This document discusses anti-diuretic drugs, which inhibit diuresis to maintain water balance in the body. It describes the key roles of the kidneys and hypothalamus in regulating water balance and the pathophysiology of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH). ADH acts on the kidneys to reabsorb water and increase urine concentration by increasing water permeability in the collecting ducts. The document classifies and describes various anti-diuretic drugs and their mechanisms of action, including vasopressin, desmopressin, lypressin, terlipressin, thiazide diuretics, benzothiadiazines, and others used to treat conditions like diabetes ins
Desmopressin
Lypressin
Terlipressin
Felypressin
Argipressin
ornipressin
Desmopressin: It is a selective V2-receptor agonist and is more potent than vasopressin as an antidiuretic. It has negligible vasoconstrictor action. It is administered by oral, nasal and parenteral routes. Lypressin: It acts on both V1- and V2-receptors. It is less potent but longer acting than vasopressin. It is administered parenterally. Terlipressin: It is a prodrug of vasopressin with selective V1 action. It is administered intravenously. Felypressin: It is a synthetic analogue of vasopressin. It is mainly used for its vasoconstrictor (V1 ) action along with local anaesthetics to prolong the duration of action. Felypressin should be avoided in pregnancy because of its oxytocic (uterine stimulant) activity.
Desmopressin
Lypressin
Terlipressin
Felypressin
Argipressin
ornipressin
Desmopressin: It is a selective V2-receptor agonist and is more potent than vasopressin as an antidiuretic. It has negligible vasoconstrictor action. It is administered by oral, nasal and parenteral routes. Lypressin: It acts on both V1- and V2-receptors. It is less potent but longer acting than vasopressin. It is administered parenterally. Terlipressin: It is a prodrug of vasopressin with selective V1 action. It is administered intravenously. Felypressin: It is a synthetic analogue of vasopressin. It is mainly used for its vasoconstrictor (V1 ) action along with local anaesthetics to prolong the duration of action. Felypressin should be avoided in pregnancy because of its oxytocic (uterine stimulant) activity.
i have included terminology, types, methods, process, applications of trangenic technology.
all the pics are collected from different websites and some text books shown in reference. pictures and matter copyrights doesn't belong to me.
HERE I INCLUDED HISTORY, RESPONSIBILITIES, TERMINOLOGY AND METHODS INVOLVED .
HOPE IT WILL BE USEFUL FOR YOU TO UNDERSTAND THE BASICS OF PHARMACOVIGILANCE.
we covered all the topics related to pharmaceutical aerosol in a clear and easily understandable manner with some of the pictorials attached to it. I think it will be sufficient for both your exams as well as for you seminar purpose even i also gave presentation on this.
Hope this will be helpful for your reference purpose.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
3. INTRODUCTION
• Anti- Diuretics are the agents that inhibit the process
of diuretics to maintain body's water balance, There
also reffered as Anti_Aquaretices as they prevent the
loss of water from the body with out disturbing the
process of elemination of salts they are primarly used
for treating Diabetes Insipidus it is a condition in
which ecessive quantities of very dilute urine is
excreted due to impairment in the synthesis and
secretion of vasopressin by the Hypothalamus and
Posterior primarly respectively or due to the failure
of kidneys to respond to VASOPRESSIN.
5. VIEW ON KIDNEY
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Kidneys are a pair of Bean shaped organs on either side of our
spine of below the Ribs and behind the Belly.
Each kidney is about 4 or 5 Inches long its main function is to
Filter our Blood.
MAIN FUNCTION
Regulation of Osmolarity
Regulation of Ion concentration
Regulation of PH
Excretion of waste and Toxins
Production of Hormones .
6. CAUSES OF KIDNEY FAILURE
•
•
•
•
•
•
Physical injury or other disorders High blood pressure
and Diabetes or to most common causes of kidney
failure .
Chronic Glomerulonephritis( kidney damage )
High blood sugar ( diabetes mellitus)
Polycystic kidney disease
It blocks urinary tract
Kidney infections.ETC...............
8. CIRCUMSTANCES TO NEED CONSERVE
WATER
•
•
Suppose you are walking in a deseart with out drinking
water and food so you are continuing loosing water
through sweating are urination which evantually taking
water are blood as Hyperosmolar.
So in this situation your blood need to conserve
water. Hear ADH comes in to action and it reabsorb
water from the body
11. WE MUST KNOWING ABOUT
OSMOLARITY
•
•
•
Here they're is Hypothalamus and 3 ventricular having
some osmoreceptors which we can sence Osmolarity of
blood.
When we comes through specialised structures there
is subfornical organs and organum vasculosum
Blood Brain Barriers can easily sense the Osmolarity
of Blood and gives signal to Hypothalamus per ADH
secressions.
