This document describes a study that generated DNA barcodes from fish species collected at a fishing harbor in Visakhapatnam, India. DNA was extracted from tissue samples of 50 fish individuals and a 658 base pair region of the COI gene was amplified and sequenced. The sequences were analyzed using tools like ORF finder, BLAST, and multiple sequence alignment. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to investigate relationships between sequences. The goals were to create a reference barcode library for the region and investigate species identification and potential cryptic species. The study focused on analyzing barcodes of Tripletail fish, which previous work on barcoding this species is limited.
Resistance of some olive (Olea europaea) cultivars and hybrids to leaf spot d...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In order to investigate the resistance of some olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars and hybrids to leaf spot disease caused by Venturia oleaginea, this study was conducted on high susceptible cultivar Meski and nine hybrids. Samples were collected from a field site located in Nabeul (North East of Tunisia) and evaluated for their susceptibility to leaf spot disease by means of visible and latent infection. Therefore, the studied plants were classified into three categories: very susceptible, intermediate and resistant. Meski cultivar and three hybrids (MxA) obtained through controlled crosses between Meski and Arbequina were the most susceptible to the disease. The hybrids MxC resulting from the crosses between Meski and Chétoui olive cultivars presented less severity. However, the hybrids obtained through crosses between Meski and Picholine cultivars showed the lowest incidence of infection. Microsatellites were used as markers to analyze the genetic relationships between parental olive cultivars and hybrids and the effects of crossing on the disease resistance. Cluster analyses, using the SSR data, showed that olive cultivars and hybrids obtained by controlled cross between MeskixPicholine, Meski x Arbequina and Meski ×Picholine were related to Picholine cultivar. The hybrid Meski x Chétoui was more related to cultivar Meski. Data analyses revealed that the GAPU101 showed the highest number of alleles (8) followed by the tow loci UDO99 and GAPU71 with 6 alleles. The DCA18 locus showed 5 alleles. Genetic variability was wide as indicated by the values of observed heterozygosity as noted 1.00 at locus of the four studied loci. Polymorphic information content (PIC) varied from 0.669 to 0.776. The gene diversity values were higher than 0.53. Genetic distances were determined based on the SSR genotype data and component principal analysis were used for finding possible correlation between severity disease, Meski cultivar and hybrids.
Detection of Stall Region during Testing of CompressorIJMER
Most of the algorithms for anti surge control for industrial centrifugal compressor
work on the data taken from various process parameters . In recent years , some more works have
been done to co- relate the compressor stall / surge with machinery vibrations. These features have
been applied in some compressor control PLC as well. Compressor stalls are aerodynamic stalls
which can result to reduced compression efficiency or complete breakdown in compression. Stall is
normally a precursor to surge which cause radial vibration at certain frequencies .Pure surge, on the
other hand, is an axisymmetric oscillation of the mass row along the axial length of the compressor. It
is more severe than rotating stall and may cause severe damage to compressor. For high speed , high
pressure centrifugal compressor, it is imprative to conduct a ASME PTC10 type 1 test before
equipment is towed out. For high pressure centrifugal compressor, aerodyanmics induced vibration
may lead to Resizing diffuser and return channelleading to enormous delay if issue is not identified at
OEM ( Original equipment manufacturer ) test bench itself .This paper provides a road map to draw a
surge limit line and locating stall region in compressor map which can help deriving a Real Surge
Precursor Algorithm based on vibration and dynmaic pressure analysis at OEM works . These can be
used also as a part of diagnostic tool to identify the real source of sub synchronous vibration.
Karyomorphological studies in Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) G.Don., Alocasia fornicate (Roxb.) Schott, Alocasia longiloba Miq.
belonging to the family Araceae using root tip squash technique was carried out. It was observed that the chromosome number
for the three species was found to be 2n=28 and chromosomes are smaller in size. The chromosomes in Alocasia longiloba were
found to be longer in length in comparison to Alocasia macrorrhiza, Alocasia fornicata. Present studies also reveal that the
karyotype is a symmetric type. The present karyomorphological study has been undertaken as it is an established fact that
karyomorphological analysis forms a prerequisite for the genetic improvement of any plant species. This study would be helpful in
the protection, conservations of the species by establishment of germplasm bank.
Resistance of some olive (Olea europaea) cultivars and hybrids to leaf spot d...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In order to investigate the resistance of some olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars and hybrids to leaf spot disease caused by Venturia oleaginea, this study was conducted on high susceptible cultivar Meski and nine hybrids. Samples were collected from a field site located in Nabeul (North East of Tunisia) and evaluated for their susceptibility to leaf spot disease by means of visible and latent infection. Therefore, the studied plants were classified into three categories: very susceptible, intermediate and resistant. Meski cultivar and three hybrids (MxA) obtained through controlled crosses between Meski and Arbequina were the most susceptible to the disease. The hybrids MxC resulting from the crosses between Meski and Chétoui olive cultivars presented less severity. However, the hybrids obtained through crosses between Meski and Picholine cultivars showed the lowest incidence of infection. Microsatellites were used as markers to analyze the genetic relationships between parental olive cultivars and hybrids and the effects of crossing on the disease resistance. Cluster analyses, using the SSR data, showed that olive cultivars and hybrids obtained by controlled cross between MeskixPicholine, Meski x Arbequina and Meski ×Picholine were related to Picholine cultivar. The hybrid Meski x Chétoui was more related to cultivar Meski. Data analyses revealed that the GAPU101 showed the highest number of alleles (8) followed by the tow loci UDO99 and GAPU71 with 6 alleles. The DCA18 locus showed 5 alleles. Genetic variability was wide as indicated by the values of observed heterozygosity as noted 1.00 at locus of the four studied loci. Polymorphic information content (PIC) varied from 0.669 to 0.776. The gene diversity values were higher than 0.53. Genetic distances were determined based on the SSR genotype data and component principal analysis were used for finding possible correlation between severity disease, Meski cultivar and hybrids.
Detection of Stall Region during Testing of CompressorIJMER
Most of the algorithms for anti surge control for industrial centrifugal compressor
work on the data taken from various process parameters . In recent years , some more works have
been done to co- relate the compressor stall / surge with machinery vibrations. These features have
been applied in some compressor control PLC as well. Compressor stalls are aerodynamic stalls
which can result to reduced compression efficiency or complete breakdown in compression. Stall is
normally a precursor to surge which cause radial vibration at certain frequencies .Pure surge, on the
other hand, is an axisymmetric oscillation of the mass row along the axial length of the compressor. It
is more severe than rotating stall and may cause severe damage to compressor. For high speed , high
pressure centrifugal compressor, it is imprative to conduct a ASME PTC10 type 1 test before
equipment is towed out. For high pressure centrifugal compressor, aerodyanmics induced vibration
may lead to Resizing diffuser and return channelleading to enormous delay if issue is not identified at
OEM ( Original equipment manufacturer ) test bench itself .This paper provides a road map to draw a
surge limit line and locating stall region in compressor map which can help deriving a Real Surge
Precursor Algorithm based on vibration and dynmaic pressure analysis at OEM works . These can be
used also as a part of diagnostic tool to identify the real source of sub synchronous vibration.
