This document summarizes information about fish farming in India, including different species of fish that are farmed. It discusses indigenous fish species like various carps, as well as exotic species imported from other countries. For each type of fish, it provides details on physical characteristics, habitat, breeding, and use in aquaculture. The document categorizes fish into groups like indigenous carps, exotic carps, air-breathing fishes, and ornamental fishes. It provides information on commercially important species like various carps, catfish, climbing perch, and tilapia.
The document discusses the global ornamental fish trade and breeding of popular species. It provides details on the production of egg-laying fish like goldfish and angel fish which require different care depending on parental behaviors. Methods for breeding live-bearing fish such as guppies, platies, swordtails and mollies are also outlined, noting internal fertilization and live birth of young.
Lecture 2. aquaculture systems methods_and_types - copyMandeep Kaur
Aquaculture involves farming aquatic animals and plants in controlled environments. There are several types of aquaculture including freshwater, brackish water, and intensive, semi-intensive, and extensive systems. Proper water quality monitoring and fertilization are important to maintain a healthy environment for growth. Common aquaculture activities include culturing fish, prawns, and shellfish through various stages from hatcheries to harvest.
Fish culture is classified based on the number of fish species as monoculture and polyculture. This is the culture of single species of fish in a pond or tank. The culture of trout, tilapia, catfish , carps are typical examples of monoculture.
This document discusses the culture methods for the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis, an important live feed for larval marine animals. It describes how to maintain stock cultures in 1-2L flasks using Isochrysis galbana algae at 24-25C under a 12:12 light cycle. Main culture methods discussed are using various tank sizes from 50L to 1800L, sterilizing tanks with bleach, and maintaining temperature at 24-26C with lighting. Feeding protocols are provided using yeast, fish oil, and algae to culture rotifers from low to high densities. Rotifers are harvested daily and fed to larval fish starting at 3 days post hatch at 3
Feed formulation is the major part of aquaculture.The main objective of feed formulation is to utilize the knowledge of nutrient requirements, locally available feed ingredients and digestive capacity of fish for the development of a nutritionally balanced mixture of feed stuff…
Carps form the mainstay of aquaculture in India contributing over 85% of the total aquaculture production There are 61,259 species of vertebrates recognized world; over 30,700 are fish species of which 8,411 ore fresh water while 11,650 are marine. In India 2,163 spp. are fin fishes have been recorded from upland cold water (157; 7.26%) warm water of the plain (54; 20.99%), Brackish water (182; 8.41%) and marine environment (1,370; 63.43%). Some of these species are cultured at commercial level which covering a lot varieties of fin fishes The three Indian major carps, namely Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigal) contribute the bulk of production to the extent of 75 to85 percent of the total fresh water fish production, the three exotic carp such as Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio ), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella )form the second important group to incorporate several other medium and minor carp and into the carp poly culture system several method were used because of their region specific consumer preference and higher market demand.
History
Carp culture in India was restricted only to a homestead backyard pond activity in west Bengal and Odisha until late 1950 s with seed from riverine sources as the only input resulting low level of production the technological breakthrough breeding of carp through hypophysation in 1957 freshwater aquaculture of the country the country till 1984 virtually laid the foundation of scientific carp farming in the country.
Important characteristics of Indian major carps:-
Indian major carp grow fast and can reproduce even in artificial ponds. They feed upon phytoplankton, zooplankton, decaying organic matter, aquatic plant etc. stomach is absent in the alimentary canal of the major carps. Three types of Indian major carps are cultured in
The document discusses the global ornamental fish trade and breeding of popular species. It provides details on the production of egg-laying fish like goldfish and angel fish which require different care depending on parental behaviors. Methods for breeding live-bearing fish such as guppies, platies, swordtails and mollies are also outlined, noting internal fertilization and live birth of young.
Lecture 2. aquaculture systems methods_and_types - copyMandeep Kaur
Aquaculture involves farming aquatic animals and plants in controlled environments. There are several types of aquaculture including freshwater, brackish water, and intensive, semi-intensive, and extensive systems. Proper water quality monitoring and fertilization are important to maintain a healthy environment for growth. Common aquaculture activities include culturing fish, prawns, and shellfish through various stages from hatcheries to harvest.
Fish culture is classified based on the number of fish species as monoculture and polyculture. This is the culture of single species of fish in a pond or tank. The culture of trout, tilapia, catfish , carps are typical examples of monoculture.
This document discusses the culture methods for the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis, an important live feed for larval marine animals. It describes how to maintain stock cultures in 1-2L flasks using Isochrysis galbana algae at 24-25C under a 12:12 light cycle. Main culture methods discussed are using various tank sizes from 50L to 1800L, sterilizing tanks with bleach, and maintaining temperature at 24-26C with lighting. Feeding protocols are provided using yeast, fish oil, and algae to culture rotifers from low to high densities. Rotifers are harvested daily and fed to larval fish starting at 3 days post hatch at 3
Feed formulation is the major part of aquaculture.The main objective of feed formulation is to utilize the knowledge of nutrient requirements, locally available feed ingredients and digestive capacity of fish for the development of a nutritionally balanced mixture of feed stuff…
Carps form the mainstay of aquaculture in India contributing over 85% of the total aquaculture production There are 61,259 species of vertebrates recognized world; over 30,700 are fish species of which 8,411 ore fresh water while 11,650 are marine. In India 2,163 spp. are fin fishes have been recorded from upland cold water (157; 7.26%) warm water of the plain (54; 20.99%), Brackish water (182; 8.41%) and marine environment (1,370; 63.43%). Some of these species are cultured at commercial level which covering a lot varieties of fin fishes The three Indian major carps, namely Catla (Catla catla), Rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigal) contribute the bulk of production to the extent of 75 to85 percent of the total fresh water fish production, the three exotic carp such as Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and Common carp (Cyprinus carpio ), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella )form the second important group to incorporate several other medium and minor carp and into the carp poly culture system several method were used because of their region specific consumer preference and higher market demand.
History
Carp culture in India was restricted only to a homestead backyard pond activity in west Bengal and Odisha until late 1950 s with seed from riverine sources as the only input resulting low level of production the technological breakthrough breeding of carp through hypophysation in 1957 freshwater aquaculture of the country the country till 1984 virtually laid the foundation of scientific carp farming in the country.
Important characteristics of Indian major carps:-
Indian major carp grow fast and can reproduce even in artificial ponds. They feed upon phytoplankton, zooplankton, decaying organic matter, aquatic plant etc. stomach is absent in the alimentary canal of the major carps. Three types of Indian major carps are cultured in
Finfish breeding and hatchery management pdfKartik Mondal
Rivers were the major source of freshwater fish seed in India during 1950’s and 1960’s.
Over the years, the riverine contribution has declined and at present forms only a supplementary source, constituting less than 5% of the country’s total fish seed production.
The Ganga, the Brahmaputra and the Indus river systems in the North and the Peninsular East coast and the West coast river systems in the South are the important natural sources of fish seed.
Broodstock And Hatchery Management Of Penaeus Monodonsush_p
Shrimp aquaculture is an important and valuable production sector that has been growing rapidly over the past two decades. Success is largely based on the quality of post larvae, particularly their health condition, thus making hatchery production of quality post larvae crucial to the sector’s sustainability. Vietnam is the leading producer of black tiger shrimp in the world with a production of 300,000 tons in 2011, followed by India and Indonesia with a production of 187,900 tons and 126,200 tons respectively.
Major contribution of the tiger shrimp to global shrimp production and the economic losses resulting from disease outbreaks, it is essential that the shrimp-farming sector invest in good management practices for the production of healthy and quality seed. The Indian shrimp hatchery industry has established a detailed guidance and protocols for improving the productivity, health management, biosecurity and sustainability of the sector. Following a brief review of shrimp hatchery development in India, the major requirements for hatchery production are discussed under the headings: infrastructure, facility maintenance, inlet water quality and treatment, wastewater treatment, biosecurity, standard operating procedures (SOPS), the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) approach, chemical use during the hatchery production process and health assessment. Pre-spawning procedures include the use of wild, domesticated and specific pathogen free/ specific pathogen resistant (SPF/SPR) broodstock, broodstock selection and holding techniques, transport, utilization, health screening, maturation, nutrition and spawning, egg hatching; nauplius selection, egg/ nauplius disinfection and washing and holding, disease testing and transportation of nauplii. Post-spawning procedures include: larval-rearing unit preparation, larval rearing/health management, larval nutrition and feed management, important larval diseases, quality testing/selection of PL for stocking, PL harvest and transportation, nursery rearing and record keeping.
