Antibacterial and antifungal property of extracts derived from the body wall and cuvierian tubules of Pearsonothuria graeffei Semper (Black-spotted Sea cucumber)
Sea cucumbers have been known around the world for their medical benefits. In this study, unadulterated doses of crude extracts from body wall and Cuvierian tubules of Pearsonothuria graeffei were investigated for their antibacterial and antifungal potential. Doses of crude body wall methanol extract (MIC, <218.75 /><218.75 /><437.50 />< 0.05) antifungal property against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 compared to Clotrimazole (10 μg/ml ), Fluconazole (25 μg/ml), and Ketoconazole (10 μg/ml).
A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Sesuvium Portulacastrumijtsrd
Mangroves are unique group of vascular plants that occur in saline coastal habitats and are known to tolerate extreme environmental conditions. Some mangrove plants are used for a wide range of conditions, including bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases. The rise of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms is one of the severe problems in healthcare systems of the world, and infectious diseases are the second most serious cause of death worldwide. Therefore, new drugs have to be found in order to combat such diseases and it is essential to find new compounds that have antimicrobial properties. Medicinal-plant extracts, known to produce certain bioactive molecules which react with other organisms in the environment, are known to be less toxic to humans and are environmentally friendly due to the less pollutant released during production. Antimicrobial properties of medicinal plants are being increasingly reported worldwide. Mangroves are biochemically unique and produce a wide array of novel natural products and are considered a rich source of steroids, triterpenes, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. Extracts from the leaves, stems, barks, and roots of mangrove species have shown positive results for antioxidant activity tests. G. Beulah | D. Divya"A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Sesuvium Portulacastrum" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14540.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/14540/a-review-on-the-antimicrobial-activity-of-sesuvium-portulacastrum/g-beulah
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Effect of environmental pollution on the quality of an edible plant Alternant...Premier Publishers
The present study is the comparative analysis of phytochemical constituents and microbial load of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb collected from unpolluted and polluted site. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed with acetone, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts (unpolluted and polluted site) of A philoxeroides that showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, aminoacids, diterpenes, tannin, terpenoids, protein, steroid, oxalate, coumarin and quinones. The ethanol extract showed higher number of phytochemical constituents when compared to the other extract of unpolluted site. The microbial load is also enumerated in the unpolluted and polluted site. In conclusion, phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of many phytoconstituents in ethanol extract and the microbial load is less in the unpolluted site when compared to the polluted site.
International Journal of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Robin Wong
International Journal of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products (IJMPNP)
Watercress, as a Functional Food, with Protective Effects on Human Health
Against Oxidative Stress: A Review...
A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Sesuvium Portulacastrumijtsrd
Mangroves are unique group of vascular plants that occur in saline coastal habitats and are known to tolerate extreme environmental conditions. Some mangrove plants are used for a wide range of conditions, including bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases. The rise of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms is one of the severe problems in healthcare systems of the world, and infectious diseases are the second most serious cause of death worldwide. Therefore, new drugs have to be found in order to combat such diseases and it is essential to find new compounds that have antimicrobial properties. Medicinal-plant extracts, known to produce certain bioactive molecules which react with other organisms in the environment, are known to be less toxic to humans and are environmentally friendly due to the less pollutant released during production. Antimicrobial properties of medicinal plants are being increasingly reported worldwide. Mangroves are biochemically unique and produce a wide array of novel natural products and are considered a rich source of steroids, triterpenes, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins. Extracts from the leaves, stems, barks, and roots of mangrove species have shown positive results for antioxidant activity tests. G. Beulah | D. Divya"A Review on the Antimicrobial Activity of Sesuvium Portulacastrum" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14540.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/14540/a-review-on-the-antimicrobial-activity-of-sesuvium-portulacastrum/g-beulah
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Effect of environmental pollution on the quality of an edible plant Alternant...Premier Publishers
The present study is the comparative analysis of phytochemical constituents and microbial load of an edible plant Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb collected from unpolluted and polluted site. Preliminary phytochemical analysis was performed with acetone, aqueous, chloroform, ethanol and petroleum ether extracts (unpolluted and polluted site) of A philoxeroides that showed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, aminoacids, diterpenes, tannin, terpenoids, protein, steroid, oxalate, coumarin and quinones. The ethanol extract showed higher number of phytochemical constituents when compared to the other extract of unpolluted site. The microbial load is also enumerated in the unpolluted and polluted site. In conclusion, phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of many phytoconstituents in ethanol extract and the microbial load is less in the unpolluted site when compared to the polluted site.
International Journal of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products Robin Wong
International Journal of Medicinal Plants and Natural Products (IJMPNP)
Watercress, as a Functional Food, with Protective Effects on Human Health
Against Oxidative Stress: A Review...
This study was initiated in order to understand the biochemical mechanisms involved in the resistance of J. curcas to Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Artificial inoculations were done on young seedlings leaves of 8 J. curcas local accessions from Burkina Faso including 4 resistant and 4 susceptible. Two extractions were made for the evaluation of each biochemical parameter: one on the 1st day before and the second on the 7th day after inoculation. The study revealed that the response of J curcas to L. threobromae infection is depending to the resistance or the susceptibility of accessions. It showed an increase in the content of biomolecules synthesis such as phenolic, flavonoids, proteins, photosynthetic pigments, salicylic acid and also an increase of catalase and trypsin inhibition activities. In susceptible accessions, the study revealed a decrease in the photosynthetic pigments and an increase in MDA content comparatively to resistant accessions. The ACP performed on the basis of the evaluated biochemical parameters showed that the axis F1 allows the separation of the resistant and the susceptible accessions, and indicated that the resistance of accessions result in the activation of biomolecules synthesis such as phenolic, flavonoids, proteins, photosynthetic pigments, salicylic acid and stimulation of catalase and trypsin inhibition activities. The F2 axis is associated with sugars content and, chymotrypsin inhibition and SOD activities. In susceptible accessions, an increase in MDA content and SOD activity were observed. This study represents an important step in combating leaf fungal diseases by opting to the green technology and by breeding for genotypes with inducing natural defense compounds.