Karyomorphological studies in Alocasia macrorrhiza (L.) G.Don., Alocasia fornicate (Roxb.) Schott, Alocasia longiloba Miq.
belonging to the family Araceae using root tip squash technique was carried out. It was observed that the chromosome number
for the three species was found to be 2n=28 and chromosomes are smaller in size. The chromosomes in Alocasia longiloba were
found to be longer in length in comparison to Alocasia macrorrhiza, Alocasia fornicata. Present studies also reveal that the
karyotype is a symmetric type. The present karyomorphological study has been undertaken as it is an established fact that
karyomorphological analysis forms a prerequisite for the genetic improvement of any plant species. This study would be helpful in
the protection, conservations of the species by establishment of germplasm bank.
DNA Fingerprinting and Phylogenetic Relationship of the Genus Chlorophytum Ke...YogeshIJTSRD
Chlorophytum Ker Gawl, is a medicinally important plant genus employed since ancient time as a key component in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine. Genus represented with more than 217 species out of which 17 species have been reported from India. The main objective of this study is to evaluate molecular phylogeny of Chlorophytum species. In this study phylogenetic analysis of Chlorophytum species was carried out using AFLP marker. Total 16 selective primer combinations were scored as presence and absence of alleles for all the 17 species, resulting in total 938 allele, out of which 291 allele were found to be polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphism ranged from 18.3 in the combination E2M3 to 42 in the combination E1M1 .The phylogenetic tree is divided into two clade, each clade contains species with similar morphological characters. The extent of variations within species is discussed. Kale KA | Pohekar PV | Malode UA | Lakhe M. B "DNA Fingerprinting and Phylogenetic Relationship of the Genus Chlorophytum Ker -Gawl, from India using AFLP" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39932.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/39932/dna-fingerprinting-and-phylogenetic-relationship-of-the-genus-chlorophytum-ker-gawl-from-india-using-aflp/kale-ka
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Comparative Structural Analysis of Phospholipase A2 and Combinatorial Screeni...CSCJournals
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) enzyme release fatty acids from the second carbon group of glycerol. This particular phospholipase specifically recognizes the Sn-2 acyl bond of phospholipids and catalytically hydrolyzes the bond releasing arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. PLA2 are commonly found in mammalian tissues as well as in insects and snakes venom. Venoms constitute a rich source of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes, which show remarkable diversity in their structure and function. In this investigation, we have made an attempt in analyzing the identical active domain in different PLA2 protein structure isolated from different venoms by studying the conserved active pocket residues. The 21 crystal structures of different PLA2 enzymes isolated from venoms of different species were studied and collected from PDB database. Comparative studies to analyse the conserved active site in this protein was carried out by superimposition studies using TOPMATCH server. To validate the superimposition results sequence alignment studies was carried out using T-COFFEE by multiple sequence alignment analysis. This revealed that 9 PLA2 enzymes from different venoms viz., Daboia russellii, Cerrophidion godmani, Dienagkistrodon acutus, Bothrops Neuwied, Agkistrodon contortrix, Naja sagittifera, Bos Taurus, Notechis sentatusscutatus, Apis mellifera showed similarity in their active pocket residues, indicating a single drug can effectively occupy their pocket and inhibit the functions of these nine proteins. Hence, in-silico drug designing studies for antivenom drugs against PLA2 was carried out by combinatorial screening of 18 antivenom compounds by docking with PLA2 molecule using Autodock 3.0 tool. In-silico drug designing studies revealed that among 18 antivenom compounds, Indole was most potent in its action in inhibiting the PLA2 function with inhibition constant of 0.04.
Detection and Subtype Identification of Blastocystis Isolates from Wastewater...gon0603
Presented during the 6th Asian-Pacific Organization for Cell Biology (APOCB) International Congress, EDSA Shangri-La, Manila, Philippines, 25 to 28 February 2011
Pharmacological activity of the methanolic extract of sea urchins against esc...Innspub Net
This study elucidated the pharmacological potential of sea urchins using methanol as extracting medium. The antibacterial potential was evaluated using the paper disc method and zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was measured. Antioxidant properties of sea urchins were evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging assay. Three species of sea urchin randomly collected along the intertidal zone of Diguisit, Baler Aurora were identified using diagnostic keys by the National Museum of the Philippines and they were identified as follows; Echinothrix diadema, Echinometra mathaei, and Echinometra oblonga. E. diadema recorded the highest diameter zone of inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus after 24 hours of incubation with 11.03 ± 1.75mm and 13.52 ± 1.13mm respectively while E. mathaei only inhibited S. aureus with zone of inhibition of 9.27 ± 2.06mm in 24 hours of incubation as well. As the zone of inhibition prolongs, the zone of inhibition decreases as observed in 48 hours of incubation. E. oblonga did not show inhibitoy effect, however it recorded the highest radical scavenging activity with 64.46% among the three species of sea urchins. This was followed by E. mathaei (51.52%) and E. diadema (37.38%). All collected species manifested antioxidant potential. Based on the results, the collected species of sea urchins has a pharmacological potential.
Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers were utilized to identify the levels of heritable varieties and patterns of the populace structure among the five populaces of Pteris biaurita, a natural fern in India. A comprehensive examination was directed in three replicates at 2013-14 seasons in the Western Ghats, South India. Five wild P. biaurita, accessions (maiden hair) were assessed for genotyping studies. Results demonstrated a pivotal discrepancy among genotypes for they were characterized in view of this uniqueness in four groups by the genetic cluster examination. In this trial, ISSR primers amplified 63 polymorphic groups. In view of the genetic identity data, genotypes were figured and differed from 0.5714 to 0.6984. The percentage of polymorphism indicated predominant genotype that may be utilized for the conservation of species. ISSR appeared to be an obliging marker for prediction of genotype inside a closed group of inter specific populace in the investigation territory
Radiation Response of Bacteria Associated with Human Cancellous BoneIOSR Journals
Cancellous bones from twenty five live tissue donors were tested for bacterial contamination and initial bioburden ranged from 4.1×101 to 3.1×103 cfu/g (average 9.0×102 cfu/g). Forty six representative bacterial isolates were characterized on the basis of morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics. Staphylococcus spp. was found to be predominant contaminant in tissue samples (41.30%). To assess the radiation resistance all the bacterial isolates were exposed to 1 to 10 kGy gamma radiation from 60Co gamma source. The radiation decimal reduction dose values (D10) and twelve log reduction values (12 D value) of the isolates were calculated. D10 values of the isolates were ranged from 0.59 to 1.20 kGy. Among the studied bacterial isolates, Streptococcus spp. was the most radioresistant isolates (D10 value 0.93-1.20 kGy) and three of the Streptococcus spp. survived up to 8 kGy. All the bacterial isolates were killed at 9 kGy. Twelve log reduction value (12D value) of the most resistant isolate was 14.4 kGy. These results indicate that standard radiation sterilization dose (25 kGy) is satisfactory for the sterilization of the cancellous bone allografts
PENSOFT ARTICLE COLLECTION ABOUT MYANMAR
https://pensoft.net/about#Company-Profile
Pensoft is an independent academic publishing company, well known worldwide for its innovations in the field of semantic publishing and for its cutting-edge publishing tools and workflows. Founded in 1992 "by scientists, for the scientists" and initially focusing on book publishing, it has grown to become a leading publisher of innovative open access journals, such as: Research Ideas and Outcomes (RIO), ZooKeys, Biodiversity Data Journal, PhytoKeys, MycoKeys, Nature Conservation, NeoBiota, Comparative Cytogenetics, and others. Pensoft has published more than 1,000 books and over 4,000 open access articles, mostly in the field of natural history.