Cage culture involves raising fish in mesh boxes placed in bodies of water. It originated in Cambodia about 200 years ago when cages were used to transport live fish to market. Cages are constructed with frames made of wood, plastic or steel, with floats to keep them buoyant and weights to anchor them. They come in various shapes and sizes, usually square or rectangular, and are 20-60 cubic meters. Cages are either fixed in flowing water, floating in lakes/rivers/offshore, or submerged and movable in areas prone to cyclones. Fish are fed through natural water movement and supplemental feeding of rice bran, fish meal and soybean cake. Fish production ranges from 3,000-25,000 kg
Setting an aquarium is an important steps to maintaining healthy ornamental fishes. It gives mind relaxation and peaceful. It is a hobby and reduces the stress also
This document discusses the history and evolution of fish hatcheries from traditional to modern designs. It explains that traditional hatcheries used earthen pits or pots but these lacked temperature and pH control. More advanced designs in the 1970s-1980s used double cloth hatching systems or floating hapas to improve conditions. Modern hatcheries now have precise environmental control and include features like vertical jars, plastic buckets, or entire Chinese-style hatchery systems. The role of hatcheries is crucial to reliably produce high quality fish seeds for farming.
This document discusses hatchery management and natural fish propagation. It provides details on criteria for selecting fish species for culture, including that they must be able to withstand the local climate, grow quickly, reproduce successfully in captivity, accept artificial foods, be desirable to consumers, tolerate high densities, and resist disease. The document also describes the natural propagation process, including the development of sexual products like eggs and sperm, factors that determine propagation habits, and the fertilization process. Hatcheries aim to artificially propagate fish on a large scale to provide stock for aquaculture.
Ornamental fish culture provides opportunities for entrepreneurship and income generation. It requires a minimum of 500 sq ft of land and access to fresh water and electricity. Selection of quality broodstock is important, as different species prefer different water parameters for breeding. Beginners should start with livebearers like guppies and later move to egg-layers, focusing on one species at a time. CIFA has developed technologies for breeding 16 indigenous ornamental fish species and commercializing an endangered species. It conducts national training programs and facilitates entrepreneurs with business plans and information on government subsidies.
This document provides information on composite fish culture, which involves stocking cultivable fish species with different feeding habits in the same pond. It discusses the fish species used, including Indian major carps and exotic carps. Technical parameters for the project are outlined, including pond selection and management practices before and after stocking like removing weeds, liming, and fertilization. Stocking ratios for different species combinations are provided, along with feeding practices and harvesting after one year when fish reach 800g-1.25kg on average. Vertical expansion techniques like multiple stocking and harvesting are also mentioned to increase production to 7-10 tons/ha/year.
The document discusses raceway culture for raising rainbow trout. Raceways are flowing water channels that divert water from natural streams or wells. They allow for higher stocking densities of fish and improved water quality compared to ponds. There are different types of raceways made from materials like concrete, stone, fiberglass or polyester resin. Raceway structures should allow easy flow of water and be attached to streams, rivers or canals. The document describes considerations for different types of raceway ponds for fry culture, market production, and brood stocking. It also discusses concrete silo designs and requirements for effective raceway systems such as adequate water supply, aeration, waste removal, and productivity.
Criteria for selection of fish species.pptirfan350885
The document outlines important criteria for selecting fish species for aquaculture, including fast growth rate, ability to feed on natural or artificial diets, disease resistance, ability to tolerate environmental changes, and support high population densities. It provides details on commonly cultured species in Pakistan like various carps, silver carp, grass carp, tilapia, and trout. For each species, it lists key characteristics such as physical features, temperature preferences, feeding behaviors, growth rates, breeding periods, and geographic distributions.
The document provides an overview of the global and national scenario of the ornamental fisheries trade and its future scope. Some key points:
- Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines are among the top exporting countries, while the USA, UK, Germany, Japan, and the Netherlands are the largest importers.
- India has over 100 indigenous freshwater ornamental fish species and potential marine species, but its share of the global ornamental fish trade is only 0.008%. There is room to increase domestic breeding and exports.
- The ornamental fish trade provides opportunities for small entrepreneurs and employment. Increased research, production facilities, and public-private partnerships could help make the industry more
The document discusses the hypophysation technique for inducing breeding in fish. It involves removing the pituitary gland from donor fish, preparing an extract from the gland, and injecting the extract into recipient fish to induce spawning. The technique was first developed commercially in Brazil and was attempted in India in 1937 to induce breeding in Mrigal fish. The document provides details on selecting donor fish, removing and storing the pituitary glands, preparing the extract, injecting it, and releasing the induced donor fish.
This document discusses seed production of the Asian catfish (Clarias batrachus). It describes the catfish's importance as a food fish and its distribution in India, Bangladesh, and Thailand. The document outlines the process for broodstock development, including tank setup, feeding, and selection of brood fish based on size and secondary sexual characteristics. It provides details on the hormone injection process for induced spawning and the subsequent stripping of eggs and fertilization. Larval rearing is also summarized, from initial feeding of hatchlings to growing fingerlings in outdoor tanks.
A fish hatchery breeds and rears fish and shellfish through early life stages. Hatcheries produce larvae and juveniles to support aquaculture. They benefit the industry by allowing for out of season production, genetic improvement through selective breeding, and reducing reliance on wild-caught juveniles. A hatchery consists of tanks for rearing larvae and holding broodstock. Key components include water storage tanks, larval rearing tanks, postlarval holding tanks, and equipment for water filtration, aeration, heating and monitoring water quality. Hatcheries are designed based on the target species' biology and local conditions like water availability.
Pen culture involves holding culturable aquatic organisms in enclosed spaces surrounded by nets or fences while maintaining water flow. It originated in Asia in the early 1920s and was later introduced to freshwater lakes and reservoirs. Pens are usually built in shallow waters and consist of barriers made from various materials like concrete, wire mesh, or nylon nets. Common species cultured in pens include various carp, milkfish, tilapia, and prawns. While pen culture provides benefits like increased production and growth, it also faces challenges like damage from predators, fouling, and poor harvest recovery rates. Overall, pen culture is best suited for extensive or semi-intensive aquaculture.
This document discusses eye stalk ablation in crustaceans as a method to induce maturation for seed production. It provides background on the process, including that removal of the eyestalk reduces inhibitory hormones and allows maturation. Unilateral ablation is typically used, as bilateral ablation can cause stress and reabsorption of eggs. The effects, methods, timing, and process of ablation are described in detail. Maintaining appropriate conditions after ablation is also discussed to support maturation and spawning.
The document provides information about the mud crab (Scylla serrata), including its classification, distribution, ecology, and methods for farming and hatchery management. It notes that mud crabs are found naturally in the Indo-Pacific region and are an economically important species. Mud crab farming can be done using grow-out systems, where young crabs are raised for 5-6 months until market size, or fattening systems, where soft-shelled crabs are raised for a shorter period. Hatchery management involves broodstock selection and care, spawning and larval rearing techniques, and achieving survival rates as high as 18.1% compared to the world average of 3-3.5
Carp polyculture involves culturing multiple carp species together in ponds without overlapping their ecological niches. This allows for efficient utilization of different levels of the food web. Common carp, Chinese carp, and Indian carp species are most often used. Factors like diverse feeding habits and tolerance of variable water conditions make carp suitable for polyculture. Pond management involves stocking different carp based on their trophic levels and fertilizing ponds with organic matter to boost natural food production. China is the world's largest producer of carp, contributing over two-thirds of global carp production.
This document summarizes the culture methods for mullet fish. There are two main culture methods - monoculture and polyculture. The key steps include seed supply from wild or hatchery sources, nursery rearing for 4-6 months, on-growing using either monoculture or polyculture techniques in earthen ponds for 7-8 months, harvesting using nets, and handling and processing for fresh or chilled markets. Proper water quality maintenance, disease control, and analysis of production costs and market demand are also important considerations for mullet aquaculture.
This document discusses fish diseases and control measures. It describes how fish can be affected by various pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. Some common viral diseases discussed are Spring Viremia of Carp caused by Rhabdovirus, Swim Bladder Inflammation caused by SBI virus, and Viral Renal Disease of Eels. It also discusses Channel Catfish Viral Disease caused by Herpes virus and Pox Disease of Carps caused by Carp Pox virus. The document emphasizes the importance of basic knowledge of fish diseases for fish farmers and highlights how diseases can be controlled through proper pond maintenance and use of antibiotics.
The document lists various freshwater fish species that are suitable for seed production, including catla, rohu, mrigal, common carp, gourami, grass carp, silver carp, tilapia, snakehead, walking catfish, climbing perch, green chromide, mahseer, rainbow trout, and others. It also mentions integrated fish-duck farming systems.
This document summarizes information about fish farming in India, including different species of fish that are farmed. It discusses indigenous fish species like various carps, as well as exotic species imported from other countries. For each type of fish, it provides details on physical characteristics, habitat, breeding, and use in aquaculture. The document categorizes fish into groups like indigenous carps, exotic carps, air-breathing fishes, and ornamental fishes. It provides information on commercially important species like various carps, catfish, climbing perch, and tilapia.