Isolation and Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistivity Pattern of Faecal Coliforms Bacteria Isolated From River Wudil Kano, Nigeria by Ali M in Advancements in Bioequivalence & Bioavailability
Water borne diseases has been a major public health concern in Nigeria. This study was conducted to identify and evaluate the antibiotic resistivity pattern of faecal coliforms bacteria isolated from River Wudil in Wudil Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria. Four (4) water samples from different part of the river were collected for the study. The bacteriological and physicochemical analyses performed were in accordance with standard procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the bacterial isolates were determined using modified Kirby Bauer method. The result of the study revealed that the physicochemical properties of the river are within the WHO and NIS standard.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/ABB.000509.php
“Antimicrobial activity of rhizospheric bacteria of Curcuma longa (Turmeric) ...IOSRJPBS
The present study was carried out to explore the production of antibiotics from soil microbes of medicinal Plant Curcuma longa (Turmeric). Soil samples of the Curcuma longa rhizosphere regions were collected from the different region in Akola City, Western Vidharbh region of Maharashtra. The bacterial culture from the soil samples were collected by the serial dilution and spread plate technique. The total 16 culture have been isolated from the soil samples and out of total 16 only 3 have been characterized which are potent isolates. These 3 isolates are active against the selected pathogens, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S.aureus. These samples were labelled as S1,S2 and S3. The characterized 3 cultures were identified as Bacillus megatherium, Pseudomonas fluroscenes and Globicitella sulfidifacein by using Bergey’s manual of systemic bacteriology. The Rhizospheric bacterial crude extract of Bacillus megatherium, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Globicatella sulfidifaciens were found to be more or less active against almost all tested pathogenic strains. Hence Curcuma longa can be employed as source of natural antimicrobials that can serve as an alternative to conventional medicines.It was concluded that the best activity have been shown by the Curcuma longa rhizospheric isolates (S2) which is of Pseudomonas fluorescens against all three human pathogenic organisms (E.coli , S.aureus , P.aeroginosa ). The activity of rhizospheric isolates was showing best results against S. aureus
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and In Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant an...YogeshIJTSRD
In the present study, two plant species of the family Asteraceae were selected for an evaluation of their phytochemical screening, antioxidant and anti inflammatory properties. Phytochemical alkaloids, phenols, protein, flavonoids, quinines, tannins, and terpenoids are present in the aqua methanol and aqua acetone extract s of Cirsium arvense L Cronquist and Erigeron bonariensis. The selected plant species exhibit anti inflammatory properties in both solvents. The enzymatic antioxidant property of selected plant species was evaluated by superoxide dismutase SOD , peroxidase POD , and catalase CAT . E. bonariensis shows 20.05±0.02 superoxide dismutase activity which is moreover equal to C. arvense 19.47±0.31 . POD and CAT activities of C. arvense 109.35±0.69 and 41.48±0.13 and E. bonariensis 105.91±1.53 and 39.63±0.035 respectively, the POD activity of C. arvense is slightly higher than E. bonariensis but CAT activity again higher in E. bonariensis same as SOD. Deepti Rawat | P. B. Rao "Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and In-Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Aqua Methanol and Aqua Acetone Extract of Cirsium Arvense and Erigeron Bonariensis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43934.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/43934/qualitative-phytochemical-screening-and-invitro-assessment-of-antioxidant-and-antiinflammatory-potential-of-aqua-methanol-and-aqua-acetone-extract-of-cirsium-arvense-and-erigeron-bonariensis/deepti-rawat
Removal of Ciprofloxacin (CIP) by bacteria isolated from hospital effluent wa...AI Publications
Most antibiotics are metabolized incompletely by patients after administration and enter the municipal sewage with the patients’ excretion. Therefore, studies on the biodegradability of some clinically important drugs can be taken as a very first step of an environmental risk assessment. The present study reports the biodegradation of CIP by Lactobacillus gesseri, Enterobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Bacillus subtilius and Micrococcus luteus which were isolated as CIP resistance, non pathogenic bacteria. The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria was identified using the 16s rRNA sequencing. A 0.5ml of overnight starved bacterial suspensions was introduced into medium containing CIP at 5 ppm. Triplicate samples were incubated at 280C with shaking at 100ppm. A 0.5 ml of subsamples was removed at 2 days interval for a period of 14 days. Samples were subjected to High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were carried out for each sample at the end of the 14 days to find structures of by-products. Complete degradation of CIP by L. gasserri was detected at the end of 14 days of incubation with average degradation rate of 0.182 ±0.15µg /day. Descending degradation rates were followed by Enterobacter sp. (0.75 ±0.03 d-1) and Bacillus sp. (0.41±0.02d-1) at 8 and 6 days respectively. However, clear cut degradation of CIP was not detected for B.subtilis and Micrococcus luteus respectively. Further, FTIR spectrum revealed that incubation of L. gesseri, Enterobacter sp. and Bacillus sp., changed the piperazine ring and quinolone part in the CIP structure while degradation occurred.
Indian medicinal plants have a traditional
background that they have potential to use as antimicrobial agents.
Pedalium murex showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity
against three fungal strains Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus,
Candida albicans and five bacterial strains Escherichia coli,
Staphylococus epidermis, Klebseilla pneumonia,Citrobactor
diverses, Enterococus faecalis.The Ethanolic extracts were tested
against selected test bacteria and fungi through disc diffusion assay
where amoxicillin was used as standard. The results showed that
alcoholic extract possess good antimicrobial activity against selected
test bacteria and fungi. The present results therefore offer a
scientific basis for traditional use of the various extract of Pedalium
murex
Invitro and Invivo antibacterial study of leaf extracts of Euphorbia heteroph...Premier Publishers
A study was carried out to determine the phytochemical components and antibacterial activity of Euphorbia heterophylla crude extracts on four enteric organisms namely; Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. The clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using agar diffusion technique. Phytochemistry of the Euphorbia heterophylla, crude extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and cardiac glycosides. Methanolic and aqueous crude extract produced clear zones of inhibition at concentration ranging from 50 to 200mg/ml. In vivo antimicrobial assay revealed that the mice treated with the crude methanolic and aqueous extracts after being infected with the various test organisms, survived and showed minute pathological effects. Similarly, untreated mice (control) died after 48hours of inoculation with Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris. Euphorbia heterophylla crude extract, most especially its methanolic and aqueous counterpart could be a potential source for the treatment of diseases associated with enteric organisms. Further studies should be directed towards isolation and characterization of the active compound in the crude extracts.
Insecticidal and Antifeedant Effects of Neem Seed and Scent Leaves on Dermest...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted to evaluate the insecticidal and antifeedant effect on the hide beetle (Dermestes marculatus) exposed to dried croaker (Pseudotolithus elongatus) flesh treated with 30%, 25% and 15% concentrations of scent leaves (Ocimum gratissimum) and neem seed (Azadirachta indica) extracts. Insecticidal effect was determined as daily percentage mortality of hide beetle larvae in each treatment, while weight loss of preserved fish was the measure of feeding inhibitory effect of the treatment during the 10 days exposure. With a total kill (100% mortality) of the insect larvae in 10 days by 30% neem seed concentration, neem seed proved to be more potent than scent leaf of equal concentration even though statistical analysis did not find any significant difference between the two treatments. The least weight loss of 7% obtained from 30% neem seed concentration was less than half the weight lost by fish treated with equal concentration of scent leaf, indicating the superiority of neem seed. The study has shown that high concentration of scent leafs and particularly neem seed, have strong insecticidal and antifeedant effect on hide beetle larvae and can be used to control this pest and preserve dried fish. A combination of neem seed and scent leaf together may prove more effective and needs to be investigated.
Phytochemical screening and proximate composition of the sea grasses Enhalus ...Innspub Net
Knowledge of the chemical composition of seagrass is important both for the assessment of the nutritional value of marine invertebrate or vertebrate herbivores and for the evaluation of potential sources of protein, carbohydrates, and lipids for commercial use or for possible human consumption. While phytochemical screening provides basic information about the medicinal importance of the plant extract and are lead compound for drug discoveries. Proximate composition and phytochemical analyses were determined on the seagrass Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii using standard methods on a dry basis. The result of the proximate composition showed that Enhalus acoroides contained 9.35% crude protein, 0.07% crude lipid, 54.94% carbohydrate contents and 35.64% ash. While Thalassia hemprichii contained 14.98% crude protein, 0.17% crude lipid, 52.87% carbohydrate contents and 31.98% ash. The phytochemicals detected in the methanolic extracts of Enhalus acoroides were alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, and steroids. While for Thalassia hemprichii were alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, triterpenoids and steroids. The results indicate that seagrass Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii are good potential sources of highly nutritious feed stuff and the different active secondary metabolites along with significant bioactive potential might be helpful for the future pharmaceutical applications.
This study was initiated in order to understand the biochemical mechanisms involved in the resistance of J. curcas to Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Artificial inoculations were done on young seedlings leaves of 8 J. curcas local accessions from Burkina Faso including 4 resistant and 4 susceptible. Two extractions were made for the evaluation of each biochemical parameter: one on the 1st day before and the second on the 7th day after inoculation. The study revealed that the response of J curcas to L. threobromae infection is depending to the resistance or the susceptibility of accessions. It showed an increase in the content of biomolecules synthesis such as phenolic, flavonoids, proteins, photosynthetic pigments, salicylic acid and also an increase of catalase and trypsin inhibition activities. In susceptible accessions, the study revealed a decrease in the photosynthetic pigments and an increase in MDA content comparatively to resistant accessions. The ACP performed on the basis of the evaluated biochemical parameters showed that the axis F1 allows the separation of the resistant and the susceptible accessions, and indicated that the resistance of accessions result in the activation of biomolecules synthesis such as phenolic, flavonoids, proteins, photosynthetic pigments, salicylic acid and stimulation of catalase and trypsin inhibition activities. The F2 axis is associated with sugars content and, chymotrypsin inhibition and SOD activities. In susceptible accessions, an increase in MDA content and SOD activity were observed. This study represents an important step in combating leaf fungal diseases by opting to the green technology and by breeding for genotypes with inducing natural defense compounds.