Pensoft is a member or partner of several professional publishing organisations and data publishing platforms, including CrossRef, OASPA, PubMedCentral, CLOCKSS, Research Data Alliance (RDA), OpenAIRE, LifeWatch, DataONE, Dryad Data Repository, Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), Encyclopedia of Life (EoL), and others.
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/24248/
A new remarkable species of Alloscorpiops Vachon, 1980 from Myanmar (Burma) (Scorpiones, Scorpiopidae)
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/24453/
Filling the BINs of life: Report of an amphibian and reptile survey of the Tanintharyi (Tenasserim) Region of Myanmar, with DNA barcode data
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/24198/
Taxonomic notes on Babinskaiidae from the Cretaceous Burmese amber, with the description of a new species (Insecta, Neuroptera)
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/22510/
Laubuka tenella, a new species of cyprinid fish from southeastern Bangladesh and southwestern Myanmar (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, Danioninae)
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/22310/
New genus and species of sisyrids (Insecta, Neuroptera) from the Late Cretaceous Myanmar amber
https://www.facebook.com/groups/799902210118950/permalink/1642543752521454/
https://www.facebook.com/Pensoft/
Insecticidal and Antifeedant Effects of Neem Seed and Scent Leaves on Dermest...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted to evaluate the insecticidal and antifeedant effect on the hide beetle (Dermestes marculatus) exposed to dried croaker (Pseudotolithus elongatus) flesh treated with 30%, 25% and 15% concentrations of scent leaves (Ocimum gratissimum) and neem seed (Azadirachta indica) extracts. Insecticidal effect was determined as daily percentage mortality of hide beetle larvae in each treatment, while weight loss of preserved fish was the measure of feeding inhibitory effect of the treatment during the 10 days exposure. With a total kill (100% mortality) of the insect larvae in 10 days by 30% neem seed concentration, neem seed proved to be more potent than scent leaf of equal concentration even though statistical analysis did not find any significant difference between the two treatments. The least weight loss of 7% obtained from 30% neem seed concentration was less than half the weight lost by fish treated with equal concentration of scent leaf, indicating the superiority of neem seed. The study has shown that high concentration of scent leafs and particularly neem seed, have strong insecticidal and antifeedant effect on hide beetle larvae and can be used to control this pest and preserve dried fish. A combination of neem seed and scent leaf together may prove more effective and needs to be investigated.
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on A...researchanimalsciences
Background and Objectives: This paper reports the toxicity of Lantana camara to developmental stages of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Aqueous extracts of leaf and seed of the plant were also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito egg and age at pupation and emergence.
Methods: Different concentrations of aqueous leaf and seed extract were prepared. The data of mortality rate were subjected to finney’s method of probit analysis. The plant was also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito eggs.
Results: Percent log LC50 / 24 h values of the leaf and seed extracts of L. camara to IV instar larvae were 2.25 and 2.25 respectively. Percent hatchability of mosquito eggs was remarkably reduced when treated with higher concentration of the toxicants. Extended time of pupation and emergence was observed for the larvae reared in different concentrations of the plant extract.
Conclusion: The results suggested that leaf and seed extract of Lantana camera possessed remarkable larvicidal, ovicidal, and prolonged time of pupation and adult emergence against Aedes aegypti.
Article Citation:
Sathya K, Mohanraj RS, Dhanakkodi B .
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on Aedes aegypti.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(2): 040-047.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0013.pdf
Molecular Identification of Bulinus Species in Ogun State, South-West Nigeria...AI Publications
The study considers the distribution of a small sample of 100 Bulinus snails, across 8 localities within Ogun State, Nigerian. Snails were identified using a molecular method of fragment and restriction profiles obtained from ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) amplicons. The results showed that the majority of Bulinus samples tested belonged to the species Bulinustruncatus while only one was Bulinusglobosus. The use of Rsa1 restriction endonuclease to cleave the ribosomal its of Bulinus, as a method of species identification, was adopted for the majority of samples, this being a quicker and cheaper method better suited to small laboratory environments. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the schistosome Dra1 repeat within each of the collected Bulinus samples was employed to determine the extent and distribution of infected snails within the sample areas. Successful amplification of the Dra1 repeat demonstrated that 23% of snails were infected with schistosome
DNA Fingerprinting and Phylogenetic Relationship of the Genus Chlorophytum Ke...YogeshIJTSRD
Chlorophytum Ker Gawl, is a medicinally important plant genus employed since ancient time as a key component in Ayurvedic and Unani medicine. Genus represented with more than 217 species out of which 17 species have been reported from India. The main objective of this study is to evaluate molecular phylogeny of Chlorophytum species. In this study phylogenetic analysis of Chlorophytum species was carried out using AFLP marker. Total 16 selective primer combinations were scored as presence and absence of alleles for all the 17 species, resulting in total 938 allele, out of which 291 allele were found to be polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphism ranged from 18.3 in the combination E2M3 to 42 in the combination E1M1 .The phylogenetic tree is divided into two clade, each clade contains species with similar morphological characters. The extent of variations within species is discussed. Kale KA | Pohekar PV | Malode UA | Lakhe M. B "DNA Fingerprinting and Phylogenetic Relationship of the Genus Chlorophytum Ker -Gawl, from India using AFLP" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39932.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/39932/dna-fingerprinting-and-phylogenetic-relationship-of-the-genus-chlorophytum-ker-gawl-from-india-using-aflp/kale-ka
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Comparative Structural Analysis of Phospholipase A2 and Combinatorial Screeni...CSCJournals
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2) enzyme release fatty acids from the second carbon group of glycerol. This particular phospholipase specifically recognizes the Sn-2 acyl bond of phospholipids and catalytically hydrolyzes the bond releasing arachidonic acid and lysophospholipids. PLA2 are commonly found in mammalian tissues as well as in insects and snakes venom. Venoms constitute a rich source of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) enzymes, which show remarkable diversity in their structure and function. In this investigation, we have made an attempt in analyzing the identical active domain in different PLA2 protein structure isolated from different venoms by studying the conserved active pocket residues. The 21 crystal structures of different PLA2 enzymes isolated from venoms of different species were studied and collected from PDB database. Comparative studies to analyse the conserved active site in this protein was carried out by superimposition studies using TOPMATCH server. To validate the superimposition results sequence alignment studies was carried out using T-COFFEE by multiple sequence alignment analysis. This revealed that 9 PLA2 enzymes from different venoms viz., Daboia russellii, Cerrophidion godmani, Dienagkistrodon acutus, Bothrops Neuwied, Agkistrodon contortrix, Naja sagittifera, Bos Taurus, Notechis sentatusscutatus, Apis mellifera showed similarity in their active pocket residues, indicating a single drug can effectively occupy their pocket and inhibit the functions of these nine proteins. Hence, in-silico drug designing studies for antivenom drugs against PLA2 was carried out by combinatorial screening of 18 antivenom compounds by docking with PLA2 molecule using Autodock 3.0 tool. In-silico drug designing studies revealed that among 18 antivenom compounds, Indole was most potent in its action in inhibiting the PLA2 function with inhibition constant of 0.04.
