Modern developments in transport technology are from two levels; one is from an understanding of internal physiological mechanisms of the fish and the optimal requirements, ensuring maximum survival of fish under transport and the other is from a study of the environmental parameters of the medium in which fish are transported. Under anaesthesia fish can be transported without water even, provided the skin and gills are kept moist under low temperature. The cryopreservation of fish sperm for use at any convenient time can be referred to here, though this would concern seed production more directly than live seed transport.
Modern developments in transport technology are from two levels; one is from an understanding of internal physiological mechanisms of the fish and the optimal requirements, ensuring maximum survival of fish under transport and the other is from a study of the environmental parameters of the medium in which fish are transported. Under anaesthesia fish can be transported without water even, provided the skin and gills are kept moist under low temperature. The cryopreservation of fish sperm for use at any convenient time can be referred to here, though this would concern seed production more directly than live seed transport.
Transgenic fish or genetically modified fish(GM fish) are genetically modified organism. The DNA of the fish is modified using genetic engineering techniques.
Aim is to introduce a new trait to fish
GM fish has been approved by FDA
A brief presentation on fish vaccination and its application particularly in Bangladesh. The overall process is described in a nutshell here. The types, procedure of formation, regulation, licensing and use are among them.
Carps form the mainstay of aquaculture in India contributing over 85% of the total aquaculture production There are 61,259 species of vertebrates recognized world; over 30,700 are fish species of which 8,411 ore fresh water while 11,650 are marine. In India 2,163 spp. are fin fishes have been recorded from upland cold water (157; 7.26%) warm water of the plain (54; 20.99%), Brackish water (182; 8.41%) and marine environment (1,370; 63.43%). Some of these species are cultured at commercial level which covering a lot varieties of fin fishes The three Indian major carps, namely Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigal) contribute the bulk of production to the extent of 75 to85 percent of the total fresh water fish production, the three exotic carp such as Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio ), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella )form the second important group to incorporate several other medium and minor carp and into the carp poly culture system several method were used because of their region specific consumer preference and higher market demand.
History
Carp culture in India was restricted only to a homestead backyard pond activity in west Bengal and Odisha until late 1950 s with seed from riverine sources as the only input resulting low level of production the technological breakthrough breeding of carp through hypophysation in 1957 freshwater aquaculture of the country the country till 1984 virtually laid the foundation of scientific carp farming in the country.
Important characteristics of Indian major carps:-
Indian major carp grow fast and can reproduce even in artificial ponds. They feed upon phytoplankton, zooplankton, decaying organic matter, aquatic plant etc. stomach is absent in the alimentary canal of the major carps. Three types of Indian major carps are cultured in
cultured shrimp are getting affected by various disease.some of them are acute and some chronic. and the curing is very harder for a farmer so it is better suggested for safety precaution and proper hygiene while culturing.and the affected shrimp in cured with antibiotics is not accepted by anyone in the export business. so, let yourself find out the various shrimp disease their cure and proper management in this seminar.
Transgenic fish or genetically modified fish(GM fish) are genetically modified organism. The DNA of the fish is modified using genetic engineering techniques.
Aim is to introduce a new trait to fish
GM fish has been approved by FDA
A brief presentation on fish vaccination and its application particularly in Bangladesh. The overall process is described in a nutshell here. The types, procedure of formation, regulation, licensing and use are among them.
Carps form the mainstay of aquaculture in India contributing over 85% of the total aquaculture production There are 61,259 species of vertebrates recognized world; over 30,700 are fish species of which 8,411 ore fresh water while 11,650 are marine. In India 2,163 spp. are fin fishes have been recorded from upland cold water (157; 7.26%) warm water of the plain (54; 20.99%), Brackish water (182; 8.41%) and marine environment (1,370; 63.43%). Some of these species are cultured at commercial level which covering a lot varieties of fin fishes The three Indian major carps, namely Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigal) contribute the bulk of production to the extent of 75 to85 percent of the total fresh water fish production, the three exotic carp such as Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio ), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella )form the second important group to incorporate several other medium and minor carp and into the carp poly culture system several method were used because of their region specific consumer preference and higher market demand.
History
Carp culture in India was restricted only to a homestead backyard pond activity in west Bengal and Odisha until late 1950 s with seed from riverine sources as the only input resulting low level of production the technological breakthrough breeding of carp through hypophysation in 1957 freshwater aquaculture of the country the country till 1984 virtually laid the foundation of scientific carp farming in the country.
Important characteristics of Indian major carps:-
Indian major carp grow fast and can reproduce even in artificial ponds. They feed upon phytoplankton, zooplankton, decaying organic matter, aquatic plant etc. stomach is absent in the alimentary canal of the major carps. Three types of Indian major carps are cultured in
cultured shrimp are getting affected by various disease.some of them are acute and some chronic. and the curing is very harder for a farmer so it is better suggested for safety precaution and proper hygiene while culturing.and the affected shrimp in cured with antibiotics is not accepted by anyone in the export business. so, let yourself find out the various shrimp disease their cure and proper management in this seminar.
genotoxicity describes the property of chemical agents that damages the genetic information within a cell causing mutations, which may lead to cancer. While genotoxicity is often confused with mutagenicity, all mutagens are genotoxic, whereas not all genotoxic substances are mutagenic
Objective: A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord either from trauma, loss of its normal blood supply, or compression from tumor or infection. In this study we focused on alterations in the bladder tissue with angiogenic and apoptotic aspects after spinal cord injury.