Isolation and Evaluation of Antibiotic Resistivity Pattern of Faecal Coliforms Bacteria Isolated From River Wudil Kano, Nigeria by Ali M in Advancements in Bioequivalence & Bioavailability
Water borne diseases has been a major public health concern in Nigeria. This study was conducted to identify and evaluate the antibiotic resistivity pattern of faecal coliforms bacteria isolated from River Wudil in Wudil Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria. Four (4) water samples from different part of the river were collected for the study. The bacteriological and physicochemical analyses performed were in accordance with standard procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the bacterial isolates were determined using modified Kirby Bauer method. The result of the study revealed that the physicochemical properties of the river are within the WHO and NIS standard.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/abb/fulltext/ABB.000509.php
“Antimicrobial activity of rhizospheric bacteria of Curcuma longa (Turmeric) ...IOSRJPBS
The present study was carried out to explore the production of antibiotics from soil microbes of medicinal Plant Curcuma longa (Turmeric). Soil samples of the Curcuma longa rhizosphere regions were collected from the different region in Akola City, Western Vidharbh region of Maharashtra. The bacterial culture from the soil samples were collected by the serial dilution and spread plate technique. The total 16 culture have been isolated from the soil samples and out of total 16 only 3 have been characterized which are potent isolates. These 3 isolates are active against the selected pathogens, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S.aureus. These samples were labelled as S1,S2 and S3. The characterized 3 cultures were identified as Bacillus megatherium, Pseudomonas fluroscenes and Globicitella sulfidifacein by using Bergey’s manual of systemic bacteriology. The Rhizospheric bacterial crude extract of Bacillus megatherium, Pseudomonas fluorescence, Globicatella sulfidifaciens were found to be more or less active against almost all tested pathogenic strains. Hence Curcuma longa can be employed as source of natural antimicrobials that can serve as an alternative to conventional medicines.It was concluded that the best activity have been shown by the Curcuma longa rhizospheric isolates (S2) which is of Pseudomonas fluorescens against all three human pathogenic organisms (E.coli , S.aureus , P.aeroginosa ). The activity of rhizospheric isolates was showing best results against S. aureus
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and In Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant an...YogeshIJTSRD
In the present study, two plant species of the family Asteraceae were selected for an evaluation of their phytochemical screening, antioxidant and anti inflammatory properties. Phytochemical alkaloids, phenols, protein, flavonoids, quinines, tannins, and terpenoids are present in the aqua methanol and aqua acetone extract s of Cirsium arvense L Cronquist and Erigeron bonariensis. The selected plant species exhibit anti inflammatory properties in both solvents. The enzymatic antioxidant property of selected plant species was evaluated by superoxide dismutase SOD , peroxidase POD , and catalase CAT . E. bonariensis shows 20.05±0.02 superoxide dismutase activity which is moreover equal to C. arvense 19.47±0.31 . POD and CAT activities of C. arvense 109.35±0.69 and 41.48±0.13 and E. bonariensis 105.91±1.53 and 39.63±0.035 respectively, the POD activity of C. arvense is slightly higher than E. bonariensis but CAT activity again higher in E. bonariensis same as SOD. Deepti Rawat | P. B. Rao "Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and In-Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Aqua Methanol and Aqua Acetone Extract of Cirsium Arvense and Erigeron Bonariensis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43934.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/43934/qualitative-phytochemical-screening-and-invitro-assessment-of-antioxidant-and-antiinflammatory-potential-of-aqua-methanol-and-aqua-acetone-extract-of-cirsium-arvense-and-erigeron-bonariensis/deepti-rawat
Removal of Ciprofloxacin (CIP) by bacteria isolated from hospital effluent wa...AI Publications
Most antibiotics are metabolized incompletely by patients after administration and enter the municipal sewage with the patients’ excretion. Therefore, studies on the biodegradability of some clinically important drugs can be taken as a very first step of an environmental risk assessment. The present study reports the biodegradation of CIP by Lactobacillus gesseri, Enterobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Bacillus subtilius and Micrococcus luteus which were isolated as CIP resistance, non pathogenic bacteria. The presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria was identified using the 16s rRNA sequencing. A 0.5ml of overnight starved bacterial suspensions was introduced into medium containing CIP at 5 ppm. Triplicate samples were incubated at 280C with shaking at 100ppm. A 0.5 ml of subsamples was removed at 2 days interval for a period of 14 days. Samples were subjected to High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses were carried out for each sample at the end of the 14 days to find structures of by-products. Complete degradation of CIP by L. gasserri was detected at the end of 14 days of incubation with average degradation rate of 0.182 ±0.15µg /day. Descending degradation rates were followed by Enterobacter sp. (0.75 ±0.03 d-1) and Bacillus sp. (0.41±0.02d-1) at 8 and 6 days respectively. However, clear cut degradation of CIP was not detected for B.subtilis and Micrococcus luteus respectively. Further, FTIR spectrum revealed that incubation of L. gesseri, Enterobacter sp. and Bacillus sp., changed the piperazine ring and quinolone part in the CIP structure while degradation occurred.
Indian medicinal plants have a traditional
background that they have potential to use as antimicrobial agents.
Pedalium murex showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity
against three fungal strains Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus,
Candida albicans and five bacterial strains Escherichia coli,
Staphylococus epidermis, Klebseilla pneumonia,Citrobactor
diverses, Enterococus faecalis.The Ethanolic extracts were tested
against selected test bacteria and fungi through disc diffusion assay
where amoxicillin was used as standard. The results showed that
alcoholic extract possess good antimicrobial activity against selected
test bacteria and fungi. The present results therefore offer a
scientific basis for traditional use of the various extract of Pedalium
murex
Invitro and Invivo antibacterial study of leaf extracts of Euphorbia heteroph...Premier Publishers
A study was carried out to determine the phytochemical components and antibacterial activity of Euphorbia heterophylla crude extracts on four enteric organisms namely; Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. The clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using agar diffusion technique. Phytochemistry of the Euphorbia heterophylla, crude extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and cardiac glycosides. Methanolic and aqueous crude extract produced clear zones of inhibition at concentration ranging from 50 to 200mg/ml. In vivo antimicrobial assay revealed that the mice treated with the crude methanolic and aqueous extracts after being infected with the various test organisms, survived and showed minute pathological effects. Similarly, untreated mice (control) died after 48hours of inoculation with Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris. Euphorbia heterophylla crude extract, most especially its methanolic and aqueous counterpart could be a potential source for the treatment of diseases associated with enteric organisms. Further studies should be directed towards isolation and characterization of the active compound in the crude extracts.
Insecticidal and Antifeedant Effects of Neem Seed and Scent Leaves on Dermest...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted to evaluate the insecticidal and antifeedant effect on the hide beetle (Dermestes marculatus) exposed to dried croaker (Pseudotolithus elongatus) flesh treated with 30%, 25% and 15% concentrations of scent leaves (Ocimum gratissimum) and neem seed (Azadirachta indica) extracts. Insecticidal effect was determined as daily percentage mortality of hide beetle larvae in each treatment, while weight loss of preserved fish was the measure of feeding inhibitory effect of the treatment during the 10 days exposure. With a total kill (100% mortality) of the insect larvae in 10 days by 30% neem seed concentration, neem seed proved to be more potent than scent leaf of equal concentration even though statistical analysis did not find any significant difference between the two treatments. The least weight loss of 7% obtained from 30% neem seed concentration was less than half the weight lost by fish treated with equal concentration of scent leaf, indicating the superiority of neem seed. The study has shown that high concentration of scent leafs and particularly neem seed, have strong insecticidal and antifeedant effect on hide beetle larvae and can be used to control this pest and preserve dried fish. A combination of neem seed and scent leaf together may prove more effective and needs to be investigated.