Detection and Subtype Identification of Blastocystis Isolates from Wastewater...gon0603
Presented during the 6th Asian-Pacific Organization for Cell Biology (APOCB) International Congress, EDSA Shangri-La, Manila, Philippines, 25 to 28 February 2011
Pharmacological activity of the methanolic extract of sea urchins against esc...Innspub Net
This study elucidated the pharmacological potential of sea urchins using methanol as extracting medium. The antibacterial potential was evaluated using the paper disc method and zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was measured. Antioxidant properties of sea urchins were evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging assay. Three species of sea urchin randomly collected along the intertidal zone of Diguisit, Baler Aurora were identified using diagnostic keys by the National Museum of the Philippines and they were identified as follows; Echinothrix diadema, Echinometra mathaei, and Echinometra oblonga. E. diadema recorded the highest diameter zone of inhibition against E. coli and S. aureus after 24 hours of incubation with 11.03 ± 1.75mm and 13.52 ± 1.13mm respectively while E. mathaei only inhibited S. aureus with zone of inhibition of 9.27 ± 2.06mm in 24 hours of incubation as well. As the zone of inhibition prolongs, the zone of inhibition decreases as observed in 48 hours of incubation. E. oblonga did not show inhibitoy effect, however it recorded the highest radical scavenging activity with 64.46% among the three species of sea urchins. This was followed by E. mathaei (51.52%) and E. diadema (37.38%). All collected species manifested antioxidant potential. Based on the results, the collected species of sea urchins has a pharmacological potential.
Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers were utilized to identify the levels of heritable varieties and patterns of the populace structure among the five populaces of Pteris biaurita, a natural fern in India. A comprehensive examination was directed in three replicates at 2013-14 seasons in the Western Ghats, South India. Five wild P. biaurita, accessions (maiden hair) were assessed for genotyping studies. Results demonstrated a pivotal discrepancy among genotypes for they were characterized in view of this uniqueness in four groups by the genetic cluster examination. In this trial, ISSR primers amplified 63 polymorphic groups. In view of the genetic identity data, genotypes were figured and differed from 0.5714 to 0.6984. The percentage of polymorphism indicated predominant genotype that may be utilized for the conservation of species. ISSR appeared to be an obliging marker for prediction of genotype inside a closed group of inter specific populace in the investigation territory
Radiation Response of Bacteria Associated with Human Cancellous BoneIOSR Journals
Cancellous bones from twenty five live tissue donors were tested for bacterial contamination and initial bioburden ranged from 4.1×101 to 3.1×103 cfu/g (average 9.0×102 cfu/g). Forty six representative bacterial isolates were characterized on the basis of morphological, cultural and biochemical characteristics. Staphylococcus spp. was found to be predominant contaminant in tissue samples (41.30%). To assess the radiation resistance all the bacterial isolates were exposed to 1 to 10 kGy gamma radiation from 60Co gamma source. The radiation decimal reduction dose values (D10) and twelve log reduction values (12 D value) of the isolates were calculated. D10 values of the isolates were ranged from 0.59 to 1.20 kGy. Among the studied bacterial isolates, Streptococcus spp. was the most radioresistant isolates (D10 value 0.93-1.20 kGy) and three of the Streptococcus spp. survived up to 8 kGy. All the bacterial isolates were killed at 9 kGy. Twelve log reduction value (12D value) of the most resistant isolate was 14.4 kGy. These results indicate that standard radiation sterilization dose (25 kGy) is satisfactory for the sterilization of the cancellous bone allografts
PENSOFT ARTICLE COLLECTION ABOUT MYANMAR
https://pensoft.net/about#Company-Profile
Pensoft is an independent academic publishing company, well known worldwide for its innovations in the field of semantic publishing and for its cutting-edge publishing tools and workflows. Founded in 1992 "by scientists, for the scientists" and initially focusing on book publishing, it has grown to become a leading publisher of innovative open access journals, such as: Research Ideas and Outcomes (RIO), ZooKeys, Biodiversity Data Journal, PhytoKeys, MycoKeys, Nature Conservation, NeoBiota, Comparative Cytogenetics, and others. Pensoft has published more than 1,000 books and over 4,000 open access articles, mostly in the field of natural history.
Pensoft is a member or partner of several professional publishing organisations and data publishing platforms, including CrossRef, OASPA, PubMedCentral, CLOCKSS, Research Data Alliance (RDA), OpenAIRE, LifeWatch, DataONE, Dryad Data Repository, Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), Encyclopedia of Life (EoL), and others.
