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Anthro 181: Social Anthropology of Religion
1) Religions are complex social and cultural phenomena that are difficult to define due to variations across societies.
2) Most definitions of religion focus on beliefs in supernatural beings or entities, but concepts of natural vs supernatural differ cross-culturally.
3) Religions serve important functions in societies such as providing explanations for the natural world, establishing moral codes, and promoting social solidarity through shared rituals and beliefs. However, defining characteristics of religion and distinguishing the natural from supernatural remains challenging.
Lecture 13 - Religion
The document discusses key concepts related to defining and understanding religion from an anthropological perspective. It examines definitions of religion proposed by scholars like Durkheim, Geertz and Tylor. It explores the relationship between religion, magic and rituals. Case studies from West and North Africa are presented on how terms like witchcraft and sorcery are used. Theories on the origins and functions of religion are outlined, and Wallace's framework of classifying religions into individualistic, shamanistic, communal and ecclesiastical cults is described.
History of anthropology
Anthropology began as a hobby for 19th century scholars who wrote travel diaries commenting on other cultures without conducting fieldwork. Early anthropologists constructed theories of cultural evolution to explain differences but later emphasized understanding each culture on its own terms through first-hand data collection. Bronislaw Malinowski established participant observation as the method for fieldwork in the early 20th century. Leslie White and Julian Steward viewed culture as adapting to the environment and harnessing resources. Modern anthropology utilizes both scientific approaches that see culture as adapting to the environment and humanistic approaches that emphasize cultural uniqueness. Ideational perspectives focus on ideas and symbols shaping behavior, while adaptive perspectives emphasize technology, ecology, demography and economics.
Emile Durkheim
Religion creates social order by unifying people around shared sacred symbols and collective representations of morality. Without a shared system of religious beliefs and practices, social order and solidarity would break down.
Anth Ch12 Religion
1. The document discusses definitions and types of religion including animism, polytheism, monotheism, and shamanism. It also covers major world religions and trends like growing monotheism and fundamentalism.
2. Religions are influenced by and reflect aspects of the cultures and societies in which they exist. They help maintain social order and norms. Religions may also change and blend with other beliefs during periods of cultural contact and change.
3. Secular rituals in modern societies can provide similar functions to religious rituals in giving people a sense of community and meaning. Religious demographics are shifting in countries like the US and Canada.
Functionalist theories of religion
This is a presentation for the A2 sociology course religious beliefs, foucsing on functionalism, more theories are to come
Religion (Sociology)
This document discusses various aspects of religion including its key characteristics, functions in society, differences between religion and magic, and theories on the origins of religion. It also provides overviews of several major world religions including Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, and discusses the ideology and role of religion in modern society.
Religion
This document discusses sociological perspectives on religion. It covers topics like defining religiosity, types of religious organizations, trends in religion in the US, and how religion affects both individuals and society. It also explores theoretical perspectives on the functions and dysfunctions of religion from a sociological standpoint.
Recommended
Anthro 181: Social Anthropology of Religion
1) Religions are complex social and cultural phenomena that are difficult to define due to variations across societies.
2) Most definitions of religion focus on beliefs in supernatural beings or entities, but concepts of natural vs supernatural differ cross-culturally.
3) Religions serve important functions in societies such as providing explanations for the natural world, establishing moral codes, and promoting social solidarity through shared rituals and beliefs. However, defining characteristics of religion and distinguishing the natural from supernatural remains challenging.
Lecture 13 - Religion
The document discusses key concepts related to defining and understanding religion from an anthropological perspective. It examines definitions of religion proposed by scholars like Durkheim, Geertz and Tylor. It explores the relationship between religion, magic and rituals. Case studies from West and North Africa are presented on how terms like witchcraft and sorcery are used. Theories on the origins and functions of religion are outlined, and Wallace's framework of classifying religions into individualistic, shamanistic, communal and ecclesiastical cults is described.
