This document provides an overview of the main tissues in the human body, including epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous, and vascular tissues. It describes the key characteristics and functions of each tissue type, with examples of their locations. Simple epithelial tissues include squamous, cuboidal, and columnar cells. Connective tissues include loose connective tissue, dense irregular and dense regular connective tissue, adipose tissue, and supporting tissues like cartilage and bone. The three main muscle tissues are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Nervous tissue contains neurons, nerves, and axons. Vascular tissues comprise the blood and lymph systems.

1. Animal Tissues

2. Animal Tissues Epithelial Tissues Connective Tissues Muscular Tissues Nervous Tissue Vascular Tissues Supporting Tissues

3. Epithelial Tissues SIMPLE EPITHELIA A. Simple Squamous Epithelium Bowman’s capsule Glomerulus Nucleus of a simple squamous epithelial cell Tubule (duct) composed of simple cuboidal epithelium KIDNEY (parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule)

4. Description: Friction-reducing slick, single layer of flattened cells. Common Locations: Lining of the blood and lymph vessels, heart; air sacs of lungs; peritoneum Function: Diffusion; filtration; secretion of lubricants

5. B. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Outer "wall" composed of simple cuboidal epithelium Kidney tubules composed of simple cuboidal epithelium Nucleus of a simple cuboidal epithelial cell KIDNEY (kidney tubule)

6. Description: single layer of squarish cells. Common Locations: ducts, secretory part of small glands; retina; kidney tubules; ovaries, testes, bronchioles Function: secretion, absorption

7. C. Simple Columnar Epithelium Stomach (mucous lining) 1. Simple columnar epithelium

8. Description: single layer of tall cells; free surface have many cilia, mucus- secreting glandular cells, microvilli Common Locations: glands, ducts; gut; parts of uterus’ small bronchi Function: secretion; absorption; ciliated types move substances

9. 1. Simple columnar epithelium 2. Villi 3. Goblet cells Small Intestine

10. D. Simple Columnar Ciliated Epithelium 1 Oviduct 1. Nucleus of a simple columnar cell

11. II. STRATIFIED EPITHELIA Stratified epithelial tissues are named by the shape of their outer most cell layers (i.e. squamous, cuboidal or columnar). In stratified squamous epithelium, the outer most layer is comprised of scale like or flattened cells that serve to protect the underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion. Although the surface cells are squamous, note that the deeper or basal layers are composed of cuboidal and columnar cells. These basal layers are mitotically active and produce the cells of the more superficial layers.

12. Stratified Squamous Epithelium SKIN (epidermis) Epidermis Dermis Squamous cell Cuboidal to columnar cells 3 4

13. B. Stratified Columnar Epithelium 1 1. Columnar epithelial cells PENIS (corpus spongiosum-penile urethra)

14. Connective Tissue Proper Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue Dense Connective Tissue a. Dense Irregular b. Dense Regular

15. 1. Loose (Areolar) Connective Tissue 1. Nucleus of a fibroblast 2. Collagen fiber 3. Elastic fiber

16. Description: fibers, fibroblasts, other cells loosely arranged in extensive ground substance Common Locations: beneath skin and most epithelia Function: elasticity, diffusion

17. 2.A Dense Irregular Connective Tissue SKIN (dermis)

18. Description: collagen fibers, fibroblasts occupy most of the ground substance Common Locations: in skin and in capsules around some organs Function: structural support

19. 2.B Dense Regular Connective Tissue 1. Nuclei of fibroblasts 2. Collagen fibers TENDON

20. Description: collagen fibers bundled in parallel, long rows of fibroblasts, little ground substance Common Locations: tendons, ligaments Function: strength, elasticity

21. 3. Adipose Tissue 1. Cell membrane 2. Cell nucleus 3. Fat vacuole SKIN (hypodermis)

22. Description: large, tightly packed fat cells occupying most of the ground substance Common Locations: under the skin, around the heart and kidneys Function: energy storage, insulation, padding

23. Supporting Tissues Cartilage a. Hyaline b. Elastic c. Fibrocartilage Bone

24. Type: Cartilage Description: chondrocytes inside pliable, solid ground substance Common Locations: nose, ends of long bones, airways, skeleton of cartilaginous fish, vertebrate embryo Function: support, flexion, low-friction surface for joint movements.