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/24248/
A new remarkable species of Alloscorpiops Vachon, 1980 from Myanmar (Burma) (Scorpiones, Scorpiopidae)
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/24453/
Filling the BINs of life: Report of an amphibian and reptile survey of the Tanintharyi (Tenasserim) Region of Myanmar, with DNA barcode data
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/24198/
Taxonomic notes on Babinskaiidae from the Cretaceous Burmese amber, with the description of a new species (Insecta, Neuroptera)
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/22510/
Laubuka tenella, a new species of cyprinid fish from southeastern Bangladesh and southwestern Myanmar (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, Danioninae)
https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/22310/
New genus and species of sisyrids (Insecta, Neuroptera) from the Late Cretaceous Myanmar amber
https://www.facebook.com/groups/799902210118950/permalink/1642543752521454/
https://www.facebook.com/Pensoft/
Insecticidal and Antifeedant Effects of Neem Seed and Scent Leaves on Dermest...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted to evaluate the insecticidal and antifeedant effect on the hide beetle (Dermestes marculatus) exposed to dried croaker (Pseudotolithus elongatus) flesh treated with 30%, 25% and 15% concentrations of scent leaves (Ocimum gratissimum) and neem seed (Azadirachta indica) extracts. Insecticidal effect was determined as daily percentage mortality of hide beetle larvae in each treatment, while weight loss of preserved fish was the measure of feeding inhibitory effect of the treatment during the 10 days exposure. With a total kill (100% mortality) of the insect larvae in 10 days by 30% neem seed concentration, neem seed proved to be more potent than scent leaf of equal concentration even though statistical analysis did not find any significant difference between the two treatments. The least weight loss of 7% obtained from 30% neem seed concentration was less than half the weight lost by fish treated with equal concentration of scent leaf, indicating the superiority of neem seed. The study has shown that high concentration of scent leafs and particularly neem seed, have strong insecticidal and antifeedant effect on hide beetle larvae and can be used to control this pest and preserve dried fish. A combination of neem seed and scent leaf together may prove more effective and needs to be investigated.
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on A...researchanimalsciences
Background and Objectives: This paper reports the toxicity of Lantana camara to developmental stages of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Aqueous extracts of leaf and seed of the plant were also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito egg and age at pupation and emergence.
Methods: Different concentrations of aqueous leaf and seed extract were prepared. The data of mortality rate were subjected to finney’s method of probit analysis. The plant was also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito eggs.
Results: Percent log LC50 / 24 h values of the leaf and seed extracts of L. camara to IV instar larvae were 2.25 and 2.25 respectively. Percent hatchability of mosquito eggs was remarkably reduced when treated with higher concentration of the toxicants. Extended time of pupation and emergence was observed for the larvae reared in different concentrations of the plant extract.
Conclusion: The results suggested that leaf and seed extract of Lantana camera possessed remarkable larvicidal, ovicidal, and prolonged time of pupation and adult emergence against Aedes aegypti.
Article Citation:
Sathya K, Mohanraj RS, Dhanakkodi B .
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on Aedes aegypti.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(2): 040-047.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0013.pdf
Molecular Identification of Bulinus Species in Ogun State, South-West Nigeria...AI Publications
The study considers the distribution of a small sample of 100 Bulinus snails, across 8 localities within Ogun State, Nigerian. Snails were identified using a molecular method of fragment and restriction profiles obtained from ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) amplicons. The results showed that the majority of Bulinus samples tested belonged to the species Bulinustruncatus while only one was Bulinusglobosus. The use of Rsa1 restriction endonuclease to cleave the ribosomal its of Bulinus, as a method of species identification, was adopted for the majority of samples, this being a quicker and cheaper method better suited to small laboratory environments. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the schistosome Dra1 repeat within each of the collected Bulinus samples was employed to determine the extent and distribution of infected snails within the sample areas. Successful amplification of the Dra1 repeat demonstrated that 23% of snails were infected with schistosome
PROJECT DESCRIPTION Dose protein level affect the metabolic rate.docxbriancrawford30935
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Dose protein level affect the metabolic rate of zebra fish?
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
dietary ingredients, nutrients as well as anti-nutritional factors are important factors that affect its growth and development. However, there is lack of proper nutritional control due to absence of standardized reference diet (Boyle 5354). Moreover, many epidemiological studies indicate that several prenatal and peri-natal dies are important in the growth and development of Zebra fish (Danio rerio) (Siccardi et al 23). In order to provide standardized dietary framework, there is need for the provision of specific dietary and nutritional standard to improve the growth and development of Zebra fish (Danio rerio). Thus, the need for investigating the growth and metabolic rate of Zebra fish (Danio rerio) when fed with different commercial diets.
BACKGROUND
How protein can affect the metabolic rate?
Does the oxygen level in the water indicate the metabolic rate?
STUDY SPECIES ( Zebra Fish)
Zebra fish (Danio rerio) is a small shoaling fish and it belongs to the minnow family of Cyprinadae and order cypriniformes. Due to its unique characteristics, the Zebra fish (Danio rerio) is mostly used as a vertebrae model organism in scientific research. It has regenerative qualities and has been modified by various researchers to produce several transgenic strains. It has been used in various medical research studies and findings including those dealing with the prevention of cancer, cardio-vascular conditions as well as investigation of the immune systems and other drug discovery systems
Furthermore, due to their omnivores qualities, they are have been used in environmental monitoring activities in order to prevent water pollution by estrogen (Howard 1173). Based on previous literatures and research studies investigating their growth and metabolic rate, it is evident that the Zebra fish (Danio rerio) are imperative in studying the development, genetics as well as the human disease conditions (Williams et al 153).
HYPOTHESES, GOALS, AND OBJECTIVES
HYPOTHESES: Protein will increase the metabolic rate.
GOALS: To test the metabolic rate after using 6 different protein level in commercial diet by measuring the oxygen level
OBJECTIVES: ??
METHODS
I will use 6 commercial diet with different level of protein and the same level of fat and fibers
Group 1
Name
protein
Fat
Fiber
Nutrafin Max Flake Food
44%
5%
2%
Tetra Pond Koi Vibrance
31%
5%
2%
Group 2
Name
Protein
Fat
Fiber
TetraMin Tropical Flakes
38%
6%
6%
HBH Algae Grazers
28%
6%
6%
Name
Protein
Fat
Fiber
New Life Spectrum Premium
48%
5%
4%
Dainichi Veggie Deluxe
28%
5%
4%
I will use 3 tanks each tank have 2 male Zebra Fish. (Find the different between male and female metabolic rate) (Why did I choose male??)
I will measure the oxygen level by using
Salifert Oxygen Test Kit
Quick and accurate test for dissolved oxygen content. Proper oxygen concentration is vital for aquarium inhab.
Determination on Yellow Fin Tuna Stock (Thunnus albacares) In South Java Sea ...FeniIranawati1
Indonesia is known as a country with the highest potential production of tuna, however,
Tuna fishery have several challenges, as can be identify by the declining in productivity and an average length fish had been caught, and also tuna fishing grounds are getting farther. This
apparently appears as a result of inaccurate determination of fish stock especially in yellow fin tuna (YFT). This study aims to define
population stocks of YFT in South Java Sea based on genetic information. Samples were taken from three fish landing ports (Muara Baru, Cilacap and Benoa). Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) technique were applied for Cytochrome Oxidase I genes, using restriction enzymes; HaeIII, RsaI, BamHI, XhoI, and AluI. Genetic variation in populations were evaluated with POPGENE 32 software. Result
indicate that finer scale of stocks present YFT and should be managed differently for effective
management purpose and to maintain sustainability of this species.