History of anthropology
Anthropology began as a hobby for 19th century scholars who wrote travel diaries commenting on other cultures without conducting fieldwork. Early anthropologists constructed theories of cultural evolution to explain differences but later emphasized understanding each culture on its own terms through first-hand data collection. Bronislaw Malinowski established participant observation as the method for fieldwork in the early 20th century. Leslie White and Julian Steward viewed culture as adapting to the environment and harnessing resources. Modern anthropology utilizes both scientific approaches that see culture as adapting to the environment and humanistic approaches that emphasize cultural uniqueness. Ideational perspectives focus on ideas and symbols shaping behavior, while adaptive perspectives emphasize technology, ecology, demography and economics.
Emile Durkheim
Religion creates social order by unifying people around shared sacred symbols and collective representations of morality. Without a shared system of religious beliefs and practices, social order and solidarity would break down.
Anth Ch12 Religion
1. The document discusses definitions and types of religion including animism, polytheism, monotheism, and shamanism. It also covers major world religions and trends like growing monotheism and fundamentalism.
2. Religions are influenced by and reflect aspects of the cultures and societies in which they exist. They help maintain social order and norms. Religions may also change and blend with other beliefs during periods of cultural contact and change.
3. Secular rituals in modern societies can provide similar functions to religious rituals in giving people a sense of community and meaning. Religious demographics are shifting in countries like the US and Canada.
Functionalist theories of religion
This is a presentation for the A2 sociology course religious beliefs, foucsing on functionalism, more theories are to come
Religion (Sociology)
This document discusses various aspects of religion including its key characteristics, functions in society, differences between religion and magic, and theories on the origins of religion. It also provides overviews of several major world religions including Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, and discusses the ideology and role of religion in modern society.
Religion
This document discusses sociological perspectives on religion. It covers topics like defining religiosity, types of religious organizations, trends in religion in the US, and how religion affects both individuals and society. It also explores theoretical perspectives on the functions and dysfunctions of religion from a sociological standpoint.
Religion
Religion is a social institution found in all societies that helps explain life's mysteries and provide meaning and purpose. While religions vary in beliefs and practices across places and times, they generally propose sacred explanations for life's questions like what happens after death. Sociologists study how religion impacts society and social institutions, and how society shapes religion. Functionalism views religion as promoting social cohesion by creating a community and shared values, while Marxism sees religion preventing awareness of social inequalities. Individual perspectives emphasize how people construct their own religious beliefs and relationships.
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of their respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
Race & ethnicity
This document provides an overview of key concepts in the sociological study of race and ethnicity. It begins with definitions of race as a social construct rather than biological reality. Prejudice is defined as negative attitudes based on stereotypes while discrimination involves actions that harm subordinate groups. Theories of how race has been conceptualized historically and sociological perspectives on the study of race relations are also summarized.
Sociology and Religion: Religion as a Social Institution
This document discusses sociological perspectives on religion. It outlines several key approaches: the social conflict approach views religion as maintaining social inequality; the social constructionist approach sees religion as explanations for society formed by people rather than supernatural beings; functionalism argues religion serves important functions like social cohesion; and the social psychological approach views religion as answering existential questions. It also briefly describes some major world religions, characteristics of religion, and relationships between religion and factors like gender, suicide, and society.
Religious institutions
The document summarizes several major world religions and their religious institutions, and discusses their contributions to health development. It introduces Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism, describing both their positive and negative impacts on health. The religions are described as influencing human behavior and health through their varying beliefs, which have implications for issues like medical treatment, family planning, fasting practices, and more.
Religion
Religion provides meaning, identity, and personal gratification for individuals. It also functions to reinforce social norms and cohesion for societies. Durkheim argued that religion developed from early rituals performed in groups, which created a sense of awe and reinforced moral values in society. Religion expresses the ideals and identity of the social group through shared beliefs and sacred symbols.
Religion as a conservative force
Religion can be seen as a conservative force in two ways: 1) It upholds traditional moral views and social roles that maintain the status quo. 2) It functions to preserve existing social structures and stabilize society. Most religions promote conservative views on issues like divorce, abortion, and homosexuality. They also generally favor patriarchal family structures that endorse male authority. Marxist, feminist, and functionalist perspectives view religion as reinforcing inequality and preventing social change, thus serving to conserve existing power structures in society and politics.
