Mechanism of action of major antibiotic classes including betal lactam agents, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, quinolons, vancomycin, oxazolidionons. Detailed review and illustrations
Mechanism of action of major antibiotic classes including betal lactam agents, aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, quinolons, vancomycin, oxazolidionons. Detailed review and illustrations
The slides explain introduction of antimicrobial chemotherapy and history of chemotherapy. Presented at institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Punjab.
Antibiotics Resistance is a new issue in Microbiology-Medicine aspects, taken from Lange Review of Medical Microbiology, this purpose is for education only
The PPT is mainly all about Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Agents causing the disease Tuberculosis, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. It was made for both BSc and MSc students.
beta lactamases : structure , classification and investigationsDr Taoufik Djerboua
this is a simple introduction to the world of beta lactamase enzymes that i had the chance to present during my observership in turkey. it bears some introductive notions necessary to the unverstading of the function fo these enzymes and some tests usually used to invistigate bacteria producing these enzymes. the pictures were taken from Microbe-edu.com Bush et al classification of Beta lactamase, the EUCAST and CLSI recommandation for susceptibility testing documents.
The slides explain introduction of antimicrobial chemotherapy and history of chemotherapy. Presented at institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Punjab.
Antibiotics Resistance is a new issue in Microbiology-Medicine aspects, taken from Lange Review of Medical Microbiology, this purpose is for education only
The PPT is mainly all about Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Agents causing the disease Tuberculosis, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis. It was made for both BSc and MSc students.
beta lactamases : structure , classification and investigationsDr Taoufik Djerboua
this is a simple introduction to the world of beta lactamase enzymes that i had the chance to present during my observership in turkey. it bears some introductive notions necessary to the unverstading of the function fo these enzymes and some tests usually used to invistigate bacteria producing these enzymes. the pictures were taken from Microbe-edu.com Bush et al classification of Beta lactamase, the EUCAST and CLSI recommandation for susceptibility testing documents.
Anti mycobacterial drugs (tuberculosis drugs)Ravish Yadav
The all the content in this profile is completed by the teachers, students as well as other health care peoples.
thank you, all the respected peoples, for giving the information to complete this presentation.
this information is free to use by anyone.
Understanding the Potency of β-Lactam AntibioticsSAYAN DAS
In this comprehensive presentation, we delve into the world of β-lactam antibiotics, a crucial class of antimicrobial agents widely used in the treatment of bacterial infections. Exploring the history, mechanisms of action, various types (including penicillin, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams), and their clinical applications, this PowerPoint offers a detailed understanding of their efficacy, resistance mechanisms, and implications for modern healthcare. Gain insights into the chemistry, mode of action, and the significance of these antibiotics in combating bacterial infections.
• LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this chapter, reader should be able to:
To kuow about product line and product mix decision.e kslyog
To study about product ife cycle.
To kuow about branding, packeging and labelling decisions ef product.
How to manage product in pharmaceutical industry.
To study product portfolio analysis.
2.1 INTRODUCTION
In present scenario, marketing has become an indispensable activity for an organization.
To create an edge over competitors, it's necessary to use marketing as a tool. Any marketing
activity starts with one question, what are we going to sell. Answer of this question would be
product, service or any idea that marketer wants to sel.
A company or firm always works on idea of providing solution to a particular problem. For
example, suppose a student wants to go for higher studies in abroad but dont know how to
apply for higher education in foreign country, then solution of this problem can be services
of consultancy firms. In this case, organization is not selling any real commodity but
providing intangible services. Product is a wider term and it can be anything-tangible,
intangible, durable, and non-durable. Like television, insurance, egg, flour, so many products
are marketed by the marketers. Product is something that has the capacity to satisfy any
unsatisfied need.
stoe hich nroMide
A company or firm always works on idea of providing solution to a particular problem. For
example, suppose a student wants to go for higher studies in abroad but don't know how to
apply for higher education in foreign country, then solution of this problem can be services
of consultancy firms. In this case, organization is not selling any real commodity but
providing intangible services. Product is a wider term and it can be anything-tangible,
intangible, durable, and non-durable. Like television, insurance, egg, flour, so many products
are marketed by the marketers. Product is something that has the capacity to satisfy any
unsatisfied need.
A product is a collection of service, physical and symbolic attributes which provide
benefits or pleasure to a buyer or user. Customer prefers physical property as shape and size
of the product.
2.2 CLASSIFICATION
Product classification on basis of potential in global market:
P
) Local products: It is appropriate in one single market.s ixs 2oit: Sst
() Intermational products: It has additional potential into other markets.2i2 A
t
(ii) Multinational products: Have unique characteristics of national markets.
(iv) Global products: Designed according to global segments.
Product is the key element of product-mix. It can be any service, object, commodity.
event etc The main purpose of the product is to satisfy consumer and fulfil their needs.
According to Philip Kotler, "Product is anything that can be offered to a market for
alteration, use or consumption that might satisfy a need or want It includes physical objects.
services, persons, place, organizations or ideas".
Product Layers
A produ
Similar to Antibacterials affecting cell membrane 03-05-2018 (20)
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and IndigestionSwastikAyurveda
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
The Gram stain is a fundamental technique in microbiology used to classify bacteria based on their cell wall structure. It provides a quick and simple method to distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, which have different susceptibilities to antibiotics
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
3. Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes
• Biologic membranes are composed basically of lipid, protein,
and lipoprotein.