Insecticidal and Antifeedant Effects of Neem Seed and Scent Leaves on Dermest...
Similar to Antibacterial and antifungal property of extracts derived from the body wall and cuvierian tubules of Pearsonothuria graeffei Semper (Black-spotted Sea cucumber)
Phytochemical screening and proximate composition of the sea grasses Enhalus ...Innspub Net
Knowledge of the chemical composition of seagrass is important both for the assessment of the nutritional value of marine invertebrate or vertebrate herbivores and for the evaluation of potential sources of protein, carbohydrates, and lipids for commercial use or for possible human consumption. While phytochemical screening provides basic information about the medicinal importance of the plant extract and are lead compound for drug discoveries. Proximate composition and phytochemical analyses were determined on the seagrass Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii using standard methods on a dry basis. The result of the proximate composition showed that Enhalus acoroides contained 9.35% crude protein, 0.07% crude lipid, 54.94% carbohydrate contents and 35.64% ash. While Thalassia hemprichii contained 14.98% crude protein, 0.17% crude lipid, 52.87% carbohydrate contents and 31.98% ash. The phytochemicals detected in the methanolic extracts of Enhalus acoroides were alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, and steroids. While for Thalassia hemprichii were alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, tannins, triterpenoids and steroids. The results indicate that seagrass Enhalus acoroides and Thalassia hemprichii are good potential sources of highly nutritious feed stuff and the different active secondary metabolites along with significant bioactive potential might be helpful for the future pharmaceutical applications.
Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus amendment on the yield of a Chlorella sp. s...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A strain of microalgae was isolated from phytoplankton samples collected from the sea coast of Amsheet, North Lebanon. Molecular diagnosis based on ribosomal RNA genes showed it to be most closely related to Chlorella sp. (GenBank accession KC188335.1) with over 90 % nucleotide identity. It was then evaluated whether N and P amendments of seawater fertilized with Guillard’s f/2 medium would improve algal growth and production. Addition of nitrogen (30 ppm) and/or phosphorus (2 ppm) to microalgae grown under laboratory conditions in 3L bioreactors resulted in improved biomass yield (mg dry matter/ L) by approximately 48%, and increased protein yield by approximately 56%, from 19.5% to 30.6% of DM content. Total protein yield/L of culture medium was therefore increased by approximately 83%. Total lipid content and carotenoid levels of the microalgal culture were not affected by the N+P amendement, whereas chlorophyll content was almost doubled. When lower levels of N+P supplementations, 10 and 20 ppm N, were tried, the biomass yield was also improved. The experiment was repeated in 20 L bioreactors in a plastic greenhouse, under normal environmental conditions, with an average temperature of 28°C and a maximum temperature of 36°C. At these relatively high temperatures, the growth rate was slowed down, but N supplementations at 10 and 20 ppm resulted in improved dry matter yield by 25 and 45% respectively, and protein content by 17 and 35%, respectively. Knowledge of the optimal culturing conditions of this local Chlorella strain is essential for its efficient production and is expected to serve future environmental and biotechnological purposes.
Isolation of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites from Seaweeds Amphiroa anceps ag...Ferdinand .S. Lubobi
The biodiversity of ocean living resources provide an ample scope for the extraction of drugs and chemicals for therapeutic purposes. Sea weed Amphiroa anceps, collected from Thondi-Palk Strait region of Tamil Nadu, was studied for antagonistic activity of proteins. Seaweed species were identified based on specula morphology. Ethyl
Acetate extracts yielded a total of 0.9 g, 0.12 g, 0.02 g, 0.14 g and 0.17 g from 1.5 g of sponge respectively. The antagonistic activity of crude extract against bacterial pathogens showed clear inhibition zones against Yersinia sp., Streptococcus sp. and Vibrio sp. The extracted Seaweed strain had Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations against all the three chicken meat associated pathogens, Vibrio sp., Yersinia sp. and Streptococcus sp. and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration against two chicken meat associated pathogens, Vibrio sp. and Yersinia sp.
Balai Perikanan Budidaya Laut Batam
Alternative strategies for minimizing the detrimental effects of bacterial infection and prevention of diseases in aquaculture are necessary since the ongoing efficacy of antibiotics is proving to be unsustainable. One of the most promising approach is the use of aqua herbal conditioners to stimulate the immune system of fish to allow them to fight off infections. In this study, the protective effect of aqua herbal conditioners produced from, mainly, mangrove and neem plant extracts in marine fish, was tested on Asian Seabass Lates calcarifer and Silver Pompano Trachinotus blochii at 8-10 g of weight size. Challenge tests were performed by immersion with two pathogenic bacteria: Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, at a concentration of 105 cells ml-1 for 60 minutes after 12 h, 24 h and 36 h conditioning treatment. The experimental trial show that after 72 h, commercially available aqua herbal conditioners (AquaHerb) was able to significantly increase the percentage survival of L. calcarifer and T. blochii and reduces their susceptibilityto the V.harveyi and V.parahaemolyticus. Significantly higher leukocytesnumber, monocyte, neutrophil andphagocyticindexwere detected in all conditioning group for Silver Pompano and Asian Seabass. These results suggest that the combination of herbal extracts together with other trace elements contained in AquaHerb were able to act as immunostimulants and appear to improve the immune status and disease resistance of Asian Seabass and Silver Pompano.
— The microbiological content of Lettuce (a vegetable), commonly vended in the Benin metropolis of Edo state were evaluated. Five vending locations were chosen for the study. Whole and soft rot samples were purchased and analysed for microbiological composition. Results showed high counts in soft rot samples in lettuce. Nutrient agar plated lettuce samples had bacterial counts in the range of 2.0x 103 to 4.7x10 7. Pseudomonas species was the dominant species found in lettuce samples. Bacillus species was isolated from one location in the lettuce samples. Mac Conkey agar plated lettuce plated had bacterial counts in the range of 2.3 x 10 3 to 5.7x 10 7. Enterobacter species, E. coli, and Klebsiella species were the dominant species isolated. Though, Proteus species was isolated from lettuce samples obtained from location five only. The study observes that consuming soft rot samples could pose a risk of introducing pathogens to the consumer due to their high microbial counts and could be detrimental to the health of the consumer.
Protein was extracted from muscles of Channa striatus and attempts were
made to evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity against clinical bacterial isolates. The
higher concentration of protein (100μg/ml) extracts exhibited a pronounced activity
against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21 mm), Proteus vulgaris (19 mm), Citrobacter sp
(19 mm), Klebsiella pneumoniae (18 mm), Micrococcus sp (17 mm), Bacillus subtilis (16
mm), Staphylococcus aureus (15 mm), E. coli (14 mm) and Serratia marcescens (5
mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration
were found to be 20-40 μg/ml and 80-100 μg/ml respectively for the extracts of
Channa striatus protein against test organisms. This study confirms that C. striatus fish
protein extracts possess antibacterial activity against a wide range of microbes and
justified that it could be used in the traditional medicine as a remedy for the
treatment of bacterial diseases.