Deviance and social control
This document discusses deviance and social control. It defines deviance as variations from social norms and expectations. While some deviance is normal, too much or extreme deviations can disrupt social order. Deviance performs functions like defining norms but can also have dysfunctions. Society uses internal and external social controls like sanctions to encourage conformity. Theories of deviance include strain theory, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionist perspectives like differential association theory and labeling theory.
Early anthropologist
This document provides an overview of key theoretical perspectives in cultural anthropology, including: Marxism, which views societies through economic relations; Durkheim's view of society as a thing in itself with interdependent parts; Weber's multivariate approach; early theories of cultural evolution, diffusion, historical particularism, functionalism, and structural-functionalism; positivist theories of materialism and structuralism; symbolic and postmodern anthropologies; and different Christian perspectives on engaging with anthropological theory.
What is anthropology
Anthropology is the study of humans, past and present. It is divided into four main subfields: physical/biological anthropology which studies human evolution and biology; cultural anthropology which includes archaeology, linguistics, and ethnology to understand human cultures and societies; linguistics which examines the structure and development of human languages; and applied anthropology which uses anthropological knowledge and methods to analyze and address real-world problems. Anthropologists seek to understand humans as a whole through interdisciplinary and holistic research on our biology, behaviors, beliefs, and environments over time and across cultures.
Race and Ethnicity
The document discusses race, ethnicity, and racism. It defines race as a socially constructed category based on shared biological traits, and ethnicity as a shared cultural heritage including common ancestors, language, and religion. It notes that minorities within a society can be subjected to disadvantages and discrimination. Specific examples provided include discrimination faced by Filipino Muslims and certain ethnic tribes in the Philippines in terms of education, employment, health, and shelter. Theoretical perspectives on racial and ethnic inequality are also summarized, including structural functional, symbolic interaction, and social conflict approaches.
Religion and social change 1
A2 AQA Sociology:
Religion as a Conservative Force
Religion as a Force for Change (Weber)
Religion and Social Protest
Anthropology of Religion
The document provides an overview of the anthropological study of religion. It discusses key concepts in the anthropology of religion including how religious ideas shape social practices and influence the world. It then covers several theories of religion from an anthropological perspective, including historical/evolutionary theories proposed by early scholars like Tylor and Frazer who viewed religion as evolving from primitive to developed forms. Psychological theories including emotionalist and psychoanalytic approaches are described. Finally, it outlines social theories of religion including functionalism proposed by scholars like Malinowski and Durkheim who emphasized the social functions and integration provided by religion.
definitions of sociology
Sociology is defined in multiple ways by different scholars:
- Auguste Comte defined it as the scientific study of society.
- Max Weber defined it as the study of social action.
- Park and Burgess defined it as the study of collective behavior.
- Emile Durkheim defined it as the study of social facts through social institutions.
- Tonnies defined it as the study of humans living together.
- Simmel defined it as the study of social groups based on social interaction.
In conclusion, sociology can be defined as the science of society, human behavior, human interaction and relationships.
Social anthropology
1. Sociology is defined as the scientific study of patterns of human social behavior and interaction. It examines how people live in interdependence and interact in groups.
2. Anthropology is the study of human beings, their physical characteristics, social relationships and culture. It has branches that include physical anthropology, archaeology, linguistics, and cultural anthropology.
3. Cultural anthropology specifically studies concepts of culture and how social heritage and customs are transmitted between generations through language and symbols. It includes the subdivisions of ethnography, ethnology, and social anthropology.
SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL FORCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY
This presentation discusses the social and intellectual forces that influenced the development of sociological theory. Some of the key social forces included the French Revolution, Industrial Revolution, rise of feminism and urbanization. The French Revolution disrupted social order in France and thinkers like Comte sought new bases for social organization. The Industrial Revolution led to urbanization and the emergence of capitalism, prompting thinkers like Marx and Weber to address problems in societies. Intellectually, the Enlightenment period emphasized reason and empiricism over beliefs and rituals, influencing French theorists like Montesquieu and Rousseau. The presentation was given by Md. Towfique Hasan, a third year sociology student at Khulna University in Bangladesh.