• The cytoplasmic membrane acts as a diffusion barrier for
water, ions, nutrients, and transport systems.
• Most workers now believe that membranes are a lipid matrix
with globular proteins randomly distributed to penetrate
through the lipid bilayer.
• A number of antimicrobial agents can cause disorganization of
the membrane.
• These agents can be divided into cationic, anionic, and neutral
agents.
• The best-known compounds are polymyxin B and
colistemethate (polymyxin E).
4. Polymyxins
• Polypeptide antibiotics
• Generic name used for group of six strongly basic cyclic
compunds A, B, C, D, E & M
• Polymyxin B and Polymyxin E are used therapeutically
• Polymyxin B is a strong bactericidal polypeptide antibiotic
obtained from Bacillus polymyxa
• Used only for topical application or oral administration as
parentral administration leads to toxicity
• Used only as a last resort if modern antibiotics are ineffective or
are contraindicated.
• Typical uses are for infections caused by strains of multidrug-
resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa or carbapenemase-
producing Enterobacteriaceae.
5. MOA
• Surface active amphipathic agents.
• Rapidly acting bactericidal agent with detergent like action on
cell membrane
• These high-molecular-weight octapeptides inhibit Gram-
negative bacteria that have negatively charged lipids at the
surface.
• Positively charged cyclic peptide interacts with negatively
charged cell membrane: Interact strongly with phospholipids
and disrupt the structure of cell membranes.
• Activity depends on content of phospholipid of cell membrane
complex hence it is not susceptible to G +ve
• Since the activity of the polymyxins is antagonized by Mg2+
and
Ca2+
, they probably competitively displace Mg2+
or Ca2+
from the
negatively charged phosphate groups on membrane lipids.
• Basically, polymyxins disorganize membrane permeability,
causing disruption of membrane so that nucleic acids and
cations leak out and the cell dies.
• Can also inactivate LPS of G- ve by binding to anionic lipid
• The polymyxins are of VIRTUALLY NO USE AS SYSTEMIC
AGENTS since they bind to various ligands in body tissues and
are potent toxins for the kidney and nervous system.
6. Uses
• Used topically to treat G -ve infection of skin, eye and ear.
• Used for Bovine mastitis caused by P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella
spp.
• Polymyxin antibiotics are relatively neurotoxic
and nephrotoxic and may cause allergic reactions
• Resistance: Very few resistant strains have been found.
Polymyxin E
• Polymyxin E (Colistin) by Bacillus colistinus
• Both oral and parentral formulation available
• Almost similar action to polymyxin B but more potent to
Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Shigella.
7. Daptomycin
Daptomycin is called a Novel cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic
Similar to that of vancomycin
Approved for use in 2003
Lipid portion inserts into the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane
where it forms an ion-conducting channel.
Marketed under the trade name Cubicin
8. Proposed mechanism of action of daptomycin Daptomycin first binds to the cytoplasmic membrane (step 1)
and then forms complexes in a calcium-dependent manner (steps
2 and 3).
Complex formation causes a rapid loss of cellular potassium,
possibly by pore formation and membrane depolarization.
This is followed by arrest of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis
resulting in cell death. Cell lysis does not occur.
9. Uses of Daptomycin
Daptomycin is active against many aerobic Gram-positive
bacteria
Includes activity against MRSA, penicillin-resistant
Streptococcus pneumoniae, and some vancomycin-resistant
Enterococci (VRE)
Daptomycin is not active against Gram negative strains, since it
cannot penetrate the outer membrane.
Primarily been used to treat skin and soft tissue infections
Poor activity in the lung.
10. Isoniazid
Effective against M. tuberculosis
Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis
Targets cell wall fatty acid synthesis
Only for MTB (not used for other mycobacteria)
Requires activation by MTB catalase-peroxidase
Used alone in treatment of PPD-positive persons with latent TB
(i.e., no active disease)
Resistance show by MTB that have lost catalase gene
Resistance show by MTB with altered INH targets
Liver toxicity increases with age
Hepatitis: Age related. Not given to patient over 35 years old
for prophylactic purpose.
Other toxicities include peripheral neuropathy (often reversible
by vitamin B6), lupus-like syndrome (~1% of persons though 20%
develop anti-DNA)
Peripheral neuritis if pyridoxine (Vit.B6) is not given
concomitantly.
11. Ethambutol
Inhibits MA incorporation to cell wall
Inhibits cell wall arabinogalactan formation
No liver toxicity
Significant toxicities include retrobulbar neuritis affecting
visual acuity and severe skin reactions
Optical neuritis: inability to distinguish red- green color; optical
acuity test must be given before and during therapy.
12. Thanks
Acknowledgement: All the material/presentations available online on the
subject are duly acknowledged.
Disclaimer: The author bear no responsibility with regard to the source
and authenticity of the content.
Editor's Notes
Proposed mechanism of action of daptomycin. Daptomycin first binds to the cytoplasmic membrane (step 1) and then forms complexes in a calcium-dependent manner (steps 2 and 3). Complex formation causes a rapid loss of cellular potassium, possibly by pore formation, and membrane depolarization. This is followed by arrest of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis resulting in cell death. Cell lysis does not occur.