Study Design: Twenty Wistar Albino rats were categorized as control and SCI groups. At T7-T9 vertebras, a steel rod was dropped from 10 cm to create a spinal cord injury under anesthesia. Rats were decapitated and spinal tissue was processed to measure malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and myeloperoxidase (MPO).
Results: MDA, MPO, epithelial degeneration, vascular dilation, inflammation, VEGF, and APAF-1 expressions in the SCI group were statistically higher than those in the control group. GSH content of the SCI group was statistically lower than that in the control group. In the hematoxylin-eosin–stained sections of the control group, normal histology was observed in bladder tissue. In the SCI group, degeneration epithelial cells, thinned epithelium, increased fibrosis, dilated and congested blood vessels, and hyperplastic endothelial cells were observed. In the control group, VEGF expression was slightly observed in some epithelial cells and vascular cells. In the SCI group, VEGF expression was increased in inflammatory and vascular endothelial cells. For APAF-1 expression, the control group showed no expression. In the SCI group, APAF-1 expression was positive in degenerated epithelial cells and connective tissue cells.
Conclusion: It is thought that the urination reflex was affected due to increased inflammation in the bladder tissue, leading to alterations in the regulation and function of the muscles.
1. STABILITY OF MALE STERILE LINES - ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE ON STERILITY - EGMS - TYPES AND INFLUENCE ON THEIR EXPRESSION, GENETIC STUDIES.
2. PHOTO SENSITIVE GENETIC MALE STERILITY AND ITS USES IN HETEROSIS BREEDING
3. TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE GENETIC MALE STERILITY AND ITS USES IN HETEROSIS BREEDING
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nucleophilic Addition of carbonyl compounds.pptxSSR02
Nucleophilic addition is the most important reaction of carbonyls. Not just aldehydes and ketones, but also carboxylic acid derivatives in general.
Carbonyls undergo addition reactions with a large range of nucleophiles.
Comparing the relative basicity of the nucleophile and the product is extremely helpful in determining how reversible the addition reaction is. Reactions with Grignards and hydrides are irreversible. Reactions with weak bases like halides and carboxylates generally don’t happen.
Electronic effects (inductive effects, electron donation) have a large impact on reactivity.
Large groups adjacent to the carbonyl will slow the rate of reaction.
Neutral nucleophiles can also add to carbonyls, although their additions are generally slower and more reversible. Acid catalysis is sometimes employed to increase the rate of addition.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
BREEDING METHODS FOR DISEASE RESISTANCE.pptxRASHMI M G
Plant breeding for disease resistance is a strategy to reduce crop losses caused by disease. Plants have an innate immune system that allows them to recognize pathogens and provide resistance. However, breeding for long-lasting resistance often involves combining multiple resistance genes
2. Team members:
46- Anitta
47- Anuj Sharma
48- Ashitha
49- Asiya N
50- Bhagyaleshmi
Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies,
Kochi, Kerala, India
4. Chromosome manipulation
The changes in the number of chromosome sets are brought
out by the destruction of one set, as in egg or sperm cells, or
by the disruption of the metaphase spindle during
karyokinesis in either somatic or germinal cells.
6. Inactivation of gametes
1. Irradiation of spermatozoa with gamma
radiation, X-ray or U-V light or dimethyl sulphate
destroys the genetic material without inactivating
the spermatozoa.
2. UV irradiation form pyrimidine dimers in DNA
leading to its genetic inactivation.
3. The optimum dose of UV varies with
spermatozoa concentration.
4. De-chromosomed spermatozoa activates the
egg followed by shock treatment (to prevent second
polar body release), and establishes XX condition.
7.
8.
9. Inactivation of gametes
5. To induce androgenesis, the maternal (egg)
genome is inactivated by irradiation and fertilized
with normal sperm.
6. Fish eggs - difficult to manipulate - large size.
Fish spermatozoa - easy to manipulate - small size.
7. Gynogenetic, androgenetic individuals -haploids
with low survival rate.
Diploidization by shock treatment improves the
survival rate.
10. Shock treatment
1. Ploidy induction - multiplication of the
chromosome set during embryonic development,
by insemination, release of polar body and first-cell
division.
2. Manipulation is done by application of thermal
or temperature (cold and heat), pressure or
chemical shock.
3. Shocking of inseminated fish egg causes
depolymerization of tubulin polymers that form
microtubules essential for formation of spindle
apparatus.
11. Shock treatment
4. Shock treatment results in the inhibition of
spindle formation and aster movement.
5. When heat shock is applied shortly before first
cleavage, cytokinesis is inhibited and cause
zygotes to undergo two genomic replications with
only one cytoplasmic division.