Finfish breeding and hatchery management pdfKartik Mondal
Rivers were the major source of freshwater fish seed in India during 1950’s and 1960’s.
Over the years, the riverine contribution has declined and at present forms only a supplementary source, constituting less than 5% of the country’s total fish seed production.
The Ganga, the Brahmaputra and the Indus river systems in the North and the Peninsular East coast and the West coast river systems in the South are the important natural sources of fish seed.
Broodstock And Hatchery Management Of Penaeus Monodonsush_p
Shrimp aquaculture is an important and valuable production sector that has been growing rapidly over the past two decades. Success is largely based on the quality of post larvae, particularly their health condition, thus making hatchery production of quality post larvae crucial to the sector’s sustainability. Vietnam is the leading producer of black tiger shrimp in the world with a production of 300,000 tons in 2011, followed by India and Indonesia with a production of 187,900 tons and 126,200 tons respectively.
Major contribution of the tiger shrimp to global shrimp production and the economic losses resulting from disease outbreaks, it is essential that the shrimp-farming sector invest in good management practices for the production of healthy and quality seed. The Indian shrimp hatchery industry has established a detailed guidance and protocols for improving the productivity, health management, biosecurity and sustainability of the sector. Following a brief review of shrimp hatchery development in India, the major requirements for hatchery production are discussed under the headings: infrastructure, facility maintenance, inlet water quality and treatment, wastewater treatment, biosecurity, standard operating procedures (SOPS), the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) approach, chemical use during the hatchery production process and health assessment. Pre-spawning procedures include the use of wild, domesticated and specific pathogen free/ specific pathogen resistant (SPF/SPR) broodstock, broodstock selection and holding techniques, transport, utilization, health screening, maturation, nutrition and spawning, egg hatching; nauplius selection, egg/ nauplius disinfection and washing and holding, disease testing and transportation of nauplii. Post-spawning procedures include: larval-rearing unit preparation, larval rearing/health management, larval nutrition and feed management, important larval diseases, quality testing/selection of PL for stocking, PL harvest and transportation, nursery rearing and record keeping.
Cage culture involves raising fish in mesh boxes placed in bodies of water. It originated in Cambodia about 200 years ago when cages were used to transport live fish to market. Cages are constructed with frames made of wood, plastic or steel, with floats to keep them buoyant and weights to anchor them. They come in various shapes and sizes, usually square or rectangular, and are 20-60 cubic meters. Cages are either fixed in flowing water, floating in lakes/rivers/offshore, or submerged and movable in areas prone to cyclones. Fish are fed through natural water movement and supplemental feeding of rice bran, fish meal and soybean cake. Fish production ranges from 3,000-25,000 kg
Setting an aquarium is an important steps to maintaining healthy ornamental fishes. It gives mind relaxation and peaceful. It is a hobby and reduces the stress also
This document discusses the history and evolution of fish hatcheries from traditional to modern designs. It explains that traditional hatcheries used earthen pits or pots but these lacked temperature and pH control. More advanced designs in the 1970s-1980s used double cloth hatching systems or floating hapas to improve conditions. Modern hatcheries now have precise environmental control and include features like vertical jars, plastic buckets, or entire Chinese-style hatchery systems. The role of hatcheries is crucial to reliably produce high quality fish seeds for farming.
This document discusses hatchery management and natural fish propagation. It provides details on criteria for selecting fish species for culture, including that they must be able to withstand the local climate, grow quickly, reproduce successfully in captivity, accept artificial foods, be desirable to consumers, tolerate high densities, and resist disease. The document also describes the natural propagation process, including the development of sexual products like eggs and sperm, factors that determine propagation habits, and the fertilization process. Hatcheries aim to artificially propagate fish on a large scale to provide stock for aquaculture.
Ornamental fish culture provides opportunities for entrepreneurship and income generation. It requires a minimum of 500 sq ft of land and access to fresh water and electricity. Selection of quality broodstock is important, as different species prefer different water parameters for breeding. Beginners should start with livebearers like guppies and later move to egg-layers, focusing on one species at a time. CIFA has developed technologies for breeding 16 indigenous ornamental fish species and commercializing an endangered species. It conducts national training programs and facilitates entrepreneurs with business plans and information on government subsidies.
This document provides information on composite fish culture, which involves stocking cultivable fish species with different feeding habits in the same pond. It discusses the fish species used, including Indian major carps and exotic carps. Technical parameters for the project are outlined, including pond selection and management practices before and after stocking like removing weeds, liming, and fertilization. Stocking ratios for different species combinations are provided, along with feeding practices and harvesting after one year when fish reach 800g-1.25kg on average. Vertical expansion techniques like multiple stocking and harvesting are also mentioned to increase production to 7-10 tons/ha/year.
The document discusses raceway culture for raising rainbow trout. Raceways are flowing water channels that divert water from natural streams or wells. They allow for higher stocking densities of fish and improved water quality compared to ponds. There are different types of raceways made from materials like concrete, stone, fiberglass or polyester resin. Raceway structures should allow easy flow of water and be attached to streams, rivers or canals. The document describes considerations for different types of raceway ponds for fry culture, market production, and brood stocking. It also discusses concrete silo designs and requirements for effective raceway systems such as adequate water supply, aeration, waste removal, and productivity.
Criteria for selection of fish species.pptirfan350885
The document outlines important criteria for selecting fish species for aquaculture, including fast growth rate, ability to feed on natural or artificial diets, disease resistance, ability to tolerate environmental changes, and support high population densities. It provides details on commonly cultured species in Pakistan like various carps, silver carp, grass carp, tilapia, and trout. For each species, it lists key characteristics such as physical features, temperature preferences, feeding behaviors, growth rates, breeding periods, and geographic distributions.
The document provides an overview of the global and national scenario of the ornamental fisheries trade and its future scope. Some key points:
- Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines are among the top exporting countries, while the USA, UK, Germany, Japan, and the Netherlands are the largest importers.
- India has over 100 indigenous freshwater ornamental fish species and potential marine species, but its share of the global ornamental fish trade is only 0.008%. There is room to increase domestic breeding and exports.
- The ornamental fish trade provides opportunities for small entrepreneurs and employment. Increased research, production facilities, and public-private partnerships could help make the industry more
The document discusses the hypophysation technique for inducing breeding in fish. It involves removing the pituitary gland from donor fish, preparing an extract from the gland, and injecting the extract into recipient fish to induce spawning. The technique was first developed commercially in Brazil and was attempted in India in 1937 to induce breeding in Mrigal fish. The document provides details on selecting donor fish, removing and storing the pituitary glands, preparing the extract, injecting it, and releasing the induced donor fish.
This document discusses seed production of the Asian catfish (Clarias batrachus). It describes the catfish's importance as a food fish and its distribution in India, Bangladesh, and Thailand. The document outlines the process for broodstock development, including tank setup, feeding, and selection of brood fish based on size and secondary sexual characteristics. It provides details on the hormone injection process for induced spawning and the subsequent stripping of eggs and fertilization. Larval rearing is also summarized, from initial feeding of hatchlings to growing fingerlings in outdoor tanks.
A fish hatchery breeds and rears fish and shellfish through early life stages. Hatcheries produce larvae and juveniles to support aquaculture. They benefit the industry by allowing for out of season production, genetic improvement through selective breeding, and reducing reliance on wild-caught juveniles. A hatchery consists of tanks for rearing larvae and holding broodstock. Key components include water storage tanks, larval rearing tanks, postlarval holding tanks, and equipment for water filtration, aeration, heating and monitoring water quality. Hatcheries are designed based on the target species' biology and local conditions like water availability.
Pen culture involves holding culturable aquatic organisms in enclosed spaces surrounded by nets or fences while maintaining water flow. It originated in Asia in the early 1920s and was later introduced to freshwater lakes and reservoirs. Pens are usually built in shallow waters and consist of barriers made from various materials like concrete, wire mesh, or nylon nets. Common species cultured in pens include various carp, milkfish, tilapia, and prawns. While pen culture provides benefits like increased production and growth, it also faces challenges like damage from predators, fouling, and poor harvest recovery rates. Overall, pen culture is best suited for extensive or semi-intensive aquaculture.
This document discusses eye stalk ablation in crustaceans as a method to induce maturation for seed production. It provides background on the process, including that removal of the eyestalk reduces inhibitory hormones and allows maturation. Unilateral ablation is typically used, as bilateral ablation can cause stress and reabsorption of eggs. The effects, methods, timing, and process of ablation are described in detail. Maintaining appropriate conditions after ablation is also discussed to support maturation and spawning.