The present investigation was done to study the effects of Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis) subsp. lactis on the shelf life of the vacuum-packaged Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish fillets were prepared and divided into 5 different treatment groups including control (distilled water), 2% and 4% supernatant, and 106 CFU/g L. lactis subspecies lactis. The pH, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS), Total volatile Nitrogen (TVN), and Peroxide Value (PV) of the fillets were determined on days 0, 5, 10, and 15 while maintained at 4˚C. Protein expression and destruction were analyzed using the SDS-PAGE. The organoleptic assessment was done using five expert sensory panelists. Contents of TBARS, TVN, pH, and PV were increased throughout the storage period (P <0.05). An increase in the concentration of supernatant caused a significant decrease in the content of TBARS, TVN, pH, and PV (P <0.05). The highest and lowest contents of TBARS, TVN, pH and PV on 15th day were belonged to the control (3.367±0.04 mg MDA/kg) and pure bacteria (0.70±0.02 mg MDA/kg), control (87.20±6.40 mg/100g) and 4% supernatant (40.79±0.61 mg/100g), pure bacteria (6.23±0.04) and 4% supernatant (5.44±0.07) and control (12.22±0.01 meq/kg) and 4% supernatant (3.08±0.06 meq/kg) groups, respectively. Protein destruction was lower in the fillet samples treated with pure bacteria and 4% supernatant. The highest scores of the odor, flavor, texture, and color were obtained for fillets treated with 4% supernatant, pure bacteria, pure bacteria, and 4% supernatant and pure bacteria, respectively. The results revealed that treating O. mykiss fillets with 4% supernatant and 106 CFU/g of pure L. lactis subsp. lactis can extend the shelf life of O. mykiss fillets.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Antibacterial and antifungal property of extracts derived from the body wall ...Premier Publishers
Sea cucumbers have been known around the world for their medical benefits. In this study, unadulterated doses of crude extracts from body wall and Cuvierian tubules of Pearsonothuria graeffei were investigated for their antibacterial and antifungal potential. Doses of crude body wall methanol extract (MIC, <218.75 /><218.75 /><437.50 />< 0.05) antifungal property against Candida albicans ATCC 10231 compared to Clotrimazole (10 μg/ml ), Fluconazole (25 μg/ml), and Ketoconazole (10 μg/ml).
Rapid Impact Assessment of Climatic and Physio-graphic Changes on Flagship G...Arvinder Singh
‘NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MAN AND ENVIRONMENT’October 15 – 16, 2012
Organized by
Department of Zoology and Environmental Sciences, Punjabi University, Patiala (Pb.) – 147 002, India
Differential antimicrobial activity of the various crude leaves extracts of S...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Concern about the rising prevalence of antibiotics resistant strains pathogenic micro-organisms has been expressed in the last three decades. However, intensive studies on extracts and biologically active compounds isolated from medicinal plants have also doubled in the last decade. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Sesame radiatum leaves were studied for in-vitro antimicrobial activity using agar diffusion method. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) phytochemical screening showed the presence of essential oils mainly the phenolic and carboxylic acids groups. The ethanolic extract mildly inhibited the growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Candida albicans, while there was no inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aurogenosa and Escherichia coli. However, aqueous extract exhibited no inhibitory effect on all the five tested micro-organisms
Similar to Identification of fish species using dna barcode from visakhapatnam, east coast of india (20)
SIS (Shrimp Improvement Systems) Hardy Line Performance in Ganapavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India.
This farmer, Mr. Satya has taken partial harvest at 49.5 Count in 80 DOC and he is very much satisfied with this SIS Hardy line
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
2. ~ 574 ~
The Pharma Innovation Journal
such analyses (Hajibabaei et al., 2007) [20]
.
The fish DNA barcoding observation seems to be reflected in
species identification results 98% of investigated in marine
species (Ward et al., 2009) [55]
. The current DNA barcoding
methodology it is possible to separate the species. Further,
DNA barcoding COI gene sequences produced regional
genetic differentiation and shared haplotypes genetic
differences due to the different habitants (Hubert et al., 2008;
Ward et al., 2009) [27, 55]
. The unambiguous identification of
taxa is the main requirement to prevent/control this type of
activity, and forensic molecular approaches using the
cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene have successfully
addressed this issue (Filonzi et al., 2010; Cawthorn et al.,
2012; Carvalho et al., 2017) [17, 9, 8]
. Such an assessment is
crucial to alert the relevant authorities regarding the need for
effective measures of organization, standardization, and
surveillance of the fishery sector for combating replacement
practices and safeguarding consumer rights.
In this study, we generated DNA barcodes for fish species
found at Visakhapatnam fishing harbour, developed a DNA
barcode reference library, and investigated the efficiency of
the library for identifying specimens at the species-level and
analyzing the presence of cryptic species. Furthermore, we
investigated the possible taxonomic misidentification of
Tripletail (Lobotes surinamensis). The literature about
Tripletail (Lobotes surinamensis) of DNA barcoding is
scanty. Our main objective was to generate a reference library
of DNA barcodes that can be applicable in our study area and
adjacent similar habitats and used in future monitoring
programs for improved environmental assessments.
Material and methods
Sampling
To consider possible intra-species sequence variations, fishes
were collected from fishing boats operating from north-east
coast of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh. Species
identification was based on descriptions of Roper et al (1984).
Biometric measurements such as dorsal mantle length (DML;
in cm) and weight (g) for individual species were recorded
and a total of 50 individuals were used for this study. After
initial rinsing with seawater, the samples were preserved in
polyethylene bags and kept frozen at -20°C until further
analyses. One muscle tissue sample was collected from fillet
piece, and the sample was stored in micro-tubes containing
90% alcohol, received a registration code and stored at -20°C.
Extraction of genetic material
0.1 – 0.2 g of tissue preserved in ethanol was kept in a fresh
1.5 ml vial (sterile) and add 180 μl of Lysis Buffer I.
mechanically grind the tissue, using the tissue grinder
provided. 20 μl for Proteinase k was added and mixed
thoroughly by vortexing and were incubated at 55℃ until
complete lysis is observed. Added 200 μl of lysis buffer II and
mixed gentle by vortexing and incubated at 70℃ for 15 – 20
minutes to neutralize and were centrifuged for 10 minutes at
10000 rpm to remove debris. Transferred the supernatant to a
fresh 1.5 ml vial and added Add 4 ml of RNase A and mixed
gentle by vortexing and incubate at room temperature for 5 –
10 minutes. 200 μl of absolute ethanol was added in a
collection tube of GeneiPure column and centrifuged for 1
minute at 11000 rpm, then discard the GeneiPure column
collection tube and replace the GeneiPure column into a new
collection tube. Added 500μl of wash buffer I and II –
Ethanol Mixture and centrifuged at 11000 rpm for 1 minute
(wash buffer I) and 2 minutes (wash buffer II) and discard the
collection tube with flow through and replaced the GeneiPure
column in a new collection tube.