6. This is necessary for diploidizing gynogenetic
and androgenetic offspring and in inducing
triploidy and tetraploidy.
12. Thermal shock
1. Cold shocks for cold water species (salmonids) -
0C
2. Cold shocks for warm water species (Common
carp, Tilapia and Indian major carps), 8-12C.
3. Heat shock for cold water fishes around
26-28C.
4. Heat shock for warm water fishes 39-42C
13. Pressure shock
1. Simple to administer.
2. Pressure range varies between 7000 to 9000
pascals (Psi).
3. The hydrostatic pressure is applied by French
Cell Press designed by mechanical engineering
method.
4. Less side effect than the thermal shock.
14. Chemical shock
1. Colchicine and cytochalasin-B disrupt cell
division and induce ploidy induction.
2. Anaesthetics such as nitrous oxide and Freon 22
induce triploidy. But the results are inconsistent
and unsatisfactory.
16. Results in all-paternal inheritance.
Involves genetic inactivation of the egg’s genome and
fertilization with haploid sperm (followed by diploidization)
or diploid sperm.
Method requires the suppression of the first mitotic cleavage.
17. Survival of the androgenotes is very low due to,
-irradiation damage suffered by eggs.
-the homozygous expression of the lethal gene.
-damage inflicted by thermal shock treatment to suppress
the first mitotic cleavage.
Induced in fish by fertilizing irradiated eggs (gamma or X-ray
or U-V ray) with normal spermatozoa.
U-V (254 nm) irradiation is easy, inexpensive, can be easily
set up under laboratory condition.
18. Diploid androgenetic individuals can then be produced by
various treatments (thermal, pressure or chemical shock) to
suppress the first cleavage division to yield a homozygous
diploid.
U-V (254 nm) irradiation is easy, inexpensive, can be easily
set up under laboratory condition.
Diploid androgenetic individuals can then be produced by
various treatments (thermal, pressure or chemical shock) to
suppress the first cleavage division to yield a homozygous
diploid.
19. It can be used to generate clonal lines.
It has the advantage of storing and regenerating lines from
cryopreserved sperm.
Androgenetic fishes were successfully produced only in about
a dozen economically important food fishes (e.g., common
carp, tilapia, rainbow trout and Siberian sturgeon).
Androgenetic tilapia can be useful for monosex fish culture.
22. It is a reproductive manipulation resulting in all-maternal
inheritance.
It involves egg activation by genetically inactivated
homologous or heterologous sperm and diploidization by
retention of second polar body (meiotic gynogenesis), or
suppression of the first mitotic cleavage (mitotic
gynogenesis).
23. The shocks destroy the aster formation or the microtubules of
the spindle and inhibit nuclear division. Thus, a diploid
embryo containing maternal genetic material alone can be
produced.
Gynogenesis is a natural form of reproduction in the
teleost, Mollienesia formosa.
24. Irradiation of spermatozoa
Gamma, UV radiation are used to inactivate sperm.
Gamma radiation has greater penetration and
helpful in the treatment of large quantities of sperm
at a time.
Residual chromosome fragments found in
gynogenetic offspring after fertilization with
gamma –irradiated sperm, reduce survival or cause
abnormalities therefore, in the gynogenetic
offspring, UV is a preferred method for sperm
chromosome inactivation.
25. Diploidization
The haploid embryo generated by gynogenesis dies
unless some special treatment is conducted, so
apparently, it is necessary for the embryo to
become diploid by doubling its chromosomes.
Polyploidization treatment can be performed by
inhibiting meiotic phase II after insemination with
sperm that has received a genetic inactivation
treatment.
26. Meiogynogenesis
Achieved by inhibiting the extrusion of the second
polar body.
The resulting offspring are homozygous at a locus
only if no recombination occurred.
Determination of the percentage of heterozygous
offspring helps to calculate the recombination
frequency.
27. Mitotic gynogenesis
Polyploidization can be caused by the inhibition of
cell division during the first cleavage.
The original haploid set of chromosomes during
meiotic phases I and II will be duplicated before
the first cleavage.
Pairs of chromosomes after the first cleavage
inhibition are homologous to each other
irrespective of crossing over.
28. Mitotic gynogenesis
Mitotic gynogenesis results in fully homozygous
offspring since it is achieved by inhibiting the first
mitotic cleavage after duplication of the haploid
genome.
It has been achieved in zebra fish (Danio rerio),
medaka (Oryzias latipes), common carp (Cyprinus
carpio) Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and
Indian catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis).
29.
30. Application of gynogenesis
In female homogametic species, all-female
population is produced.
50 to 100% inbred individuals can be produced in a
single generation.
Inbred lines of fish can be crossed to produce
hybrid vigour or heterosis.
It has the ability to map genes relative to their
centromeres in fish after retention of the second
polar body.
31. Application of gynogenesis
Generates homozygous lines by applying a second
cycle of gynogenesis to the homozygous fish
produced initially by gynogenesis.
This is useful for the production of female or
monosex exotic species for release into the natural
environment without risk of reproduction.
Combining gynogenesis and sex reversal, it is
possible to produce males with female genotype.