The document provides information about the mud crab (Scylla serrata), including its classification, distribution, ecology, and methods for farming and hatchery management. It notes that mud crabs are found naturally in the Indo-Pacific region and are an economically important species. Mud crab farming can be done using grow-out systems, where young crabs are raised for 5-6 months until market size, or fattening systems, where soft-shelled crabs are raised for a shorter period. Hatchery management involves broodstock selection and care, spawning and larval rearing techniques, and achieving survival rates as high as 18.1% compared to the world average of 3-3.5
Carp polyculture involves culturing multiple carp species together in ponds without overlapping their ecological niches. This allows for efficient utilization of different levels of the food web. Common carp, Chinese carp, and Indian carp species are most often used. Factors like diverse feeding habits and tolerance of variable water conditions make carp suitable for polyculture. Pond management involves stocking different carp based on their trophic levels and fertilizing ponds with organic matter to boost natural food production. China is the world's largest producer of carp, contributing over two-thirds of global carp production.
This document summarizes the culture methods for mullet fish. There are two main culture methods - monoculture and polyculture. The key steps include seed supply from wild or hatchery sources, nursery rearing for 4-6 months, on-growing using either monoculture or polyculture techniques in earthen ponds for 7-8 months, harvesting using nets, and handling and processing for fresh or chilled markets. Proper water quality maintenance, disease control, and analysis of production costs and market demand are also important considerations for mullet aquaculture.
This document discusses fish diseases and control measures. It describes how fish can be affected by various pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. Some common viral diseases discussed are Spring Viremia of Carp caused by Rhabdovirus, Swim Bladder Inflammation caused by SBI virus, and Viral Renal Disease of Eels. It also discusses Channel Catfish Viral Disease caused by Herpes virus and Pox Disease of Carps caused by Carp Pox virus. The document emphasizes the importance of basic knowledge of fish diseases for fish farmers and highlights how diseases can be controlled through proper pond maintenance and use of antibiotics.
The document lists various freshwater fish species that are suitable for seed production, including catla, rohu, mrigal, common carp, gourami, grass carp, silver carp, tilapia, snakehead, walking catfish, climbing perch, green chromide, mahseer, rainbow trout, and others. It also mentions integrated fish-duck farming systems.
This document summarizes information about fish farming in India, including different species of fish that are farmed. It discusses indigenous fish species like various carps, as well as exotic species imported from other countries. For each type of fish, it provides details on physical characteristics, habitat, breeding, and use in aquaculture. The document categorizes fish into groups like indigenous carps, exotic carps, air-breathing fishes, and ornamental fishes. It provides information on commercially important species like various carps, catfish, climbing perch, and tilapia.
Forage Seed Production Training Manual, AfricaSeeds
This document provides an overview of a training manual on forage seed production published by the International Livestock Centre for Africa (ILCA). The manual covers topics such as field multiplication, post-harvest conditioning, seed quality control, marketing, and economics. It describes four major systems of forage seed production in sub-Saharan Africa - opportunist labor intensive, opportunist mechanized, specialist labor intensive, and specialist mechanized. The first chapter focuses on field multiplication, including factors like site selection, matching forages to sites, crop establishment and management, and harvesting methods.
Biology M1 The Importance of environmenteLearningJa
This document discusses the importance of the physical environment to living organisms. It begins by defining key terms like physical/biotic factors, environment/habitat, and population/community. Photos of different habitats are presented and the learner is asked to identify biotic and abiotic components. Soil and air are then examined as important abiotic factors. Soil provides nutrients, air space, and water. Air supplies oxygen and nitrogen via diffusion in water. Other important abiotic factors include temperature, light, and climate. In conclusion, the document emphasizes that abiotic components greatly affect living things and each has a distinct use or impact.
Seed production technology of catfishesmanojjarwal90
This document summarizes the seminar on seed production technology for two species of catfish, Magur and Singhi. It discusses the reproductive biology of both species, covering topics such as breeding season, sexual dimorphism, and fecundity. It also provides details on hormone administration, spawning induction, egg and sperm collection, fertilization, hatchery protocols, larval and fry rearing practices, and feeding trials. The document aims to inform readers on the complete seed production process for these two economically important catfish species.
This document summarizes the development of a community seed bank in Arakan Valley, Philippines in 2007. It describes the objectives of establishing the seed bank, which were to monitor preferred rice varieties and ensure farmers have access to seeds. A total of 177 community seed bank farms were established across 15 barangays. The farms grew 12 upland rice varieties, with Dinorado and UPL Ri-5 being most common. Most farmers applied fertilizers and pesticides. Germination rates were mixed but tillering capacity was generally good. Farmers evaluated varieties positively and intended to replant selections.
This document provides information on carp (Cyprinus carpio) found in the Wawa River in Agusan del Sur, Philippines. It is an introduced omnivorous freshwater fish that can grow up to 19 cm. It is found throughout much of Asia and was first introduced to the Philippines in Tarlac. The carp has few natural predators and feeds on mollusks, crustaceans, insect larvae and seeds. Females can lay over a million eggs per year, though many do not survive due to high mortality from bacteria, fungi and other small predators.
Biochemical Alternation In Fresh Water Fishe Labeo Rohita Exposed To The Sodi...iosrjce
Fishes are regarded as an important high grade protein containing food staple of Indian people.
Ever increasing water pollution level, especially sodium fluoride (NaF), in inland freshwater reservoir has
made significant biochemical changes in the life cycle of fishes. In view of this, the investigations on effects of
acute and chronic sodium fluoride toxicity to fish Labeo rohita have been carried out. The changes in glycogen,
protein and lipid content of selected tissues like muscle, liver, gill and kidney were examined. The study
revealed a highest loss of glycogen, protein and lipid percentage in all tissues as compared to control.
The document summarizes fisheries initiatives in the state of Chhattisgarh, India. It discusses the state government's encouragement of small ponds on private land for drought relief. It also details the opening of a Fisheries College to develop human resources and conduct research to disseminate improved fisheries practices. The fisheries sector provides employment and income to over 2.5 lakh people and plays an important role in rural economies and nutrition. The new fisheries policy in Chhattisgarh includes leasing water bodies for fishing and reserving some for unemployed youth who receive training.
The document discusses Indian pomfret fisheries. It describes three main species of pomfret found in Indian waters - silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus), black pomfret (Parastromateus niger) and Chinese pomfret (Pampus chinensis). Silver pomfret contributes most to landings, comprising over 60% of the catch. Fishing occurs from September to May using gillnets, trawls and dol nets. While gillnets catch adult pomfret, dol nets are known to catch juveniles. Conservation efforts aim to regulate these gears to prevent overfishing and allow stocks to recover.
The document discusses issues in knowledge representation for artificial intelligence including how knowledge is represented, the quantitative and qualitative problems with analytical approaches, and issues such as spreading activation, subsumption, and classification. It also provides examples of knowledge representation methodologies and their problems. The document is a submission for a Master's degree that examines AI and neural networks.
This document contains 4 sets of question papers from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University (JNTU) for the subject Artificial Neural Networks. Each set contains 8 questions and was given to undergraduate students for their supplementary exams in February of either 2007 or 2008. The questions cover topics like perceptrons, learning laws, radial basis functions, associative memory, applications of neural networks, and more.
Self-organizing networks can perform unsupervised clustering by mapping high-dimensional input patterns into a smaller number of clusters in output space through competitive learning. Fixed weight competitive networks like Maxnet, Mexican Hat net, and Hamming net use competitive learning with fixed weights. Maxnet uses winner-take-all competition to select the neuron whose weights best match the input. Mexican Hat net has both excitatory and inhibitory connections between neurons to enhance contrast. Hamming net determines which exemplar vector most closely matches the input using the Hamming distance measure.
1. Neural networks are inspired by the human brain and are able to perform complex tasks like pattern recognition much faster than conventional computers. They learn by adjusting the strengths of connections between neurons.
2. The document discusses different types of neural network architectures including single-layer feedforward networks, multilayer feedforward networks, and recurrent networks. Multilayer feedforward networks are commonly used and can be trained with backpropagation.
3. Neural networks operate by receiving inputs, performing computations through interconnected nodes that emulate neurons, and producing outputs. Learning involves modifying the weights between nodes to optimize performance on tasks.
The document discusses two neural network models for reading comprehension tasks: the Attentive Reader model proposed by Herman et al. in 2015 and the Stanford Reader model proposed by Chen et al. in 2016. The author implemented a two-layer attention model inspired by these previous models that achieves a 1.5% higher accuracy on reading comprehension tasks compared to the Stanford Reader.
The document discusses machine learning and neural networks. It begins by explaining that machine learning algorithms take examples of input-output pairs and produce a program or model that can predict the correct output for new inputs. This is unlike traditional programming where humans write specific rules. The document then discusses different types of neural networks including feedforward, recurrent, convolutional and more. It explains concepts like supervised vs unsupervised learning, learning rules, gradient descent, long short term memory networks, and competitive learning.
