. Antibiotics either kill bacteria or prevent their growth, but overuse and misuse of antibiotics has led to many bacteria developing resistance. This includes methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) which is now a major threat in hospitals. Antibiotic resistance occurs due to overuse of antibiotics for unnecessary infections, incomplete use of antibiotic regimens, and use of non-prescribed antibiotics. Proper antibiotic stewardship including only taking antibiotics as prescribed for the intended infection can help reduce the spread of resistance.
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Brief historical background & classification of antibiotics
Brief historical background & classification of antibiotics
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Antibiotics
- 2. DESCRIPTION The antibiotics are chemical sustances that kills bacteria or slows the growth of bacteria. They are used as medicines to cure diseases caused by bacteria. Antibiotics are not used for viruses. Penicillin, the first natural antibiotic, is produced by a fungus.
- 3. WHEN, WHERE AND WHO On the morning of September 22nd of 1928, in the hospital of S.T. Mary,London, the professor Alexander Fleming was doing many experiments, and when he wanted to destroy some experiments he discovered the Penicillium.
- 4. They have secondary effects. ·They cure diseases. They cost a lot of money. DISADVENTAGES-ADVENTAGES
- 5. How things were done before The people live better with the antibiotics. Before the antibiotics many people dead. Now, the people not die with the antibiotics.
- 6. WHAT CHANGE IT HAS PRODUCED IN THE WAY OF LIVE, ENVIRONMENT… Many lives are good now because the people have antibiotics in their houses, in the shops...
- 7. CURIOSITIES ·Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic from Penicillium. ·The name of the first antibiotic was Penicilina. ·If we take antibiotics when is not necesary, the bacteria can be resistant. If we have sore throat or ear infections, sometimes we need antibiotics.