Elution Buffer has taken in a sterile 1.5 ml vial and warm for
5 minutes at 70℃ in a dry bath. 100μl of pre-warmed Elution
Buffer (70℃) transferred into the center of GeneiPure
column, incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature also
were centrifuged to elute the DNA for 1 – 2 minutes and
stored at -20℃. After that, the samples were exposed under
ultraviolet light to assess the quality of the extracted DNA.
Mitochondrial DNA was screened as potential markers for
species identification in this study were identified was COI.
Amplification and sequencing of genetic material
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a total volume of 15 ml
contained 1.5 ml 106 reaction buffer, 1.5 ml dNTPs (10 mM),
0.05 ml of each primer (100 pmol/ml), 5 ml DNA-extract, 0.3
ml Teg polymerase (3U/ml; comparable with Taq
polymerase; Prokaria, Reykjavik, Iceland), and 6.6 ml
deionised ultra-pure water. Thermal profile began at 94µC for
4 min, followed by 35 cycles of 94µC (30 s), 52µC (30 s), and
72µC (90 s), with a final step of 7 min at 72µC. In order to
amplify a fragment of COI, degenerated primers were
designed on the basis of the universal COI primers for fish
published by Ward et al. (2005) [55]
: COI-Fish-F (5’-TTC
TCA ACT AAC CAY AAA GAY ATY GG-3’) and COI-
Fish-R (5’- TAG ACT TCT GGG TGG CCR AAR AAY CA-
3’. The volume of the PCRs was 15 ml and contained 1.5 ml
106reaction buffer, 1.5 ml dNTPs (10 mM), 0.05 ml of each
primer (100 pmol/ ml), 3 ml DNA-extract, 0.2 ml Teg
polymerase (3 U/ml; Prokaria, Reykjavik, Iceland), and 9.7
ml deionised water. Thermal profile started with 94µC for 4
min, followed by 30 cycles of 94µC (50 s), 59µC (50 s), and
72µC (90 s), finalized at 72µC for 7 min. PCR products were
purified by using the ExoSAP-IT for PCR clean-up (GE
Healthcare, Uppsala, Sweden). The COI product was
sequenced with the PCR primers shown above. The Big Dye
Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit (ver. 3.1, PE Biosystems,
Foster City, USA) and an ABI Prism 3730 automated DNA
Analyser (Applied Bio systems, Foster City, USA) were used
according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Results
DNA barcoding uses small regions of mitochondrial DNA
that work as a barcode to amplify a gene. DNA sequencing
and matching of unidentified sequence with the closely
related individual in BOLD or NCBI libraries can be
conducted within hours, so the response time depends greatly
on available infrastructures, such as reference sequence or
voucher specimen in NCBI and BOLD libraries. DNA
barcoding is now well established; leads typically to accurate
results and the DNA sequencing costs are low and constantly
dropping. A major benefit of DNA-based analytical
procedures is that they can be applied throughout the food
supply chain, from whole specimens to trace samples (scales
and fins), to highly processed and cooked fish products In
addition, DNA analysis is use readily on not only fresh fish
samples but also preserved historical material (bones and/or
scales from museums). The positive PCRs were sequenced
using the dideoxy-terminal method (Sanger et al., 1977) [45]
,
with the Big Dye Kit (ABI Prism-TM Dye Terminator Cycle
Sequencing Reading Reaction), and employing an ABI 3500
XL automated capillary sequencer (Life Technologies). A
chromatogram was generated in a specific file format called
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ABI format. The chromatogram is visualized by a locally
installed tool, viz. Finch TV Version 1.4.0 (Geospiza.com,
2015) [26]
. The chromatogram was converted to a sequence, in
FASTA format using Finch TV which was represented in the
(figure 1).
Fig 1: Chromatogram showing the nucleic acid residues with quality at that position
Sequence analysis
ORF Finder
The raw DNA sequence was analyzed, using ORF finder tool
(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/orffinder/), was used to search
for the open reading frames in the gene sequence. All the
Parameters used were default, except the ‘Genetic Code’
parameter was set to be ‘Vertebrate Mitochondrial’. The
second frame was downloaded and saved in FASTA format
for further analysis. The ORF finder tool also predicted the
protein.
Performing Blast search
The open reading frame deciphered in the previous step was
subjected to Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST,
Altschul et al., 1990) [3]
using default parameters, except
BLAST algorithm parameter ‘Max target sequences’ was set
to 5000 sequences. Specific COI sequences were selected for
further analysis The Blast results showed diverse homologous
sequences all of them with significant e-value. Only good
scoring COI sequences of various organisms those having
query coverage as well as sequence Identity more than 70%
were selected. Total number of 70 sequences was found.
Data analysis
The Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) depicted the less
conserved regions at its ends due to this editing operation was
performed using Bio Edit (Hall TA, 1999) [21]
. The edited file
was stored in Mega v7.0.26 supported formats. After creating
a database of fillet sequences, some corrections were
performed manually in sequence positions with errors or
doubts regarding the nucleotide present.
Performing multiple sequence alignment
Sequences were aligned using ClustalX version 2.1 (Larkin et
al., 2007) [34]
installed locally. The results of Multiple
Sequence Alignment (MSA) depicted gaps towards the ends
of the MSA resulting in the decrease in sequence conservation
in those positions. This was also supported by the
Conservation Score Plot. Therefore, the Multiple Sequence
Alignment (MSA) was edited using Bio Edit Sequence
Alignment Editor (Hall TA, 1999) [21]
. The Edited sequences
were stored in Mega v7.0.26 supported formats. A
conservation score plot was regenerated after editing the
multiple sequence alignment.
Phylogenetic tree construction
The Phylogenetic tree was constructed by using Mega
v7.0.26. The parameters used were Test of Phylogeny: The
Number of Bootstrap replicates were set to 2000. It is saved in
Newick Format and depicts the phylogenetic tree obtained
from Mega v7.0.26. It indicates the diverse species related to
each other in the tree and our sequence falls in one of the
cluster as highlighted. The sequence obtained from Lobotes
surinamensis species, shown close relation to many species
like segmented worms and proteobacter.
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Tree Visualization
The tree obtained in Newick format is opened in Interactive
Tree of Life (iTOL, https://itol.embl.de/) (Letunic and Bork,
2016) [35]
. Edited and presented figure 2. In order to have a
more interactive picture of the phylogenetic tree, the Newick
tree format was uploaded into iTOL (https://itol.embl.de/)
browser to get a detailed picture. The corresponding trees
developed in circular, un-rooted and rectangular format which
were colored according to their classes to predict the relation
of the given sequence in between those classes. Such
interactive division of the phylogenetic tree depicts the given
species Lobotes surinamensis shows a close relation to the
segmented worms & gamma proteobacter.