Fish Culture or fish farming involves raising fish commercially in tanks or enclosures, usually for food. It is the principal form of aquaculture, while other methods may fall under mariculture. A facility that releases juvenile fish into the wild for recreational fishing or to supplement a species' natural numbers is generally referred to as a fish hatchery. Worldwide, the most important fish species used in fish farming are carp, tilapia, salmon, and catfish.
This document provides information on the types of culturable freshwater fishes found in India. It discusses the major categories including major carps, minor carps, murrels, catfishes, exotic fishes, and cold water fishes. Within each category, it describes 3-4 specific fish species, providing details on their physical characteristics, habitat, feeding behavior, and role in aquaculture. The document aims to outline the various freshwater fish that are commonly cultured in India for food production and economic purposes.
This document provides information on several freshwater fish species. It includes details on the koi carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus), describing its habitat in Japan and domestication in East Asia. It also provides features of koi fish such as size, color variations, diet and temperature preferences. Information is also given on the bala shark (Balantiocheilos melanopterus) including its distribution in Southeast Asia, habitat in rivers and lakes, water quality parameters and features. Descriptions of the red tailed shark (Epalzeorhynchos bicolor), parrot fish (Scarus frenatus), crystal red shrimp (Caridina cantonensis), lionfish (Pterois volit
Introduction of Fish and Fisheries of India.
• Freshwater Fish: Fish that spend most or all of their life in freshwaters, such as rivers and lakes, having a salinity of less than 0.5 ppt. Around 40% of all known species of
fish are found in freshwater.
They may be divided into Coldwater Fish (5-20 °C); examples: Mahseer, Trout, etc., and Warmwater Fish (25 35 °C); example: Carps, Catfish, Snakeheads, Featherbacks, etc.
• Brackishwater Fish: Fish that can tolerate a wide range of salinity (0.5 30.0 ppt)
and live in backwaters, estuaries and coastal waters.
Example: Mullet, Milkfish, Seabass, Pearlspot, Mudskipper, etc.
• Marine Fish: Fish that spend most or all of their life in seawater, such as Seas and
Oceans, having salinity above 30 ppt. There are about 240 species contributing to
the marine fisheries. Example: Sardines, Mackerel, Ribbonfish, Anchovies, Grouper, Cobia, Tuna, etc.
Gilgit-Baltistan area is a fishing Paradise, surrounded by huge mountains and lakes which gives a beautiful scene and a ideal place for fishing and hunting. The famous fish is trout. Many anglers’ local and foreigner come here for hunting and have a great fishing experience of lifetime. Gilgit-Baltistan formerly known as the Northern Areas is the northernmost political entity within Pakistan.
This document provides information on major cultivable carps and prawns in India. It discusses the different types of major carps including Catla catla, Labeo rohita, Cirrhina mrigala, and minor carps. It also covers exotic fishes, murrel fishes, catfishes, air-breathing fishes, coldwater trout species, and prawns that are suitable for cultivation. The document emphasizes that carp culture forms the backbone of freshwater aquaculture in India and discusses the technological developments that have led to the growth of the carp farming industry.
Indigenous fish species of Kashmir: Their importance, threats and conservation
Indigenous species are also called as native species. Indigenous species are found in a particular location and surrounding areas i.e., wide range of area. They are not restricted to a certain geographical area.
This document discusses several freshwater edible fish species commonly consumed in India. It provides details on the growth, breeding habits, and nutritional value of major carp species like Catla catla, Labeo rohita, L. calbasu, Cirrhinus mrigala. Other important freshwater fish discussed include catfishes, herrings, featherbacks, live fishes, mullets, and exotic species like Cyprinus carpio. Details on growth rates, fecundity, and maturity time are provided for many of the species.
Pisciculture is the method of culturing and rearing fish and shellfish. It provides employment and a source of protein. Common fish used in pisciculture in India include various carp species, grey mullets, tilapia, and shrimp. Pisciculture is carried out in various water bodies like ponds, reservoirs, and paddy fields. It helps utilize water resources and areas like paddy fields for fish production. There is increasing global demand for fish, so pisciculture helps augment food supply.
Criteria for selection of fish species.pptirfan350885
The document discusses criteria for selecting fish species for aquaculture, including characteristics like fast growth rate, ability to tolerate different environmental conditions, and being palatable. It provides details on commonly cultured species in Pakistan like various carps, silver carp, grass carp, tilapia, and trout. For each species, it mentions their distribution, physical characteristics, temperature preferences, feeding habits, growth rates, and breeding periods. In total, over 15 local and exotic fish species are described.
Mud crabs, also known as mangrove crabs, occur widely in estuaries and along tropical, subtropical and warm temperate coasts in the world. There are four species of mud crab (Family: Portunidae), Scylla serrata, S. tranquebarica, S. paramamosain and S. olivacea that are the focus of both commercial fisheries and aquaculture production throughout their distribution. They are among the most valuable crab species in the world, with the bulk of their commercial production sent live to market.
This document provides information about fish culture and carp breeding in India. It discusses that fish culture involves breeding economically important fish species under controlled conditions. Carp are well-suited for culture in India due to their tolerance of poor water quality and short food chain. Common carp species bred for food include catla, rohu, and mrigal. The document then describes the breeding process for carp, including selecting healthy brood fish, inducing spawning through changes in water flow and level, and distributing fry to nurseries. Maintaining water quality and having adequate facilities and staff are important for successful carp breeding.
Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) has colossal normal blessing of freshwater assets. Its spouting waterways, singing streams and crisp water lakes have an extensive variety of local and extraordinary fish species. The frosty and crisp waters of GB are known to have 20 unique types of freshwater angle, including 17 locals and three exotics while four species are endemic to GB area. some of the fishes found in GB are Trouts (including brown, snow and rainbow trout), goldfish, crap fish and cat fish.
principles of ornamental fsheries (a brief overview) JournalFamous-Cole Abraham
This document provides an overview of ornamental fisheries and aquarium species. It discusses how ornamental fisheries help conserve aquatic resources by breeding species in captivity. It then describes some common freshwater, brackish, and marine aquarium species, including their physical characteristics, diets, habitats, and conservation statuses. Examples provided are the copperband butterflyfish, coral beauty angelfish, and green sea turtle. The document emphasizes the importance of ornamental fisheries in protecting vulnerable aquatic species.
Seafood is any form of sea life regarded as food by humans, prominently including fish and shellfish. Shellfish include various species of molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms.
This document contains information on several fish, crustacean, and mollusk species. It describes the taxonomy, physical characteristics, habitat/ecology, and economic importance of species including the rohu fish, catla fish, mrigal carp, pomfret fish, giant river prawn, crabs, and pearl oyster. The rohu, catla, and mrigal are important aquaculture species in South Asia and are commonly farmed together. The document also provides details on the taxonomy, morphology, and life cycle of these organisms.
Sea horses are small fish that live in shallow coastal waters around the world. They have bony plates instead of scales and can change color to camouflage themselves. Male seahorses carry fertilized eggs in a brood pouch until the babies are fully developed. There are over 40 species of seahorses that live in habitats like coral reefs, sea grass beds, and kelp forests, where they eat small crustaceans. Their prehensile tails allow them to grip seaweed and avoid being swept away by currents.
Similar to FISH SEED PRODUCTION & CULTIVABLE FISH SPECIES WITH FISH CUM DUCK FORMING (20)
Business environment scanning market survey tools and techniques by mathankumarMathankumar S
The document provides information about entrepreneurship and innovation. It defines entrepreneurship as strategic thinking and risk-taking that creates new opportunities. Innovation is key to entrepreneurship as it creates competitive advantage. Entrepreneurs are innovators who take hands-on responsibility for creating innovation. The document discusses the elements of innovation including challenge, customer focus, creativity, communication, collaboration and more. It also discusses motivation, creativity, science clubs, schemes by the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship including Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana and Udyamita. Market surveys, prototypes, and support for MSMEs are also summarized.