Ch.19 contextualization
The document discusses contextualization in Christian missionary work. It defines indigenization and contextualization, noting that contextualization implies deeper involvement in social issues. It outlines how Paul and the gospel writers contextualized their messages for different audiences. It then discusses developments in contextualization efforts in Africa, Latin America, and other parts of the world in the 20th century. Key issues discussed include the relationship between gospel and culture, authority of scripture, and approaches to avoid syncretism while allowing local theological reflection.
Chapter 6: Religion in Anthropology
I have compiled these notes from different resources. I am hopeful that these notes will help students who are willing to grab information on this subject for civil services exams or university exams. Good Luck
Introduction to Anthropology
The document introduces the concept of cultural anthropology and discusses how anthropologists study human diversity and culture. It provides examples of cultural variations in practices like marriage, economics, politics, and religion. The goal of anthropologists is to explain both the diversity and similarities between cultures, such as why some societies practice monogamy while others practice polygamy. The document also discusses how anthropologists observe culture by studying people's behavior in the field, at archaeological sites, and through language.
Introduction to Sociology
Sociologists analyze information and data to understand relationships rather than accepting common beliefs. The document then discusses the evolution of human societies from hunting and gathering to agricultural societies. Key points include that hunting and gathering societies were small and nomadic, while pastoral and horticultural societies developed inequality, trade, and political institutions as surpluses emerged. Agricultural societies were much larger and led to distinct social classes, money-based economies, specialized religious institutions, and empire building.
Anthropology of Religion Presentation
The document discusses several creation myths from different religions and cultures including Judeo-Christian, Shinto, and others. Some key similarities are that land was often believed to be created from water in the myths, and there was usually an element of male domination or authority over the earth. The myths also aimed to explain the origins of that culture's people and provide reasons for important traditions and symbols. However, there were also variations between the myths in terms of whether they described monotheistic or polytheistic beliefs, how the earth was said to be created, and their central focus on local traditions versus broader religious narratives.
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Religion
Religion is a social institution found in all societies that helps explain life's mysteries and provide meaning and purpose. While religions vary in beliefs and practices across places and times, they generally propose sacred explanations for life's questions like what happens after death. Sociologists study how religion impacts society and social institutions, and how society shapes religion. Functionalism views religion as promoting social cohesion by creating a community and shared values, while Marxism sees religion preventing awareness of social inequalities. Individual perspectives emphasize how people construct their own religious beliefs and relationships.
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
Disclaimer:
All of the pictures and pieces of information on this site are the property of their respective owners. I do not hold any copyright in regards to these pictures and information. These pictures have been collected from different public sources including various websites, considered to be in the public domain. If anyone has any objection to display of any picture, image or information, it may be brought to my notice by sending an email (contact me) & the disputed media will be removed immediately, after verification of the claim.
Race & ethnicity
This document provides an overview of key concepts in the sociological study of race and ethnicity. It begins with definitions of race as a social construct rather than biological reality. Prejudice is defined as negative attitudes based on stereotypes while discrimination involves actions that harm subordinate groups. Theories of how race has been conceptualized historically and sociological perspectives on the study of race relations are also summarized.
Sociology and Religion: Religion as a Social Institution
This document discusses sociological perspectives on religion. It outlines several key approaches: the social conflict approach views religion as maintaining social inequality; the social constructionist approach sees religion as explanations for society formed by people rather than supernatural beings; functionalism argues religion serves important functions like social cohesion; and the social psychological approach views religion as answering existential questions. It also briefly describes some major world religions, characteristics of religion, and relationships between religion and factors like gender, suicide, and society.
Religious institutions
The document summarizes several major world religions and their religious institutions, and discusses their contributions to health development. It introduces Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism, describing both their positive and negative impacts on health. The religions are described as influencing human behavior and health through their varying beliefs, which have implications for issues like medical treatment, family planning, fasting practices, and more.