Discussion
Despite the innovative applications of DNA barcoding, it has
been controversial in some scientific circles (Ebach and
Holdredge, 2005; Will and Rubinoff, 2004) [15. 56]
.
Interestingly recent results illustrated some straightforward
benefits from the use of standardized species-specific
molecular tags derived from COI gene for species-level
identifications (Hebert et al., 2003; Ward et al., 2005; Lakra
et al., 2011) [23, 33, 53]
. DNA barcoding aims to provide an
efficient method for species-level identifications using an
array of species-specific molecular tags derived from COI
gene (Pradhan et al., 2015) [42]
. DNA barcoding clearly
discriminated freshwater fish species from Canada (Hubert et
al., 2008) [27]
and Mexico and Guatemala (Valdez-Moreno et
al., 2009) [52]
.
The validity of COI gene
Mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase subunit I (COI) is a
mitochondrial DNA gene that codes a protein, which helps in
cellular respiration. Although COI gene is considered as a
universal barcode in animals, its potency is challenging in
some protists, fungi, and plants (Schoch et al. 2012) [49]
. In
fungi, Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) gene is more
successful than COI gene to discriminate closely related taxa
(Dentinger et al. 2010) [14]
. Only a few published data are
available on the successful of COI gene as a barcode in algae
(Clarkston and Saunders 2010; Macaya and Zuccarello 2010)
[12, 37]
. It has been reported that a universal plastid amplicon
(UPA) works well as a barcode in algae instead of COI
(Sherwood, 2007) [51]
. Furthermore, Saunder and Kucera
(2010) reported that major advantage of UPA is its
universality because this primer pair can reliably recover
sequences from many groups of algae including green, red
and brown marine macroalgae, diatoms, and also
cyanobacteria (Sherwood and Presting, 2007) [51]
.
Fig 2: Phylogenetic tree of diverse groups of organisms in Circular tree from iTOL
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DNA barcoding and species identification
Genetic identification of biodiversity is the necessity of time
due to the presence of phenotypic similarities among
neighboring species. Some organisms especially fish shows
phenotypic plasticity with a change in its environment
(Hutchings et al. 2007) [28]
. DNA barcoding has the capability
to identify not only in adult organisms but also at their early
developmental stages. For example, Ko et al. (2013) [31]
used
DNA barcoding technique to successfully identified 100
specimens of fish larvae with a success rate of > 65 percent at
the species level. However, with an increase in taxonomic
level the identity rate also increased up to > 85 Percent.
Likewise, Naim et al. (2012) [41]
used COI gene to
successfully identified approximately 60 individuals of mud
crab into four species. Most recently, COI gene has been used
to identify Ivory shell (Chiu et al. 2015) [11]
, and yellowfin
tuna (Higashi et al. 2016).
DNA barcoding and population diversity
Mitochondrial DNA markers are not diploid because they are
inherited from a single parent (maternal inheritance) so they
are equally good for targeting population level studies.
Although the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene information
from DNA barcoding is not sufficient to investigate
population-level questions (Bazin et al. 2006) [6]
, yet still it
can be used to partially interpret the distribution of genomic
diversity within taxa. Barcodes can give the status of species
to an unknown specimen because they also consist
information of genetic models (coalescent-model) based on
population genetics (Abdo and Golding, 2007) [1]
. The COI
gene provides information about genetic variation within a
population of a single species and this information can help to
deduce the phenomenon of migration as well as genetic drift
in fish populations (Mohammed Geba et al. 2016) [40]
. To
demonstrate, Boonkusol et al. (2016) [7]
used mitochondrial
COI gene sequences to access the genetic variability in
snakehead fish of Thailand and deduced that genetic variation
in the central river basin is due to fish dispersal by the flood.
In the same fashion, the use of a combination of
mitochondrial (COI) and nuclear genes (recombination
activating gene-I (Rag I) and from nuclear alpha tropomyosin
‘intron V') can fully address the question of population
structure as done by Eytan and Helburg (2010) [16]
in
Caribbean reef fish.
DNA barcoding and phylogenetic reconstruction
In barcoding, the information from an assemblage of species
is in the form of genetic sequences, which is uploaded in a
barcode library. However, the gene lengths from barcoding
data are not sufficient to construct a deeper phylogenetic tree
in resolving evolutionary relationship of organisms. Although
the barcoding sequences have been used to construct
Neighbour-Joining (NJ) tree, this barcode-based tree cannot
be alternates of the phylogenetic tree. We strongly emphasize
on the statement that DNA barcoding data can provide partial
information about the phylogeny of species and can draw an
outline for phylogeny that should be deeply analyzed by
nuclear genes data. Lakra et al. (2011) [33]
successfully
identified 115 marine fish species that clustered into 79
genera when NJ tree was constructed to see the phylogenetic
relationship among collected samples. Similarly, Krieger and
Fuerst (2002) [32]
showed that mutation rates are consistently
lower for nuclear and mitochondrial genes in Acipenceri
forms (sturgeons and paddlefish). The 5′ region of the COI
gene was selected as the basis for a DNA barcoding system,
in part, because of the availability of primers aiding its
recovery from a broad range of taxa (Hebert et al., 2003) [23]
.
In the event that taxon specific primer mismatches are
detected. Decisions on the nucleotide composition of new
primers will be aided by the very large number of complete
mitochondrial genomes available for fishes (Inoue et al.,
2001; Miya et al., 2001; Miya et al., 2003) [29, 38, 39]
. Further
checked the sequences for nucleotide composition bias and
there were no significant differences among them.
Conclusion
The reports from our data were similar with the taxonomic
divisions of the finfish in the current study, based on the
morphological characters as reported in FAO identification
sheets. DNA barcoding focuses neither to build a tree-of-life
nor to perform DNA taxonomy, however, moderately to
produce a universal molecular identification key depends on
the substantial taxonomic knowledge in the barcode reference
library. The incontrovertible accomplishment of the DNA
barcoding project is primarily due to the fact that DNA
barcoding standards considerably enhance current practices in
the molecular identification field and standardization offers
virtually endless applications for different users. The present
study has shown the efficacy of COI gene in identifying the
Lobotes surinamensis fish species with designated barcodes
as all the marine water fish species investigated corresponded
to unique sequences that are distinct from each other. Our
study strongly supports the potential utility of COI gene in
barcoding the fish fauna.
Acknowledgements
The author Sirisha Medidi wish to thank UGC for granting
Rajiv gandhi national fellowship (RGNF). We aspired to be
grateful Bio serve Biotechnology (India) Pvt, Ltd, Hyderabad
providing laboratory facilities during this entire study work.
And we are very grateful to acknowledge Department of
Zoology, Andhra University for providing facility.
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