Biomedical Circuits & Networks - Transient Analysis and Two Port NetworksMathankumar S
Biomedical Circuits & Networks - Transient Analysis and Two Port Networks (It includes AC and DC Response, R-L-C Circuits, time constant, Symmetrical networks, Z-Parameter, Y-Parameter ABCD Parameter and h-Parameter)
Biomedical Circuits & Networks - Network synthesis and filter designMathankumar S
Biomedical Circuits & Networks - Network synthesis and filter design (It includes cauer form, poles and zeros, Impedance function, Hurwitz polynominal, Positive real function, Types of filters, Initial value theorem, Butterworth filter, Chebyshev filter, Chebyshev approximation, Low pass filter, T and pie network, m -derived low pass filter, transfer function, selectivity parameter & discrimination parameter)
Biomedical Technical Skill Development - Questions (Multi Choice Type)Mathankumar S
Biomedical Technical Skill Development - Questions (Objective type Questions for Biomedical Engineering & Medical Electronics) - Students can able to get ideas about fundamentals
Biomedical Engineering - Multi Choice Questions - Skill Development Mathankumar S
This document contains a 40 question multiple choice technical skills assessment test in biomedical engineering. The test covers topics such as tissues, medical devices, anatomy, physiology, cancer, DNA, genes, radiography, transducers, biomedical instrumentation techniques, defibrillators, MRI, PET, ventilators, ECG, EEG, EMG, and blood plasma composition. The student is asked to complete the test and the tutor will sign off with their designation and date once scored.
Biomedical Control Systems - BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS (Short Questions & Answers)Mathankumar S
Biomedical control systems - BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS (Short Questions & Answers) - ITS DEALS WITH Examples of Biological control Systems: Cardiovascular Control System, Endocrine Control Systems, Pupil Control System, Skeletal Muscle Servomechanism, Oculo - motor system, sugar level Control Mechanism. Temperature control, Blood pressure control.
Biomedical Control Systems - THE CONCEPT OF STABILITY & ROOT LOCUS TECHNIQUE ...Mathankumar S
Biomedical control systems - THE CONCEPT OF STABILITY & ROOT LOCUS TECHNIQUE (short Questions & Answers) - ITS DEALS WITH STABILITY OF THE SYSTEM (ROUTH HURWITZ CRITERION, ROUTH ARRAY), ROOT LOCUS TECHNIQUE, ZEROS & POLES,
Biomedical Control Systems - Time Response Analysis (Short Questions & Answers)Mathankumar S
Biomedical Control Systems - Time Response Analysis (Short Questions & Answers) - Its detailed about Standard Test Signals, Time Response Analysis of First and Second Order Systems, Steady state errors and Error constants, Effects of Adding Zero to a system, Damping System and PD & PID Controller.
Biomedical Control Systems - SYSTEM CONCEPTS (Short Questions & Answers)Mathankumar S
Biomedical Control Systems - SYSTEM CONCEPTS (Short Questions & Answers) - Its Deal with Types of systems, Open loop systems, Closed Loop systems, Effects of feedback, Mathematical Models of Physical systems: Introduction, Differential equations, Transfer functions, Block Diagram Algebra, Signal Flow Graphs.
Biological control systems - Time Response Analysis - S.Mathankumar-VMKVECMathankumar S
Biological control systems - Time Response Analysis - Step and Impulse responses of first order and second order systems, Determination of time domain specifications of first and second order systems from its output responses.
Biological control systems - System Concepts-Mathankumar.S, VMKVECMathankumar S
1. The document contains questions related to biological control systems for an assignment. Questions cover topics like block diagram reduction, signal flow graphs, transfer functions, feedback control systems.
2. Detailed notes are requested on rules for signal flow graphs and their properties. Conversion of block diagrams to signal flow graphs and determining transfer functions using different techniques are also asked.
3. Closed loop transfer functions for various feedback control systems shown in block diagrams and signal flow graphs need to be determined using block diagram reduction and Mason's formula.
Power system analysis material -Mathankumar.s VMKVECMathankumar S
This document provides an overview of power systems, including different types of power generation sources like thermal, hydroelectric, nuclear, gas turbine, and diesel power plants. It also describes the basic components of a power system such as generators, transformers, transmission lines, and loads. Additionally, it discusses the voltage structure of electric power systems including generating stations, transmission systems, and distribution systems. Finally, it introduces the need for system analysis in planning and operating power systems, and distinguishes between steady state and transient state stability analysis.
Microprocessor & Microcontoller short questions with answersMathankumar S
A microprocessor is a programmable logic device that processes data according to instructions stored in memory. It contains an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), registers, and a control unit. A microcontroller is a microprocessor with integrated memory and input/output interfaces on a single chip. Microprocessors are used in microcontroller-based systems for applications like measurement, display, control, and machine speed control. Common instructions include MOV to move data, ADD for arithmetic, and JMP to change the program sequence.
Power Systems Engineering - Power losses in Transmission Lines (solution)Mathankumar S
This document appears to contain mathematical equations and calculations. It includes variables such as x, v, s, and t. It also includes equations setting variables equal to other variables or numbers, and performing calculations with addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. The goal or meaning of the calculations is not clear from the limited context provided.
Power Systems Engineering - Matlab programs for Power system Simulation Lab -...Mathankumar S
This MATLAB code calculates line constants and impedances for single and double circuit transmission lines. It inputs parameters like conductor spacing, diameter, and distances between conductors and calculates the series inductance L and shunt capacitance C per unit length. It also forms the bus admittance matrix Ybus for a power system network and calculates real and reactive power flows and losses for a two-bus system.
2. India's Freshwater Fish
The economic importance of Indian aquatic ecosystems can be seen from their
contribution to fishery production.
Fish Seed Production
In past years the major source of fish seeds was wild collection. Seed was collected
from natural water resources after breeding season and used as stocking material.
These seed were of low quality and mixed with wild species of fishes. There was
another problem related to quantity of seed, required amount of seed was not
available, so the development of seed production technologies started in early years of
the 16th century.
In order to bring all the available effective water spread area under scientific fish
culture with optimum stocking density, 368.5 million fingerlings shall be required
every year. This would demand seed production of 4865 million spawn and 1216
million fry every year. The total average seed supply is only 30% of estimated seed
requirement.
In Haryana is February-March every year where as the breeding season of other
species is monsoon season. Brood stocks of required fish are maintained and sex-
wise segregate is made two month before. The pairing is made and injected with
calculated dose of pituitary gland or ova prim, ova tide or ovpal is injected to male
and female fish. Within the 6-8 hours of the injection eggs from female and sperm
from male are released in the water. The fertilizer is external. Normally one kg fish
releases about one lakh eggs. The hatchlings are known as spawn. The spawn is reared
in the nursery pond. After 15 days, the spawn attains the size of 25 mm and ready for
stocking in the pond. More than 50 lakh fry can be produced per hectare fish seed
farm in both the seasons in a year.
3. Criteria for selection of suitable fish species
Adaptability to undrainable pond environment
Faster growth rate
Efficient utilizers of natural food resources of the pond
Efficient converter of artificial feed
Hardy and not easily susceptible to disease
Easy to breed and rear the seed
Prolonged breeding period or multiple breeding frequency
Non-predaceous, planktophagous and preferably herbivorous and detritus feeder
Compatability with other cultivable species of fish
Palatable with high nutritive value
High market demand and high price.
Groups of Freshwater Species
Indian freshwater fish species are grouped below into:
Indigenous major carps
Exotic carps
Common-type carps
Hill stream fishes
Air-breathing fishes
Ornamental fishes
INDIGENOUS MAJOR CARPS
"Major" carps are larger and faster-growing than the "minor" carps.
Catla catla: Found on the surface of lakes, ponds, tanks, reservoirs, and other bodies of
water.
Lebeo rohita: Found in the column (that is, at various depths) in lakes, ponds, tanks,
reservoirs, and other bodies of water.
Cirrhinus mrigala: Found at the bottom of lakes, ponds, tanks, and reservoirs.
Lebeo bata: Found at the bottom of bodies of water.
Labeo calbasu: Found at the bottom of bodies of water.
4. CATLA CATLA
Catla (Catla Catla or Gibelion Catla), also known as the major (Indian) carp, is an
economically important South Asian freshwater fish in the carp family Cyprinidae. It
is commonly found in rivers and lakes in northern India, Nepal, Myanmar,
Bangladesh and Pakistan. Catla is a fish with large and broad head, a large protruding
lower jaw and upturned mouth. It has large, greyish scales on dorsal side and whitish
on belly. It has broad and stout body, broad head with upturned mouth, prominent
lips and elongated fins. The dorsal side of the body is more concave than ventral side.
It occurs in surface water. It matures by second year. Slender fish, Body is silvery but
dark gray along its back.
LABEO ROHITA
This fish is commonly called rohu. In Hindi it is called rehu (rawas is the Indian
Salmon, which is quite different). It is called rohi in Oriya, rui in Bengali, rehu in Latin
Nepali (now deceased), rou in Assamese and Sylheti, rohu itself in Madhesh
of Nepal as well as in Thailand, Bangladesh, northern India, Pakistan and Myanmar. It
is a non-oily/white fish in Nepal and India. It has an elongated body. Head is small
but it is with a prominent terminal mouth, thick lips with short barbells. Colour is
bluish or brownish gray above. Scales are gray and red or black. It grows to about
90cms. This carp occurs in column waters of all rivers and canals. It is an
important aquacultured freshwater species in South Asia. When cultured, it does not
breed in lentic environments, so induced spawning becomes necessary.