Identification of causative agent for fungal infection and effect of disinfec...AbdullaAlAsif1
Labeo. bata is one of the most important cultured fish. Intensive incubation leads to microbial overgrowth in L. bata eggs that hamper egg development hatchability and larval survivability. The aim of this study is to find out causes of mass mortality in L. bata eggs during peak breeding season from 10 March to May 2015 at Mafatema Fish Hatchery Jessore Bangladesh. Three concentrations of four chemical-formalin (10 20 30 mg/L) malachite green (135 mg/L) NaCl (123 g/l) and methylene blue (135 mg/L) treatment regimes and a control were compared for efficacy in treating L. bata eggs to prevent fungus and bacterial infection and improve hatch and survival rate of fry. Physicochemical and microbial characteristics of culture water were examined during the induced breeding of L. bata besides mycological examination of egg samples with trial of treatment of different types of disinfectant. The total bacterial count fluctuated between 3.6×108 cfu/ml at initial time of incubation and 31.7×108 cfu/ml after 3 days of hatching. The infected fertilized egg by Saprolegnia sp. were appeared as tuft hairy like balls with a white cottony envelope that surround it which focally invaded the cytoplasm resulted in loss of the cytoplasm content and destructed envelops. Hatching rate (92.33±3.51%) of methylene blue at 1mg/L was significantly different with formalin at 10mg/L (78.0±5.29%) and control (72.33±5.51%) at.05 level of significance. Survival rate of malachite green at 5mg/L (87.33±6.51%) NaCl at 2g/L (91.00±3.00%) and methylene blue at 1mg/L (94.33±4.73%) had significant difference with control (71.00±8.89%) at.05 level of significance.
E-screen assay validation: evaluation of estrogenic activity by MCF7 cell cul...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Natural and synthetic estrogens have been detected in rivers, lakes and estuaries in many parts of the world. Primary sources of these compounds are domestic and industrial effluents, which are not deleted after the water treatment. Estrogen has been the endocrine disruptor most researched to be very active biologically and be the etiologic agent of diverse types of cancer and other conditions such as endometriosis, precocious puberty, feminization, masculinization, sterility. In this context, we use water of 36 natural reservoirs or dams, in a bioassay to characterize their estrogenicity in culture of MCF7 cells and obtained high concentration of estrogen in samples taken in Ibiúna and Equestrian Santo Amaro / SP. However, certain concentration in our samples for most water samples from different regions was very close to the limit of quantification by bioassay and estrogen was in fmol. It has been shown that e-screen assay with MCF7 cells is a sensitive and stable tool for quantitative analysis of estrogenicity of water and can easily be developed and implemented for routine for estrogen quantification also in animal food and man, aqueous and plastics etc. Keywords— endocrine disrupters, estrogen, breast cancer cells, (MCF7) bioassay: E-screen assay
A study on growth performance of Spirulina platensis in different concentrati...AbdullaAlAsif1
An experiment was conducted on culture and growth performance of Spirulina platensis in various concentrations of rotten apple medium (RAM) and Kosaric Medium (KM). The observation was conducted for three months from March to May at the Live Food Culture Laboratory, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Bangladesh Agricultural University. Culture of S. platensis was performed in 1.0L glass flasks in three different media such as 2.5, 5.0 and 10% and KM with three replications under fluorescent light in light : dark (12 hr : 12 hr) condition of a period of 14 days. Growth performances of S. platensis varied from one medium to another. The initial cell weight of S. platensis was 0.0023 mg/L and a maximum cell weight of 12.44 mg/L was found in KM and 10.468 mg/L in RAM on 10 th day of culture. It was also observed that, the initial chlorophyll a content of S. platensis was 0.0015 mg/L which was attained at a highest content of 10.54 mg/L in KM and 12.35 mg/L in RAM on 10 th day of culture. A decreasing trend of cell weight was observed from 10 th day of culture. The growth of S. platensis was significantly (p<0.05) better in 5.0% Digested Rotten Apple Medium (DRAM) than other concentrations 2.5% DRAM and 10% DRAM. From the results obtained in the present study, it was summarized that the growth of S. platensis was better in the concentrations of 5.0% DRAM than other concentrations of RAM. Thus, the concentration of 5.0% DRAM is most suitable for S. platensis culture compare with standard KM. These media are easily available and most inexpensive in contrast of Bangladesh. So digested rotten apple can be used for commercially and economically viable mass culture of S. platensis.
Microbial Effect of Refuse Dump on the Composition of Leafy Vegetables Grown ...IJEAB
Microbial quality of vegetables grown in the vicinity of dumpsite along river Benue basin Yola Adamawa state was investigated to determine the effect of the wastes. A total of twenty samples were studied, from each of vegetable, soil and water at different distances 50, 100 and 200m from the dumpsite. Microbial analysis showed that total bacterial, mold and yeast, and coliform bacteria counts exceeded the 1,000 CFU/100ml guideline for water used in fresh produce. The result shows that total bacterial count was found to be significantly higher in the soil ranging from 4.3 x 105 – 4.78 x 106 followed by irrigation water ranging from 1.0 x 104 – 3.66 x 106 and the least was the vegetable ranging from 1.0 x104 – 9.0 x 104. Coliform bacteria count was found to be higher in the irrigation water ranging from 2.0 x 104 – 1.2 x 105 followed by the vegetables ranging from 1.0 x 104 – 2.0 x 104 and no growth of coliform was found in the soil. Mold and yeast was found to be significantly higher in the soil ranging from1.0 x 104 – TNC and was absent in the vegetables and water respectively. The higher level of microorganism observed in the dump site vegetables compared with the control vegetables show that refuse dump contribute to the microbial load in the study site. This implies that the microbial quality of vegetables may pose a health risk to the people who consume them if not properly prepared.
Similar to Antibacterial and antifungal property of extracts derived from the body wall and cuvierian tubules of Pearsonothuria graeffei Semper (Black-spotted Sea cucumber) (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
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Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
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Antibacterial and antifungal property of extracts derived from the body wall and cuvierian tubules of Pearsonothuria graeffei Semper (Black-spotted Sea cucumber)
2. Antibacterial and antifungal property of extracts derived from the body wall and cuvierian tubules of Pearsonothuria graeffei Semper (Black-spotted Sea
cucumber)
Torres JRD 002
Several studies on some species of sea cucumber with
high-commercial value have shown multiple biological
activities such as antinociceptive (Ridzwan et al., 2003),
antibacterial (Abubakar et al., 2012; Mohklesi et al.,
2012), antifungal (Wang et al., 2012), anticoagulant (Ye
et al., 2012), anti-hypertension, anti-inflammatory
property (Sheean et al., 2007), insecticidal, (Thakur et
al., 2004), molluscicidal, and anti-protozoa (Mojica and
Merca, 2005). It was found that some species of sea
cucumber are rich in saponin glycosides that exhibit
anticancer effect (Aminin et al., 2015; Bordbar et al.,
2011). Laboratory studies also claimed that some
species have potential antioxidant (Mamelona and
Pelletier, 2010) and anti-proliferative effects (Althunibat
et al., 2009).
In spite of the worldwide studies showing the medical
uses of sea cucumber species and its potential source of
bioactive compounds, available references or
publications about sea cucumber species composition in
the Philippines are mostly limited to local
description(Gamboa et al., 2007). There is a much need
for researches on species biology and ecology (Choo,
2008). Hence, this study was conducted to help solve
the lack of researches on this nature. This study
intended to search for novel bioactive compounds by
evaluating the biological activities of crude extracts from
a common species of sea cucumber in the Philippines
which is the Pearsonothuria graeffei Semper.
The species is also known as the Black-spotted sea
cucumber (FAO), Orange fish or Shoab (Egypt), Flower
fish (India, Papua New Guinea, and Vietnam) and
Noolattai (India) (Purcell et al., 2012). In the Philippines,
it is known as Mani-mani, Bulaklak (Brown et al., 2010),
Trompa, or Piña, and sometimes identified as
Bohadschia graeffei or B. drachi. Pearsonothuria graeffei
is regarded as 3
rd
class. This means that it is of the
lowest commercial importance. There is also very little
information on its biology (Purcell et al., 2012), and on its
potential bioactivities. In a global standpoint, there is
great concern on P. graeffei for conservationists even
though at present this species is widely distributed
(Conand et al., 2013).
The present study is also essential since conservation
importance of species is not only attributed to its rarity or
abundance, but also to its utility which are often classified
as direct, indirect, and option values (Freeman, 2003).