25. 1A. Hyaline Cartilage Cartilage matrix Chondrocyte in lacuna Perichondrium Adipose (Fat) cells TRACHEA

27. 1B. Elastic Cartilage EPIGLOTTIS EXTERNAL EAR

28. 1C. Fibrocartilage

29. Type: Bone tissue Description: collagen fibers, osteocytes occupying, extensive calcium- hardened ground substance Common Locations: bones of all vertebrate skeletons Function: movement, support, protection

30. 2. Compact (dense) bone Lacuna Haversian canal Lamellae

31. Dense (compact) bone: Haversian Canal System (osteon) Canaliculi Haversian canal Lacuna

32. Muscular Tissue Skeletal or Striated Voluntary Muscle Cardiac or Striated Involuntary Muscle Smooth or Visceral Non-striated Muscle

33. 1. Skeletal Muscle

34. Description: bundles of cylindrical, long, striated contractile cells; many mitochondria; often reflex- activated but can be consciously controlled Common Locations: partner of skeletal bones, against which it exerts great force Function: locomotion, posture; head, limb movements

36. 2. Cardiac Muscle Cardiac Muscle Cell Nuclei Intercalated Discs

37. Description: unevenly striated, fused- together cylindrical cells that contract as a unit owing to signals at gap junctions between them Common Locations: heart wall Function: pump blood forcefully through circulatory system

38. 3. Smooth Muscle

39. Description: contractile cells tapered at both ends; not striated Common Locations: walls of arteries, sphincters, stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, many other soft internal organs Function: controlled constriction; motility (as in gut); arterial blood flow

40. Nervous Tissue

41. 1. Nerve Cell or Neuron

42. 2. Nerve (cross section) This slide shows a single nerve composed of two bundles of nerve fibers called fascicles. Each fascicle is surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue called the perineurium. A much thicker, tough fibrous sheath, the epineurium, encloses the entire nerve. Epineurium Perineurium Fascicles

43. Nerve (close-up view) Endoneurium Perineurium Axon Schwann cell nucleus Epineurium

44. 3. Axon (nerve fiber) Myelin sheath Neurilemma Node of Ranvier Schwann cell Axon

45. Vascular Tissues

46. Vascular or Circulating Tissues BLOOD and LYMPH Functions 1. to distribute oxygen, nutritive substances, and hormones to all parts of the body 2. to remove waste substances and toxins consist of plasma (fluid intercellular substance or matrix); cells or corpuscles (red and white)

47. ERYTHROCYTES (RBC) flat and appear as biconcave discs lack nucleus in adult specimens are carriers of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood

48. LEUCOCYTES (WBC) lack color in the fresh true cells with true nuclei 2 groups: non-granular leucocytes or agranulocytes = lack cytoplasmic granules granular leucocytes or granulocytes = with cytoplasmic granules

49. AGRANULOCYTES LYMPHOCYTES spherical cells; either similar in size or slightly larger than erythrocytes large nucleus (w/c stains deep blue) is surrounded by a very scanty cytoplasm are carriers of antibodies; play an important role in the mechanism of immunity comprise 20-25% of leucocytes

50. Lymphocyte

51. 2. MONOCYTES much bigger than lymphocytes nucleus is indented, kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped cytoplasm is more abundant than that of lymphocytes ingest bacteria and debris particles comprise 3-8% of the leucocytes

52. Monocyte

53. GRANULOCYTES based on morphology and stainability of cytoplasmic granules, these are classified into: Acidophils or eosinophils Basophils Heterophils or neutrophils

54. Acidophils or eosinophils spherical in shape cytoplasmic granules stain bright red with acid dyes nucleus usually has two oval lobes connected by a thin chromatin thread are not phagocytic but are associated with certain parasitic and allergic diseases; has detoxifying role (remove and absorb histamine) Comprise 2-4% of leucocytes

55. Eosinophil

56. BASOPHILS difficult to find in human blood because they comprise only 0.5 – 1% of leucocytes believed to be mast cells transported by the blood to other parts of the body which elaborate or secrete histamine and heparin

57. Basophil

58. Neutrophils spherical cells with cytoplasm not strongly acidic or basic in its reaction with fine cytoplasmic granules that stain light pink or pale lavender nucleus is elongated, bent or twisted body consisting of 3-5 rounded or angular lobes connected by thin fine chromatin threads are phagocytic (kill and digest bacteria) comprise 60-75% of leucocytes

59. Neutrophil

60. References General Zoology Laboratory Manual, Biology Dept., Univ. of San Carlos A/P Lab: A website for Human Anatomy and Physiology http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/APlab/Index.htm Bell, Allen. 1999. Anatomy 503 – Human Histology http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/histolab2.htm Ross, M., Romwell, L., and Kaye, G. 1995. Histology: A Text and Atlas. Williams and Wilkins, USA. zoesanchez/zool1L/2008