MRIGAL
The Mrigal carp (Cirrhinus Cirrhosus, also Cirrhinus Mrigala), also known as
the mrigal and the white carp, is a species of ray-finned fish in the carp family. Native
to streams and rivers in India, the only surviving wild population is in the Cauvery
River, leading to its IUCN rating as vulnerable. It is
widely aquafarmed and introduced populations exist outside its native range. It
reaches a maximum length of 1m (3.3ft). Mrigal inhabits all the major river systems of
India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Burma. The adult fish feeds upon filamentous green
algae, diatoms, pieces of higher plants, decayed vegetable, mud and detritus. It is
basically a bottom feeder and hence suitable for cultivation with column and surface
feeder carps in ponds.
5. LABEO BATA
Labeo bata is fish in genus Labeo. It is commonly known as bata, and is a native fish
to India and Bangladesh. It is a popular game fish and is popular for its taste. It lives in
ponds, rivers, etc. Its maximum length is 25–35 centimetres (9.8–13.8 in). It eats
protozoa, algae, and tiny fishes. It is a slow-moving fish, so with any active and
aggressive it will be nervous. The age and growth of Labeo bata (Ham.) was studied
by the analysis of annuli found on the scale and by length-frequency distribution.
LABEO CALBASU
It is commonly found in fresh water ponds and tanks of India. The body is bluish
green in colour with small head and folded lips. The snout consists of four black
coloured long barbs. It is cultivable in ponds. It reaches to a size of 1 m and l .5 to 2 kg
in weight.
EXOTIC FISHES
When the indigenous fishnets are not favoured for culture due to economic viability,
exotic breeds are selected and cultured. These fishes yield nutritious food and earn
foreign exchange.
CYPRINUS CARPIO (COMMON CARP)
This fish was imported from China and introduced into Nilagiri lakes. The growth of
the fish is higher and grows to a length of 75cm and 6.5 kg weight. It breeds thrice in a
year. When cultured under extensive system, the productivity was at 1500 kg/ha.
6. OSPHRONEMUS GORAMY (GOWRAMY)
The Giant gourami (Osphronemus Goramy), is a species of gourami believed to be
originally native to Southeast Asia, with its occurrence in other locations due to
introductions. This species is commercially important as a food fish and is
also farmed. It can also be found in the aquarium trade. The species has also been used
for weed control, as it can be a voracious herbivore. It lives in fresh or brackish water,
particularly slow-moving areas such as swamps, lakes, and large rivers. It is capable of
breathing moist air, so can survive out of water for long periods. It is much larger than
most gouramis, growing to a maximum length of 70 cm (28 in), though most are only
around 45 cm (18 in). In colour, it is a pale to golden yellow, with silvery, pale blue
stripes running vertically along its body. Females can be identified by their thicker
lips. Giant gouramis build nests using weeds and twigs. It was imported from Jawa
and Maritius and introduced into fresh waters of Madras and Calcutta. The rate of
growth is very slow.
CTENOPHARYNGODON IDELLA (GRASS CARP)
The grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon Idella) is an herbivorous, freshwater fish species
of the family Cyprinidae, and the only species of the genus Ctenopharyngodon. It is a
large cyprinid native to eastern Asia, with a native range from northern Vietnam to
the Amur River on the Siberia-China border. It is cultivated in China for food, but
was introduced in Europe and the United States for aquatic weed control. It is a fish of
large, turbid rivers and associated floodplain lakes, with a wide degree of temperature
tolerance. Grass carp will enter reproductive condition and spawn at temperatures of
20 to 30°C (68 to 86°F). Grass carp have elongated, chubby, torpedo-shaped body
forms. The terminal mouth is slightly oblique with non-fleshy, firm lips, and no
barbels. The complete lateral line contains 40 to 42 scales. This species occurs in lakes,
ponds, pools, and backwaters of large rivers, preferring large, slow-flowing or
standing water bodies with vegetation. In the wild, grass carp spawn in fast-moving
rivers, and their eggs, which are slightly heavier than water, develop while drifting
downstream, and kept in suspension by turbulence.
7. HYPOPHTHALMICHTHYS MOLITRIX (SILVER FISH)
The silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) is a species of freshwater cyprinid
fish, a variety of Asian carp native to China and Eastern Siberia. It is cultivated in
China. Pound for pound, more silver carp are produced worldwide
in aquaculture than any other species. They are usually farmed in polyculture with
other Asian carp, or sometimes Indian carp or other species. It has been introduced to,
or spread by connected waterways, into at least 88 countries around the world. The
most common reason for importation was for use in aquaculture, but enhancement
of wild fisheries and water quality control were also important reasons for
importation. The silver carp reaches an average length of 60-100 cm (24-39 inch) with a
maximum of 140 cm (55 inch) and about 45 kg (99 lb).
TILAPIA MOSSAMBICUS
The Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis Mossambicus, is a tilapiine cichlid fish native
to southern Africa. It is a popular fish for aquaculture. Dull colored, the Mozambique
tilapia often lives up to a decade in its native habitats. Due to human introductions, it
is now found in many tropical and subtropical habitats around the globe, where it can
become an invasive species because of its robust nature. This makes it an optimal
species for aquaculture because it readily adapts to new situations. It is known
as Black Tilapia in Colombia and as Blue Kurper in South Africa. It was imported
from East Africa in 1952. The upper jaw in males is larger. It breeds even at the age of
two months.
MURREL FISHES (AIR-BREATHING FISHES)
These are air breathing fishes with long cylindrical body, flattened head and
protractile mouth. These can grow in fresh water ponds, irrigation canals, wells and
marshy areas. They breed even before the onset of monsoons.
CHANNA PUNCTATUS OR OPHIOCEPHALUS (SNAKE HEAD)
It is a long fish with snake like body and accessory respiratory organs. As it lives
outside the water also, it is commonly called Live fish. It is coloured differently. It
grows to an average length of 30 - 35 cm. It is a common food fish of high demand.
8. CATFISHES
Catfishes (order Siluriformes) are a diverse group of ray-finned fish. Named for their
prominent barbels, which resemble a cat’s whiskers, catfish range in size and behavior
from the heaviest and longest, the Mekong giant catfish from Southeast Asia and the
second longest, the wels catfish of Eurasia, to detritivores (species that eat dead
material on the bottom), and even to a tiny parasitic species commonly called
the candiru, Vandellia cirrhosa. There are armour-plated types and there are also
naked types, neither having scales. Despite their name, not all catfish have prominent
barbel. Members of the Siluriformes order are defined by features of the skull
and swim bladder. Catfish are of considerable commercial importance; many of the
larger species are farmed or fished for food. Many of the smaller species, particularly
the genus Corydoras, are important in the aquarium hobby. Many catfish
are nocturnal, but others (many Auchenipteridae) are crepuscular or diurnal. The cat
fishes are predatory fishes. Their skin is devoid of scales. Two pairs of barbels are
present on upper and lower jaw. Most of the fish body is utilized as food due to
absence of scales and spines.
CLARIAS BATRACHUS (WALKING CATFISH)
The walking catfish (Clarias Batrachus) is a species of freshwater air breathing
catfish native to Southeast Asia, but also introduced outside its native range where it is
considered an invasive species. It is named for its ability to "walk" across dry land, to
find food or suitable environments. While it does not truly walk as
most bipeds or quadrupeds do, it has the ability to use its pectoral fins to keep it
upright as it makes a sort of wiggling motion with snakelike movements. It can
survive using this form of locomotion as long as it stays moist. This fish normally lives
in slow-moving and often stagnant waters in ponds, swamps, streams and rivers,
flooded rice paddies or temporary pools which may dry up. When this happens, its
"walking" skill allows the fish to move to other sources of water. Considerable
taxonomic confusion surrounds this species and it has frequently been confused with
other close relatives.
9. HETEROPNEUSTES FOSSILIS
The Asian stinging catfish or fossil cat, Heteropneustes Fossilis, is a species of airsac
catfish found in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand,
and Myanmar. In India in the state of Kerala it is locally called as kadu (Malayalam :
kadu). It is highly preferred in Assam and locally known as xingi. In Bangladesh this
fish is called Shing Mach, In SriLanka; this fish is called hunga by the Sinhala-speaking
community. It’s found mainly in ponds, ditches, swamps, and marshes, but sometimes
occurs in muddy rivers. It can tolerate slightly brackish water. It is omnivorous. This
species breeds in confined waters during the monsoon months, but can breed in
ponds, derelict ponds, and ditches when sufficient rain water accumulates. It is in
great demand due to its medicinal value. The stinging catfish is able to deliver a
painful sting to humans. Poison from a gland on its pectoral fin spine has been known
to be extremely painful.