The latter is the best way to add more value to our
natural resources. Universally, high-value species of sea
cucumbers are the most common target of fishers which
frequently leads to their overexploitation. The utilization
of natural resources for their direct value is the major
cause of overexploitation (Lawrence et al., 2009) which
also results in the destruction of environment and
extinction of the species. Natural resources are meant to
be utilized as they are termed resources but it does not
mean that the consumption or utilization of these is
unlimited or unregulated. However, maximizing the use,
proper utilization, and effective management of this
species is difficult to attain if there is no enough
information about the natural resource. Furthermore, if
there is very little information about the species, it will be
difficult to request for protection within local communities.
It will also be difficult to request for consideration for
listing under the Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species (CITES). To make this a reality,
there should be enough evidence proving its importance.
Likewise, unraveling sea cucumber species’ biological
properties will help conservationists in their campaign for
its protection and conservation.
At present, there are very few reported biological
properties of the natural products from P. graeffei.
Biological activity studies on the isolated active
compound from P. graeffei include mutagenicity and
teratogenicity of its saponins in fetal rats (Wang et al.,
2013); on the effect of saponins in hematopoiesis in mice
(Li et al., 2011); on the anti-metastatic effect of non-
sulfated triterpene glycosides namely echinoside A and
Ds-echinoside A (Zhao et al., 2012).Bioprospecting by
means of bioactivity evaluation is one of the promising
processes in the discovery of bioactives from natural
sources. In the event that bioactivity testing leads to
favorable results, necessary follow up research works is
usually conducted to determine the best method to
isolate and manufacture the active compound.
Bioprospecting will add value on our natural resources
which in turn will open an opportunity to search for new
source of natural products with potential bioactivities.
Hence, this study will provide useful insights on the sea
cucumber species’ biology, which will be essential in
management efforts and in pharmaceutical or medical
researches for the development of drugs.
METHODOLOGY
Harvesting of Sea Cucumbers
Upon the issuance of Gratuitous Permit No. 01-14 by the
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), the
collection of sea cucumbers was immediately
undertaken. Pearsonothuria graeffei Semper specimens
with length ranging from 20 cm to 50 cm and weighing
from 30g to 180g were collected from Poro Point, San
Fernando City, Philippines. The samples were harvested
by hand picking with the help of fishers who dove at
intertidal (shallow water region) and subtidal (deeper
areas) ranging from 15-20 feet. The sea cucumbers
were temporarily stored in coolers with ice, transported,
and upon arrival at the laboratory, were immediately
washed with distilled water.
Extraction of the Active Principle for Antimicrobial
Susceptibility Test (AST)
Dissection was done by separating the body wall and the
Cuvierian tubules from the internal organs, gonads, and
3. Antibacterial and antifungal property of extracts derived from the body wall and cuvierian tubules of Pearsonothuria graeffei Semper (Black-spotted Sea
cucumber)
Frontiers Med. Chem. Drug Disc. 003
tentacles of the organism. Bulk weighing of the fresh
samples and dissected body parts was done using a
digital electronic weighing scale (ACS TCS System,
3208) . Meanwhile, steps in the preparation of crude
extracts were based on the procedures described by
Ismail et al. (2008). However, the researcher modified
some portions in the procedures in which crude extracts
were obtained after vacuo concentration at 40ºC and not
at 45ºC. The study also utilized extracting solvents such
as ethyl acetate and n-hexane aside from methanol.
Furthermore, the present study did not involved
fractionization and purification of semi-purified fractions to
obtain the crude extracts. The following process explains
the methods used in this study.
Freshly separated body wall and Cuvierian tubules of P.
graeffei were cut into smaller pieces and homogenized
using blender (Oster, Model No. 4172-074, PN30598-
074, Mexico) for five minutes. After which, each of the
homogenized body parts were separately soaked in each
of the analytical reagents namely methanol, ethyl acetate,
and n-hexane, for seven days (1:3 w/v). Then, the
soaked samples were filtered using cheesecloth followed
by running through a separator and centrifugation
(Kokusan H-108N, Japan) at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes.
The supernatants were used for vacuo concentration.
To concentrate and remove the solvents, filtrates were
evaporated under vacuum at 40ºC by the rotary
evaporator (Rotavapor Buchi R215, Switzerland).
Samples soaked in methanol were set under pressure
337 psi, those in ethyl acetate were set under pressure
240 psi, and those in n-hexane were set under pressure
of 335 psi. Since the samples were fresh, excess water
component had to be removed. Hence, water was further
separated under pressure of 72 psi. The resulting slimy
and semi-solid substance served as the crude extracts.
Pearsonothuria graeffei’s body wall soaked in the
analytical grades of methanol, ethyl acetate, and n-
hexane and processed in the described procedure above
were labeled as Body Wall Methanol Extract/BWME,
Body Wall Ethyl Acetate Extract/BWEAE, and Body Wall
Hexane Extract/BWHE, respectively. Meanwhile,
Cuvierian tubules of P. graeffei soaked in the analytical
grades of methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane and
similarly processed in the previously described protocol
were labeled as Cuvierian Tubule Methanol
Extract/CTME, Cuvierian Tubule Ethyl Acetate
Extract/CTEAE, and Cuvierian Tubule Hexane
Extract/CTHE, respectively. The six crude extracts were
kept in the freezer at -4ºC until use.
Strains of Bacteria and Fungus
Pure cultures of the Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC
25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) were
obtained from Natural Sciences Research Unit
Laboratory of Saint Louis University, at Baguio City,
Philippines. The microorganisms were cultured in a
Mueller-Hinton Agar (Tritan Biotech LTD, Rajasthan,
India) under 37ºC .Meanwhile, the isolated strain of
Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) was obtained from G.R.
Medical Laboratory, Ilocos Training and Regional Medical
Center (ITRMC) at Pagdaraoan, San Fernando City, La
Union, Philippines. Candida albicans (ATCC 10231) was
cultured in Potato Dextrose Agar (Hi Media Laboratories
Pvt. Ltd., India) inside the incubator (Memmert Air
Incubator IMB 500, Japan).
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
The procedures for preparation and standardization of
inocula, disk diffusion test and determination of Minimum
Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) were based on the criteria
set by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)
(Hudzicki, 2013; Cavalieri et al., 2005). Similarly,
antifungal susceptibility testing was based on the
standard method described by CLSI (Clinical and
Laboratory Standards Institute, 2007).
Antibacterial and Antifungal Property Screening
Antibacterial screening was done following the procedure
described by CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards
Institute, 2007) and in the study of Abubakar et al.
(2012).Antibacterial and antifungal activities of methanol,
ethyl acetate, and n-hexane crude extracts of the body
wall and the Cuvierian tubules were assessed by means
of agar disk diffusion method/ Kirby-Bauer assay. A disk
immersed in a distilled water served as negative control
(Treatment 0; T0), a commercial antibiotic
Ciprofloxacin/CFL (5 µg/ml) served as positive control for
antibacterial screening (Treatment 1; T1A), and
Clotrimazole (10 µg/ml) (Treatment 1B; T1B) served as
the reference drug in the antifungal screening. Six
concentrations namely 10, 100, 200, 500 and 1000
µg.mL
-1
each of Body Wall Methanol Extract (BWME),
Body Wall Ethyl Acetate Extract (BWEAE), Body Wall
Hexane Extracts(BWHE),Cuvierian Tubule Methanol
Extract (CTME), Cuvierian Tubule Ethyl Acetate Extract
(CTEAE), and Cuvierian Tubule Hexane Extract (CTHE),
and the unadulterated crude extracts were prepared and
evaluated for their antimicrobial properties.
