This ppt includes Brief introduction of Agricultural Entomology.
In this ppt classes of Phylum Arthropoda have been discussed in very simple way with suitable pictures.
This ppt includes Brief introduction of Agricultural Entomology.
In this ppt classes of Phylum Arthropoda have been discussed in very simple way with suitable pictures.
Periplanata americana
morphology, sense organs
anatomy - digestive system
respiratory system
excretory system
nervous system
circulatory system
reproductive system
Useful for NEET 12 th
Linnaean Classification, Phylogeny of Major Groups, Major Groups of Arthropods, Class Insect, Characteristics of Class Insect, Life Cycles, Trends History of Arthropods, External Anatomy, Modifications and Insect Diversity, Insect orders,
Proturans and Diplurans,
Internal Feeders, External Feeding Guilds, Labelling
Periplanata americana
morphology, sense organs
anatomy - digestive system
respiratory system
excretory system
nervous system
circulatory system
reproductive system
Useful for NEET 12 th
Linnaean Classification, Phylogeny of Major Groups, Major Groups of Arthropods, Class Insect, Characteristics of Class Insect, Life Cycles, Trends History of Arthropods, External Anatomy, Modifications and Insect Diversity, Insect orders,
Proturans and Diplurans,
Internal Feeders, External Feeding Guilds, Labelling
Disease discovered by scientist,
Koch experiments, Fields of microbiology, Applied microbiology, Discipline of microbiology,
What Are the Basic Chemical Reactions of Life?
The modern age of microbiology
Introduction to microbiology, Origin and Evolution of microbes, How microbes works? Modern age of microbiology,5 Kingdom system,5 Kingdom system, Field of microbiology, How Can We Prevent Infection and Disease?
Redi experiment,
Koch experiment,
Pasteur experiment
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
2. Tagmosis
Insect body is differentiated into three distinct regions called head, thorax and abdomen
grouping of body segments into distinct regions is known as tagmosis
the body regions are called as tagmata.
HEAD
First anterior tagma formed by the fusion of six segments namely preantennary, antennary,
intercalary, mandibular, maxillary and labial segments.
Head is attached or articulated to the thorax through neck or Cervix.
Head capsule is sclerotized and the head capsule excluding appendages formed by the fusion of
several sclerites is known as Cranium
3. HEAD
The head of an insect is composed of a series of segments
specialized for food gathering and manipulation, sensory perception, and neural
integration.
The head bears the eyes (compound eyes and ocelli), antennae, and mouthparts.
Frons
Gena
Clypeus
Vertex
Occiput
4. Functions of Head
Food ingestion
Sensory perception
Coordination of bodily activities
Protection of the coordinating centers
TYPES OF INSECT HEADS
Based on the inclination of long axis of the head and orientation of mouth parts there are three types of insect
heads.
HYPOGNATHOUS (Hypo – below; gnathous – jaw)
This type is also called orthopteroid type. The long axis of the head is vertical. It is at right angles to the long
axis of the body. Mouth parts are ventrally placed and project downwards.
PROGNATHOUS (Pro- infront ; gnathous – jaw)
This type is also called coleopteroid type. The long axis of the head is horizontal. It is in line with the long axis
of the body. Mouth parts are directed foreward. Eg: groung beetles.
OPISTHOGNATHOUS (Opistho – behind ; gnathous – jaw)
This type is also called hemipteroid type or opisthorhychous. Head is deflexed. Mouth parts are directed
backwards and held in between the fore legs. Eg: Stink bug.
5.
6. THORAX
Thorax tagma ….> three segmented, namely prothorax, mesothorax andmetathorax.
Meso and metathorax with wing are called as Pterothorax.
Thorax is made up of three scleritic plates namely, dorsal body plate (Tergum or
Nota, ventral body plate (Sterna) and lateral plate (Pleura).
Thoracic nota: Dorsal body plate of each thoracic segments are called as pronotum,
mesonotumand metanotum respectively.
Thoracic sterna: Vental body plate of each thoracic segments are called as
prosternum, mesosternum and metasternum..
Thoracic pleura: Lateral body wall of thoracic segment between notum and sternum.
Functions of thorax: Mainly concerned with locomotion.
7.
8. ABDOMEN
Third and posterior tagma.
This tagma is made up of 9-11 Uromeres (segments) and is highly flexible.
abdominal segments are telescopic in nature and are interconnected by a
membrane called conjunctiva.
Each abdominal segment is made up of only two sclerite
dorsal body plate (tergum) and ventral body plate (sternum).
Eight pairs of spiracles are present in the first eight abdominal segments, in
addition to a pair of tympanum in the first abdominal segment.
Eight and ninth abdominal segments contains the female genital structure and
ninth segment with male genital structure.
Abdominal appendages are genital organs and cerci.
Function: Concerned with reproduction and metabolism
11. Antennae
Antennae vary greatly among insects
follow a basic plan: segments 1 and 2 are termed the scape and
pedicel, respectively.
The remaining antennal segments (flagellomeres) are jointly
called the flagellum.
12. Antennae function
sensory perception
motion and orientation
odor
sound
humidity
a variety of chemical cues
13.
14. 1. CLAVATE
Clavate antennae are gradually clubbed at the end. Examples: Carrion beetles (order
Coleoptera). Adult carrion beetles feed on decaying animal matter or maggots.
1. CLAVATE
Clavate antennae are gradually clubbed at the end.
Examples: Carrion beetles (orderColeoptera).
Adult carrion beetles feed on decaying animal matter or maggots
15. 2: GENICULATE
Geniculate antennae are hinged or bent like an elbow.
Examples: Bees and ants (order Hymenoptera).
16. 3: CAPITATE
Capitate antennae are abruptly clubbed at the end.
Examples: Butterflies (order Lepidoptera).
17. 4: FILIFORM
Filiform antennae have a thread-like shape.
Examples: Ground and long horned beetles (order Coleoptera),
cockroaches (order Blattaria).
18. 5: Aristate
Antennae are pouch-like with a lateral bristle.
Examples: house and shore flies (order diptera).
Used to detect air movement and odors.
19. 6: Lamellae
Lamellate or clubbed antennae end in nested plates.
Examples: Scarab beetles (orderColeoptera)
