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Hypertension & anti hypertensive drugs

This document summarizes a seminar on hypertension and antihypertensive drugs presented by Debam Chakrabarty. It defines hypertension and blood pressure, describes symptoms of hypertension. It also explains what antihypertensive drugs are, how they work, and examples of different classes of antihypertensive drugs. The document lists side effects of various antihypertensive drugs and natural ways to treat hypertension. It also discusses the structure and synthesis of some antihypertensive drugs and provides updates on new antihypertensive drugs under development.

Education◦
BHARAT TECHNOLOGY ULUBERIA,HOWRAH SEMINAR ON HYPERTENSION AND ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS PRESENTED:DEBAM CHAKRABARTY 20801914029 B.PHARAM Regestration : 142080210029
Symptoms of hypertension. What is hypertension? WHATIS BLOODPRESSURE? BLOODPRESSURELEVELS  SYMTOMSOF HYPERTESION What is anti hypertensive drugor agent Classification of antihypertensive drugexample side effect of antihypertensivedrug CONTENTS
Continue… Structure of antihypertensive drug Mechanismaction of antihypertensive drug Synthesis of antihypertensive drug Treatment of antihypertensive drug SOME ANOTHERWAYTO TREATANTIHYPERTENSION COMMONMARKETEDANTIHYPERTENSIVEDRUG LATESTUPDATEOF ANTIHYPERTENSIVEDRUGS
 Hypertension (HTNor HT), alsoknown as highblood pressure (HBP), is a longtermmedicalcondition in whichthe blood pressure in the arteries is persistentlyelevated.  Hypertension is defined as havinga blood pressure higher than 140 over90 mmHg, witha consensus across medical guidelines. What is hypertension?
 Blood pressure is the force exertedby the bloodagainst the walls of blood vessels, and the magnitude of this force depends on the cardiacoutput and the resistance of the blood vessels.  Bloodpressure is written as twonumbers, suchas 118/72. The first number is the systolic pressure. This is the pressure in the arterieswhenthe heart beatsand fills themwithblood. The second number is the diastolicpressure. Thisis thepressure in the arteries when the heart rests betweenbeats What is blood pressure ?
Blood Pressure Category Systolic (mmHg) Diastolic (mmHg) Normal Prehypertension Less than 120 120-139 And Or Less than 80 80-89 High Stage 1 hypertension Stage2 hypertension 140-159 160 or higher Or Or 90-99 100 or higher Hypertensive crisis 180 110 Blood pressure levels
 High blood pressure itself is usually asymptomatic , meaning that patients do not experience any direct symptoms of the condition. This is why hypertension is often referred to as "the silent killer," as it can quietly causes damage to the cardiovascular system. Symptoms of hypertension.
 Antihypertensives are a classof drugs that are used to treat hypertension (highblood pressure).  Antihypertensivetherapyseeks to prevent the complications of highbloodpressure, such as stroke and myocardial infarction. What is antihypertensive drugs or agents?
pr 1)PERIPHERAL ANTIADRENERGICDRUGS:Prazosin 2) CENTRALLYACTINGAGENTS: Clonidine 3) DIRECTVASODIALATOR: diazoxide 4) β _ADRENERGICBLOCKERS: AtenoloL 5)GANGLIONIC BLOCKINGAGENTS : mecamylamine Classification of antihypertensive agents and examples
6)CALCIUMCHANNEL BLOCKERS : Nefidipine 7)ANGIOTENSINCONVERTINGENZYME(ACE) INHIBITORS: Captopril 8)ANGIOTENSIN∏ antagonists: Losartan 9)MISCELLANEOUS: Thiazide diuretics CONTINUE……..
SOME ANHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS STRUCTURE LOSARTAN CLONIDINE MECAMYLAMINE
CONTINUE… NIFEDIPINE
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS 1)Peripheral antiadrenergic drugs: These drugs lower blood pressure by blocking α1_adrenoceptors that subserve vasoconstrictor function. 2)Centrally acting agents: The mechanism of these drugs is caused by stimulation of α2_adrenoceptors in the inhihitory structure of the brain. 3)Direct vasodialators: It reduce blood pressure by direct relaxation of smooth muscle of the arterioles,possibly as a result of calcium channel activation of smooth musculature in arterioles
CONTINUE.. 4) Ganglionic blocking agents: These drugs block sympathetic ganglia, interrupting adrenergic control of arterioles,and result in vasodialation,improved peripheral blood flow in some vascular beds,and a fail in blood pressure 5)β _Adrenergic blockers: These drugs block the β_receptor of the heart ,slow the heart ,reduce the force of contrustion,and reduce the cardiac output
CONTINUE…. 6) Calcium channel blockers: calcium channel blockers drugs block voltage dependent calcium cannels ,especially the calcium channel in cardiac and smooth muscle. 7)Angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) inhibitor: Angiotensinogen→renin→angiotensin ɪ(decapeptide,biologically inactive)→angiotensin∏(octapeptide)→vaso construction→Na+ retention→hypertension
CONTINUE… 8)Angiotensin∏ Antgonists: These compounds compete with angiotensin∏ at the receptor site and block the contractile effect of angiotensin ∏ in all vascular smooth muscles. 9)Miscellaneous drugs: Thiazide and high ceiling diuretics lower blood pressure of pressure with essential hypertension.
Synthesis of Antihypertensive drugs Terazosin synthesis 1) Clonidine synthesis 2) 2,6 Dichloro aniline Terazosin Clonidine
CONTINUE…3) 4) Captopril synthesis Diazoxide synthesis Methacrylic acid 2,4_Dichloronitrobenzene
5) Nifedipine synthesis CONTINUE… 2_nito benzaldehyde nifedipine
ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITOR Persistence dry cough Hypotension Hyperkalemia Skin rashes Teratogeniciy CALCIUMCHANNELBLOCKERS Flushing Dizziness Headache Hypotension Peripheral edema ANGIOTENSIN ∏ ANTAGONIST Hypotension Hyperkalemia Angioedema Headache β _ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS Hypotension Bradycardia Fatigue Insomnia Sexual dysfunction COMMON ADVERSE EFFECT OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS
PERIPHERAL ANTIADRENERGIC AGENTS Dizziness Drowsiness Dry mouth Frequent urination Hack of energy Light-headedness Nasal congestion Nausea Weakness CENTRALLY ACTING AGENTS Sedation Dryness of mouth Headache Postural hypotension Fluid retention Impotence DIRECTVASODIALATOR Headache Dizziness Flushing Palpitation Nausea Hypotension Salt and water retention CONTINUE……..
 Physical exercise  Weight loss  Salt restriction  Avoid smoking  Reducing alcohol consumption  Relaxation techniques  Potassium rich diets  Red meat should be avoid SOME ANOTHER WAYS TO TREAT HYPERTENSION
COMMON MARKETED ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRURS
 > Monatepil,a dualalpha–receptorandcalciumchannelblocker,haspotentantihypertensiveeffect,lowers serumcholesterolandalsohasantiatheroscleroticeffect.  > DualACEandendopeptidaseinhibitor,suchas Alatripol,hasa “ broadspectrum’’antihypertensiveeffect andmaybeeffectiveinmajorityof hypertensivepatients. Manyotherareunderclinicaltestingand not yet approved …! LATEST UPDATE OF ANTIHYPRTENSIVE DRUGS
REFERENCE 1) MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY, SECOND EDITION,( D.Sriram, P.Yogeeswari) (page no 328_350) 2) GOOGLE and WEKIPEDIA
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