Susceptibility Test Using Spectrophotometer
Isolated colonies from an 18-24 hour culture of
Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli
(ATCC 25922), and Candida albicans (ATCC 10321)
served as the source of cells in preparing the inocula
suspension. A spectrophotometer (Spectro Dual Split
Beam UVS-2800, Japan) was used to check if the
adjusted suspension turbidity equals the 0.5 McFarland
standard solutions. Turbidity was adjusted using sterile
saline (0.85% NaCl). Afterwards, Minimum Inhibitory
Concentrations (MICs) of the bioactive body wall and the
4. Antibacterial and antifungal property of extracts derived from the body wall and cuvierian tubules of Pearsonothuria graeffei Semper (Black-spotted Sea
cucumber)
Torres JRD 004
Table 1. Zone of Inhibition Mean Values (ZOIμ) Exhibited by Crude Extract and Control Drug Against Standard Strain of
Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
Controls/
Extract
ZOI (mm)
Mean Values
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 (Gram +)
Distilled H2O 0 c
Ciprofloxacin 17 a
BWME 8 b
BWEAE 7 b
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (Gram -)
Distilled H2O 0 c
Ciprofloxacin 15 a
BWEAE 4 b
NOTE: Any mean value followed by the same letter(s) is not significantly different from each other.
Legend: BWME – Body Wall Methanol Extract
BWEAE – Body Wall Ethyl Acetate Extract
Cuvierian tubule extracts were determined through a
serial dilution method analyzed spectrophotometrically.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Antibacterial Property
Test concentrations which are 10,100, 200, 500, and
1,000 μg.ml
-1
of the six different crude extracts obtained
from the body parts of P. graeffei Semper did not show
antibacterial action against S. aureus ATCC 25923 and
E. coli ATCC 25922. On the other hand, unadulterated
dose of crude BWME and BWEAE showed inhibitory
activity against the growth of S. aureus while only
unadulterated crude BWEAE showed inhibitory activity
against growth of E. coli.
Although not statistically comparable (p< 0.05) to the
antibacterial effect of the control drug used, the results of
experiments confirmed the antibacterial activity of the
extracts. The limited antibacterial effect or weak growth
inhibition of the crude extracts BWME and BWEAE
against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and the
crude extract BWEAE against Escherichia coli ATCC
25922, may be attributed to the bioactives that were
previously described and isolated from Pearsonothuria
graeffei and to many other species of sea cucumber.
Sea cucumber extracts derived from other body parts like
body wall, Cuvierian tubules, coelomic fluid, and gonads
of sea cucumber species, has been provento contain
bioactive compounds (Schillaci et al., 2013; Abubakar et
al., 2012). These bioactive compounds were also
accounted for the various biological and pharmacological
properties of the different extracts from sea cucumber
species. These compounds with known bioactivities are
triterpene glycosides or class of saponins commonly
known as holothurins (Mohklesi et al., 2012; Caulier et
al., 2011).
Several studies also ascribed the antimicrobial properties
of sea cucumber extracts to the presence of glycosides
commonly in the form of triterpene glycosides (saponin)
and the aglycones from the class of compounds called
saponins. Saponins from sea cucumbers are commonly
known as holothurins. This secondary metabolite is also
identified as the predominant secondary metabolite of
holothurians with various reported biological properties
(Zhao et al., 2011). Triterpene glycosides were isolated
in several species of sea cucumbers like Pearsonothuria
graeffei with around 3.5 percent of its body wall dry
matter (Zhao et al., 2012; Van Dyck et al., 2010).
In the present study, the methanol and ethyl acetate
extracts from the body wall of P. graeffei Semper,
showed antibacterial effect against S. aureus ATCC
25923 while only one of the tested extracts, that is,
BWEAE showed antibacterial effect against E. coli ATCC
25922. Comparing the resistance capability of Gram
positive and Gram negative alone (i.e. not including
mutant strains), Gram negative bacteria are considered
to be more resistant to most antibiotics. This enhanced
resistance of the Gram negative bacteria can be
accounted to their double layered wall while the Gram
positive bacteria are characterized with single layered
(Cavalieri et al., 2005).Aside from triterpene glycosides,
fucosylated chondroitin sulfates were also isolated from
sea cucumber Pearsonothuria graeffei (Chen et al.,
2011). Fucosylated chondroitin sulfates from sea
cucumbers have much resemblance to the structure of
sulfated polysaccharides in the form of fucoidans with
known several biological properties (Moghadamtousi et
al., 2014; Patel 2012).
5. Antibacterial and antifungal property of extracts derived from the body wall and cuvierian tubules of Pearsonothuria graeffei Semper (Black-spotted Sea
cucumber)
Frontiers Med. Chem. Drug Disc. 005
Table 2. Interpretation of 24-Hour Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) Mean Values Exhibited by Crude Extracts and Control Drug against Candida
albicans ATCC 10231.
Controls/
Extract ZOI (mm)
ZOI Interpretation
D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 Mean
Candida albicans ATCC 10231
Distilled H2O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00
b
R
Fluconazole 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.00 R
Ketoconazole 0 4 0 0 6 0 1.67 R
Clotrimazole 12 11 11 8 9 9 10.00
a
R
BWME 10 11 10 11 10 9 10.17
a
R
BWHE 12 11 11 10 12 11 11.17
a
R
Note: Any mean value followed by the same letter(s) is not significantly different from each other.
Legend: D1- disk no.1 BWME – Body Wall Methanol Extract
D2 - disk no.2 BWHE – Body Wall Hexane Extract
D3 - disk no.3 S - Susceptible
D4 - disk no.4 R - Resistant
D5 - disk no.5
D6 - disk no.6
Alcoholic extracts obtained from Holothuria atra showed
inhibition in the growth of Klebsiella pneumonia,
Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and
Staphylococcus aureus which are commonly identified as
human pathogens. The methanol extracts from several
sea cucumbers species exhibited antibacterial activities
(Moguel-Salazar et al., 2013). Methanol extracts from
sea cucumber Stichopus badionotus exhibited
antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus (Mariana et al., 2009). In another
study, methanol extracts from another sea cucumber G.
changii, was also successful in inhibiting the growth of
Staphylococcus aureus (Al-Haj et al., 2010).Furthermore,
the study of Shakouri et al. (2017) proved the potential of
aqueous body wall extract of a sea cucumber Stichopus
variegatus, as source of antimicrobial peptides against
the growth of Escherichia coli. Their study revealed the
antimicrobial effect of 8 mg/ml concentration of aqueous
body wall extract of S. variegatus against the growth of E.
coli in the disc diffusion assay. Similarly, Adibpour et al.
(2014) showed that crude methanol extracts separately
derived from the body wall, cuvierian organs, and
coelomic fluids at both concentrations of 2000 μg/ml and
1000 μg/ml had a potential antimicrobial property
specifically microbiostatic effect on the growth of E. coli
ATCC 8739 while found ineffective against fungi Candida
albicans ATCC 10231. In the present study, crude body
wall methanol extracts (BWME) and body wall ethyl
acetate extracts (BWEAE) both showed weak
antibacterial effect against S. aureus ATCC 25922 and
BWEAE showed weak inhibitory effect against E. coli
ATCC 25922 compared to Ciprofloxacin in disc diffusion
assay. However, determination of the MIC revealed the
potential of the crude extracts from P. graeffei as source
of antimicrobial peptides.