12. How ADH WORKS?
•
•
•
ADH is also called as VASOPRESSIN it causes vasoconstriction .
At low cosentration it act as Anti-diuretics
At high concentration it act as vasoconstriction
14. •
•
•
Hence this part of Nephron have receptor for ADH
there certainreseptor are 7pass reseptor are there
ADH binds with 7 pass reseptor which stimulates inter
cellular G -protien and inter cellular G- protien
stimulates Adenylyl cyclase which casess ATPinto cyclic
AMP
There are some inter cellular vesicules having special
protien chanaless called AQA porins thus water can
pass throught it
15.
16. •
•
•
There are different sites of Aqua porins channels
which are presenting basolateral side and lumen side
are different
Only lumen side of Aqua protiens are regulated by
ADH
In the prasence of ADH aqua porin channnels are
present on the luminal side of nephron so ADH makes
this portion as water permeable
17. • Water from Here to Here reseve back water from
luminal fluid to intestinal fluid in the presence of
ADH
18.
19. How it works as vasoconstriction?
•
•
•
•
Receptor present in vascular smooth muscle cells
called V1
Receptor present in Renal epithelium cells called V2
When activated V1 receptors caused vasoconstriction of
Arterioles and increase total peripheral resistance
V2 receptors involved in water reabsorption in
collecting ducts and the maintainance of body fluids as
Osmolarity.
20. •
•
•
•
•
When ADH binds to V1 receptors it activates G protien
couple active receptors
It is Gq but in case of renal epithelium it is Gs or G
stimulation now activated Gq receptor stimulates
phospholipase breaks phospho Adenyl Diphosphate .
This Adenyl Diphosphate breaks into idonisyl tri
phosphate (IP3) and Diadenyl Glyserol[DAG)
In Endoplasmic reticulum of cytoplasm they have
IP3synthetising pumps produce calcium and responsible
for smooth muscle construction .
SO ADH ACT AS A VASOCONSTRICTION.
22. Vasopressin
•
•
•
•
•
•
Vasopressin is a pituitary hormone that acts to promote
retention of water by the kidneys and increase blood
pressure.
Mechanism of Action
It acts on renal collecting duct via V2 receptor to
increase water permeability which leads to decrease urine
formation
Uses
Used to manage anti diuretic hormone defficiency .
Used in treatment of Gastro intestinal bleeding .
23. Vasopressin Analouges
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Are chemicals simlar in function but not necessarily similar in
structure to vasopressin such as desmopressin .
Desmopressin
It is aform of vasopressin and used to replace low level of
vasopressin
Mechanism of Action
It exerts haemostatis effect by inducing synthesisof von
willevarnd. Factor by endothelial cells
Uses
It also used to control Night time bet wetting in children's.k
24. LYPRESSIN
•
•
•
•
•
Is one of the member of vasopressin family being
comprised of Nine Amino Acids.
mechanism of Action
It increase water reabsorption in the kidney by
increasing the cellular permeability of collecting ducts
with increase in urine Osmolarity with decrease in
urine out put
Uses
To prevent or to control frequent urination
25. TERLIPRESSIN
•
•
•
•
•
Is an analogue of vasopressin used as a vaso active drug
in the management of low blood pressure it has been
found to be effective when Nor epinephrine does not help
Mechanism of action
Selectively causes splanchnic and external
vasoconstriction by stimulation of V1 receptor which are
predominantly located in smooth muscles in splanchnic
region and reduces splanchnic blood flow
Uses
Helps to prevent urination
26. THIAZIDE DIURETICS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Are drugs of choice for uncomplicated hypertension due to their action
Mechanism of Action
It controls hypertension in part by inhibiting re absorption of sodium
and chloride ion from the Distilled convoluted tubules
Uses
Used when vasopressin theraphy is in effective
BENZOTHIADIAZINES
Effective in treating both Nephrogenic and central diabetes Insipidus
They decrease the glomerular filteration rate and regulate of sodium
balance this increase urine concentration and decrease urine volume
It decreases efficacy
27. MISCELLANEOUS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Amiloride
Non steriodal organic base
Used as first line drug in treating lithium induced Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
It is taken orally but only 1/4 of dose is observed and it's plasma half life is 20 hours
Side effects
Head ache, nausea and Diarrhoea
CARBAMAZEPINE
Anti epileptic drug at higher doses used for treating central diabetes Insipidus
It acts by enhancing the realise of vasopressin from posterior pituitary and its action reanal
tubular
Causes
Diarrhoea ,vommiting ,ETC......,
Dose
400 to 600 mg per day
CHLORPROMIDE
Oral hypoglycemic agent for treating central diabetes Insipidus
Dose
250 to 500 mg per day