Religion
Religion provides meaning, identity, and personal gratification for individuals. It also functions to reinforce social norms and cohesion for societies. Durkheim argued that religion developed from early rituals performed in groups, which created a sense of awe and reinforced moral values in society. Religion expresses the ideals and identity of the social group through shared beliefs and sacred symbols.
Religion as a conservative force
Religion can be seen as a conservative force in two ways: 1) It upholds traditional moral views and social roles that maintain the status quo. 2) It functions to preserve existing social structures and stabilize society. Most religions promote conservative views on issues like divorce, abortion, and homosexuality. They also generally favor patriarchal family structures that endorse male authority. Marxist, feminist, and functionalist perspectives view religion as reinforcing inequality and preventing social change, thus serving to conserve existing power structures in society and politics.
Deviance and social control
This document discusses deviance and social control. It defines deviance as variations from social norms and expectations. While some deviance is normal, too much or extreme deviations can disrupt social order. Deviance performs functions like defining norms but can also have dysfunctions. Society uses internal and external social controls like sanctions to encourage conformity. Theories of deviance include strain theory, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionist perspectives like differential association theory and labeling theory.
Early anthropologist
This document provides an overview of key theoretical perspectives in cultural anthropology, including: Marxism, which views societies through economic relations; Durkheim's view of society as a thing in itself with interdependent parts; Weber's multivariate approach; early theories of cultural evolution, diffusion, historical particularism, functionalism, and structural-functionalism; positivist theories of materialism and structuralism; symbolic and postmodern anthropologies; and different Christian perspectives on engaging with anthropological theory.
What is anthropology
Anthropology is the study of humans, past and present. It is divided into four main subfields: physical/biological anthropology which studies human evolution and biology; cultural anthropology which includes archaeology, linguistics, and ethnology to understand human cultures and societies; linguistics which examines the structure and development of human languages; and applied anthropology which uses anthropological knowledge and methods to analyze and address real-world problems. Anthropologists seek to understand humans as a whole through interdisciplinary and holistic research on our biology, behaviors, beliefs, and environments over time and across cultures.
Race and Ethnicity
The document discusses race, ethnicity, and racism. It defines race as a socially constructed category based on shared biological traits, and ethnicity as a shared cultural heritage including common ancestors, language, and religion. It notes that minorities within a society can be subjected to disadvantages and discrimination. Specific examples provided include discrimination faced by Filipino Muslims and certain ethnic tribes in the Philippines in terms of education, employment, health, and shelter. Theoretical perspectives on racial and ethnic inequality are also summarized, including structural functional, symbolic interaction, and social conflict approaches.
Religion and social change 1
A2 AQA Sociology:
Religion as a Conservative Force
Religion as a Force for Change (Weber)
Religion and Social Protest
Anthropology of Religion
The document provides an overview of the anthropological study of religion. It discusses key concepts in the anthropology of religion including how religious ideas shape social practices and influence the world. It then covers several theories of religion from an anthropological perspective, including historical/evolutionary theories proposed by early scholars like Tylor and Frazer who viewed religion as evolving from primitive to developed forms. Psychological theories including emotionalist and psychoanalytic approaches are described. Finally, it outlines social theories of religion including functionalism proposed by scholars like Malinowski and Durkheim who emphasized the social functions and integration provided by religion.
definitions of sociology
Sociology is defined in multiple ways by different scholars:
- Auguste Comte defined it as the scientific study of society.
- Max Weber defined it as the study of social action.
- Park and Burgess defined it as the study of collective behavior.
- Emile Durkheim defined it as the study of social facts through social institutions.
- Tonnies defined it as the study of humans living together.
- Simmel defined it as the study of social groups based on social interaction.
In conclusion, sociology can be defined as the science of society, human behavior, human interaction and relationships.
Social anthropology
1. Sociology is defined as the scientific study of patterns of human social behavior and interaction. It examines how people live in interdependence and interact in groups.
2. Anthropology is the study of human beings, their physical characteristics, social relationships and culture. It has branches that include physical anthropology, archaeology, linguistics, and cultural anthropology.