Peptides are also one of the many bioactive compounds
from a species of marine organisms which serve as their
innate immunity against microorganisms’ pathogenic
infection. Marine-derived antimicrobial peptides (AMPs)
are structurally different from their counterparts from
terrestrial species and are commonly taxa or species
specific. They were also reported to exhibit a broad
antimicrobial properties. Many hydrophilic antimicrobial
peptides (AMPs) have been identified in the body wall
mucus of sea cucumber species (Chi-Fai Chung et al.,
2015). The isolated novel peptides Holothurin 1 and
Holothurin 2 from 5-HCC, which were classified as
members of Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) with known
antibiofilm contributed in the antibacterial activity of the
Holothuria tubulosa isolates against Staphylococcus
aureus ATCC 25923, a strain similar to what is utilized in
the present study, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213,
Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Enterococcus
faecalis ATCC 29212, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC
15442, and Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984
(Schillaci et al., 2013). In addition, it appears that novel
AMPs are likely to be characteristic of natural products or
isolates from several other marine organisms (Smith et
al., 2010). This implies that the crude extracts BWME
and BWEAE of Pearsonothuria graeffei Semper may
contain some class of AMPs that may have contributed
to their antimicrobial effects.The AST evaluation in this
study revealed that crude extracts BWME and BWEAE of
Pearsonothuria graeffei Semper statistically resulted in
limited antibacterial activity against the tested Gram
+
and Gram
–
standard bacterial strains. However, result
of MIC by spectrophometric analysis on BWME (MIC,
<218.75 μg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC
25923) and BWEAE (MIC, <218.75 μg/ml against S.
aureus ATCC 25923; MIC, <437.50 μg/ml against
6. Antibacterial and antifungal property of extracts derived from the body wall and cuvierian tubules of Pearsonothuria graeffei Semper (Black-spotted Sea
cucumber)
Torres JRD 006
Escherichia coli ATCC 25922) proves the potential of the
P. graeffei crude extracts as antibacterial agent.
Antifungal Property
The preliminary evaluation of antifungal activity of the six
different extracts made use of commercial antifungal drug
Fluconazole/FCZ (Diflucan, Pfyzer) as reference drug.
However, this reference drug did not inhibit the growth of
Candida albicans ATCC 10231 after several trials.
Consequently, a substitute commercial antifungal
referenced drug Ketoconazole/KCZ (Pfyzer) was tested,
but did not successfully inhibit the growth of Candida
albicans ATCC 10231. On the third AST, commercial
Clotrimazole was found to exhibit zone of inhibition per
disk against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 during
preliminary testing using Kirby-Bauer Assay (KBA) which
in turn was used as a reference drug.
All test concentrations which are 10,100, 200, 500, and 1,
000 μg ml
-1
of the six different crude extracts obtained
from the body wall and the Cuvierian tubule of P. graeffei
Semper did not show antifungal action against Candida
albicans ATCC 10231. Only unadulterated crude BWME
and BWHE showed a certain degree of inhibitory activity
against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 compared to the
reference commercial antifungal drug Clotrimazole.
Antifungal drugs ketoconazole, clotrimazole, itraconazole,
and miconazole were reported to only exhibit partial
growth inhibition against the standard Candida albicans
ATCC 10231 strain grown in a bYNBG medium.
However, susceptibility of the pathogenic fungal cell
isolates is time-dependent; that is, after 24-hour period of
incubation the inhibitory effect of different antifungal
agents increased (Blanco et al., 1992).
The AST results for both antibacterial and antifungal tests
in this study, may be attributed to the molecular weight
and the inability to exhibit considerable antibacterial or
antifungal activity of the antimicrobial agents. In studies
evaluating antimicrobial effects of certain extracts, the
molecular weight of the evaluated antimicrobial agent
was reported to have an effect in the ZOI that can be
produced within a certain period of time. In the
KBA/DDA, higher molecular weight will be expected to
move slowly than with antimicrobial agent with low
molecular weight. Thus, a limited antimicrobial property
of ZOI might be read. This is often encountered in testing
using natural products on DDA (Klancnik et al., 2010).
Several years ago, a low probability of clinical resistance
is expected from azole drugs against Candida albicans
due to the fact that the microorganisms are diploid and
with no haploid sexual stage(White et al., 1988).
However, succeeding studies verified the existence of
resistant C. albicans from azole antifungal drugs. The
resistances of Candida albicans isolate to fluconazole
and ketoconazole, clotrimazole (Khan et al., 2009),
miconazole and itraconazole (Bitar et al., 2014) had been
previously recognized. In several studies conducted
concerning C. albicans infections, Fluconazole-resistant
C. albicans are commonly isolated from patients who had
previous use of the drug (Dota et al., 2015; Mulu et al.,
2013; Marchaim et al., 2012).
It was described that resistance of Candida albicans
strains can be the result of normal distribution of MICs or
the development of any of the various mechanisms to
counteract antifungal agents. Fungal cells may also
possess or may activate efflux pumps to fight the effect of
an antifungal agent (Lacka et al., 2011). Another
possible way to explain the resistance of fungal strain is
by their ability to form biofilm which is an important factor
in their pathogenicity (Bitar et al., 2014).
To further evaluate and compare the antifungal activity in
terms of exhibited ZOI values, statistical analysis of the
data was also considered.The One-Way Analysis of
Variance suggests that there is no significant ( p<0.05)
difference among the exhibited ZOIμ of BWME, BWHE,
and Clotrimazole against Candida albicans ATCC 10231.
Furthermore, preliminary tests showed that even the
common antifungal drugs used in treating Candida
infection like the Fluconazole and Ketoconazole were
ineffective in inhibiting Candida albicans ATCC 10231
while the use of crude BWME and BWHE from P.
graeffei exhibited ZOI in DDA and showed inhibitory
property revealing MIC at 1750 μg/ml by
spectrophotometric analysis.
Several studies support that extracts derived from various
species of sea cucumbers possess antifungal properties.
Methanol extract and chloroform extract separately from
the body wall, intestine, and gonad of Holothuria
leucospilota exhibited inhibitory activity against the
growth of Aspergillus niger at concentrations of 2.5, 5,
and 10 mg/ml (Farjami et al., 2014). In a recent study,
antifungal activity was observed from methanol extracts
of the body wall (highest) and Cuvierian organs of sea
cucumber Stichopus hermanni against fungus Aspergillus
niger using Fluconazole as positive control
(Sarhadizadeh et al., 2014).
A significant antifungal property of crude body wall
methanol extracts of P. graeffei against Candida
albicanswas also described. The antifungal property is
attributed to the triterpenoids and steroid glycosides
(class of saponin) present in the tested crude
extracts(Lawrence et al., 2009). Similarly, antifungal
activity of extracts from sea cucumber Actinopyga
lecanora was observed against fungal species Candida
albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus flavis. The
antifungal property of the extract was attributed to the
bioactive compound triterpene glycosides(Kumar et al.,
2007). It was also reported that the body wall and
Cuvierian tubule extracts from sea cucumber
Pearsonothuria graeffei also contain considerable
amounts of triterpene glycosides (Zhao et al.,2011; Van
Dyck et al., 2010). It can be inferred that the crude
extracts from P. graeffei Semper (BWME and BWHE) in
7. Antibacterial and antifungal property of extracts derived from the body wall and cuvierian tubules of Pearsonothuria graeffei Semper (Black-spotted Sea
cucumber)
Frontiers Med. Chem. Drug Disc. 007
this study, has the ability to induce antifungal activity
which may be caused by the presence of triterpene
glycosides (saponin).
CONCLUSION
The exhibited limited antibacterial property of
unadulterated doses of BWME and BWEAE against S.
aureus and BWEAE against E. coli can be accounted to
the previously reported bioactive compounds from P.
graeffei. It is inferred that the crude extracts from P.
graeffei are still potential source of antibacterial
compounds. Meanwhile, the statistically comparable (p <
0.05) fungicidal property of unadulterated BWME and
BWHE against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 compared
to Clotrimazole, and fungicidal activity better than
Fluconazole and Ketoconazole implies that BWME and
BWHE of P. graeffei have a great potential as a source of
antifungal agents in curing diseases caused by Candida
albicans.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The author would like to thank CENRO-San Fernando
City La Union , DENR, BFAR R.O.1, Victoria N. Malaya
of the Institute of Fisheries, DMMMSU, Philippines, the
BFAR- NIFTDC,headed by Dr.Westly Rosario, Ms.
Jocelyn J. Marcial, Mr. John Carlo G. Gosilatar, Mr.
Romeo R. Visperas , Ms. Evelyn A. Dangla (Microbiology
& Molecular Pathology Laboratories ), Mr. Regino R.
Regpala (Limnology and Oceanography Laboratories.);
Dr. Alessandro Lovatelli, FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture
Department Rome, Italy; and Dr. Anja Klančnik,
Department of Food Science and Technology,
Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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