3. Cultural anthropology specifically studies concepts of culture and how social heritage and customs are transmitted between generations through language and symbols. It includes the subdivisions of ethnography, ethnology, and social anthropology.
SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL FORCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY
This presentation discusses the social and intellectual forces that influenced the development of sociological theory. Some of the key social forces included the French Revolution, Industrial Revolution, rise of feminism and urbanization. The French Revolution disrupted social order in France and thinkers like Comte sought new bases for social organization. The Industrial Revolution led to urbanization and the emergence of capitalism, prompting thinkers like Marx and Weber to address problems in societies. Intellectually, the Enlightenment period emphasized reason and empiricism over beliefs and rituals, influencing French theorists like Montesquieu and Rousseau. The presentation was given by Md. Towfique Hasan, a third year sociology student at Khulna University in Bangladesh.
Ch.19 contextualization
The document discusses contextualization in Christian missionary work. It defines indigenization and contextualization, noting that contextualization implies deeper involvement in social issues. It outlines how Paul and the gospel writers contextualized their messages for different audiences. It then discusses developments in contextualization efforts in Africa, Latin America, and other parts of the world in the 20th century. Key issues discussed include the relationship between gospel and culture, authority of scripture, and approaches to avoid syncretism while allowing local theological reflection.
Chapter 6: Religion in Anthropology
I have compiled these notes from different resources. I am hopeful that these notes will help students who are willing to grab information on this subject for civil services exams or university exams. Good Luck
Introduction to Anthropology
The document introduces the concept of cultural anthropology and discusses how anthropologists study human diversity and culture. It provides examples of cultural variations in practices like marriage, economics, politics, and religion. The goal of anthropologists is to explain both the diversity and similarities between cultures, such as why some societies practice monogamy while others practice polygamy. The document also discusses how anthropologists observe culture by studying people's behavior in the field, at archaeological sites, and through language.
Introduction to Sociology
Sociologists analyze information and data to understand relationships rather than accepting common beliefs. The document then discusses the evolution of human societies from hunting and gathering to agricultural societies. Key points include that hunting and gathering societies were small and nomadic, while pastoral and horticultural societies developed inequality, trade, and political institutions as surpluses emerged. Agricultural societies were much larger and led to distinct social classes, money-based economies, specialized religious institutions, and empire building.
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Sociology and Religion: Religion as a Social Institution
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SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL FORCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY
SOCIAL AND INTELLECTUAL FORCES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY
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Anthropology of Religion Presentation
The document discusses several creation myths from different religions and cultures including Judeo-Christian, Shinto, and others. Some key similarities are that land was often believed to be created from water in the myths, and there was usually an element of male domination or authority over the earth. The myths also aimed to explain the origins of that culture's people and provide reasons for important traditions and symbols. However, there were also variations between the myths in terms of whether they described monotheistic or polytheistic beliefs, how the earth was said to be created, and their central focus on local traditions versus broader religious narratives.
Magic and religion lecture
Most cultures believe that supernatural rituals can influence natural events like crop yields, health, and fertility. This is considered magic and is based on either sympathetic or contagious principles. Sympathetic magic believes that similar actions on representations will affect the original, like voodoo dolls. Contagious magic believes a connection remains between people and their remnants, so these can be used magically. In cultures with strong magic beliefs, it is commonly invoked to explain unexpected events and provide a framework for divination to assign blame and allow countermeasures.
Religion/Shamanism
This document provides an overview of key anthropological concepts related to the study of religion. It discusses how anthropologists view religion as part of culture rather than focusing on its truth claims. Religions are examined as social and individual phenomena that provide systems of meaning. Gods, spirits, and various beliefs are reviewed as are myths, cosmologies, and altered states of consciousness used by shamans. Rituals, ceremonies, and beliefs are identified as core components of religions.
Religion ppt
The document provides an overview of major religions in Asia, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism, Confucianism, Taoism, Legalism, Zen Buddhism, Tibetan Buddhism, Shinto, Shamanism, and Animism. It discusses the origins, founders, sacred texts, deities, beliefs, and practices of each religion.
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Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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