CLARIAS MACROCEPHALUS (BROADHEAD CATFISH)
The broadhead catfish (Clarias Macrocephalus) is an economically important air-
breathing catfish that is a native of Southeast Asia. The fish is farmed in ponds for use
in human consumption in countries such as Thailand and the Philippines. However,
native populations now face extinction due to man-made activities and genetic
introgression due to interbreeding with escaped aquaculture hybrids. The broadhead
catfish is identified by its large dorsal fin and its short and rounded occipital
process. The occipital process is pointed in Clarias batrachus, a closely related species.
Another identifying feature for the broadhead catfish is the white spots on the side of
its black body.
ANABAS TESTUDINEUS (CLIMBING PERCH)
Anabas Testudineus, the climbing perch, is a species of fish in the family
Anabantidae, the climbing gourami. It is native to Asia, where it occurs
from India east to China and to the Wallace Line. It has also been established in some
countries outside of its native range. This species grows to 25 cm (9.8 inc) in total
length. This species is important as a food fish in certain areas of India and
in Southeast Asia, where its ability to survive out of the water for extended periods of
time, provided it is kept moist, improves its marketability.
10. ETROPLUS SURATENSIS (GREEN CHROMIDE)
The Green Chromide (Etroplus Suratensis) is a species of cichlid fish from freshwater
and brackish water in southern India and Sri Lanka. It can be a perfect fish
for Pisciculture. In India, it is found throughout Kerala, especially in Kerala
Backwaters around Alleppey (Alappuzha), Kottayam, Quilon (Kollam), and in
western flowing rivers in Karnataka, backwaters of Andhra Pradesh and Chilika lake.
It feeds on algae, plant material and insects. The fish, known locally in Kerala
as Karimeen, is considered a delicacy. Some of the prominent dishes are the
Karemeen Fry, Karemeen Molly and Karemeen Pollichathu. This fish is fairly
expensive and is available throughout the year. It is caught mainly using gillnets. It is
commonly called pearl spot due to presence of transparent patches shining like pearls.
The body is greenish, light pink and possesses eight black stripes. It is regarded as a
good food fish due to delicious smell. It is not a predator, builds nests during the
breeding season and hence regarded as most suitable for culture in ponds and lakes.
WALLAGO ATTU
Wallago Attu is a species of catfish in the family Siluridae, or "sheatfishes". The fish is
commonly known by its genus name, wallago or 'lanchi'. It is found in large rivers and
lakes in much of the Indian Subcontinent and in parts of Southeast Asia. The species
can reach 2.4 m (8 feet) total length. It ranges mainly across India, Nepal, Bangladesh
and SriLanka, but is also found in Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam and Malaysia, and is
also reported from Afghanistan. It is a cat fish found in all rivers and lakes of India.
Head is larger than trunk. The body is laterally compressed. Tail is extraordinarily
long and slender. Two pairs of barbells are present on the head. Mouth is large with
large jaws having teeth for feeding on fresh water. Hence it is called fresh water shark.
As it is a predator fish, it is not suitable for artificial culture.
11. MYSTUS SEENGHALA
Mystus is a genus of small to medium-sized bagrid catfishes that occur
in South and Southeast Asia. Four pairs of barbs elongated upper jaw, long maxillary
barbs, and deeply divided caudal fin are the main features of the fish.
COLDWATER FISHES
Coldwater fish, in the context of aquariums, refers to fish species that prefer cooler
water temperatures than tropical fish, typically below 20 °C (68 °F). Some examples
are koiand goldfish. These fishes are commonly called sport fishes. These species tend
to grow more slowly and live longer than fish that live in warmer waters, and are
generally felt to be easier to keep. Coldwater fish are fish such as goldfish, koi, and
other members of the carp family that are able to survive in cold water temperatures.
When kept in a household aquarium, they do not require a heater and are quite
comfortable at around 60°F (15°C). These fish are also desirable choices for outdoor
ponds and can stand temperatures down to 10°C.
SALMOGIARDNERI (RAINBOW TROUT)
The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is a species of salmonid native to cold-
water tributaries of the Pacific Ocean in Asia and North America. The steelhead
(sometimes "steelhead trout") is an anadromous (sea-run) form of the coastal rainbow
trout (O. m. irideus) or Columbia River redband trout (O. m. gairdneri) that usually
returns to fresh water to spawn after living two to three years in the ocean. Freshwater
forms that have been introduced into the Great Lakes and migrate into tributaries to
spawn are also called steelhead. Adult freshwater stream rainbow trout average
between 1 and 5 lb (0.5 and 2.3 kg), while lake-dwelling and anadromous forms may
reach 20 lb (9.1 kg). Coloration varies widely based on subspecies, forms and habitat.
Adult fish are distinguished by a broad reddish stripe along the lateral line,
from gills to the tail, which is most vivid in breeding males.
12. TOR TOR (MAHSEER)
Mahseer is the common name used for the genera Tor, Neolissochilus, and Naziritor
in the family Cyprinidae (carps). The name mahseer is however more often restricted
to members of the genus Tor. The range of these fish is from Malaysia, Indonesia,
across southern Asia including the Indian Peninsula and Pakistan. They are
commercially important game fish, as well as highly esteemed food fish. Mahseers
inhabit both rivers and lakes, ascending to rapid streams with rocky bottoms for
breeding. Head possess short rostral and long maxillary barbs. Dorsal ride of the body
is grayish green, lateral sides are gold and belly is silvery white. Even though it is
adapted to grow well in canals but now it is cultured in reservoirs like Bakranangal. It
grows to a size of 1mt.
TINCA TINCA (DOCTOR FISH)
The Tench or Doctor fish (Tinca Tinca) is a fresh- and brackish-water fish of
the cyprinid family found throughout Eurasia from Western Europe including
the British Isles east into Asia as far as the Ob and Yenisei Rivers. It is also found
in Lake Baikal. It normally inhabits slow-moving freshwater habitats, particularly
lakes and lowland rivers. In Germany, the tench is called Schlei. Trout are predators
and the natural enemies of the tench. It has a stocky, carp-like shape and olive-green
skin, darker above and almost golden below. The caudal fin is square in shape. The
other fins are distinctly rounded in shape. The mouth is rather narrow and provided at
each corner with a very small barbel. Maximum size is 70 cm, though most specimens
are much smaller.
CULTIVABLE FISH SPECIES
Amongst the cultivable carps, there are two groups of fish which are highly
recommended for pond fish culture; i) Indigenous which includes Rohu, Mori and
Thaila and ii) Exotic which includes Silver Carp, Grass Carp and Bighead Carp. The
former group of fish are widely distributed throughout the Indian Sub-Continent
therefore, they are called Indian Major Carps and later group of fish are widely
distributed in China, therefore, they are called Chinese Carps.
13. GUPPY
The guppy (Poecilia reticulata), also known as millionfish and rainbow fish, is one of
the world's most widely distributed tropical fish, and one of the most
popular freshwater aquarium fish species. It is a member of the Poeciliidae family and,
like all other members of the family, is live-bearing. Guppies, whose natural range is
in northeast South America, were introduced to many habitats and are now found all
over the world.
GAMBUSIA
Gambusia is a large genus of fish in family Poeciliidae (Order Cyprinodontiformes).
Gambusia contains over 40 species, most of which are principally found in freshwater
habitats, though some species may also be found in brackish or saltwater habitats.
These can be introduced into ponds to eat mosquito larvae. As a consequence, they
have been introduced widely outside their native range, and sometimes
become invasive, threatening the local species.[3] They are very important in aquarium
trade, desired for small size, ease of breeding, and charming gracefulness. They are
viviparous—they have live young.
BUTTERFISH (STROMATEIDAE)
The family Stromateidae of butterfishes contains 17 species of fish in three genera.
Butterfishes live in coastal waters off the Americas, western Africa and in the Indo-
Pacific. A family of very deep bodied fish, many of which are called something else
and other fish which are not butterfish are called butterfish.
14. SKATES & RAYS
Rays and skates are dorsoventrally flattened fish that are closely related to sharks. All
are considered to be within a closely related group of fish called elasmobranchs. Rays
belong to three scientific orders - Pristiformes, Myliobatiformes, and Torpediniformes
while skates are classified in the order Rajiformes. These mostly bottom dwelling fish
are related to sharks but have pectoral fins so enlarged they are referred to as "wings".
Like sharks skates have no bones but a skeleton of cartilage. Skate is generally sold as
cuts from the wings and is prepared quite differently from other fish. There are many
different types of rays including stingrays, electric rays, butterfly rays, round rays,
manta rays, guitarfish, and sawfish.
TUNA (MACKERELS)
Tuna include the largest members of the Mackerel family. Unlike those called
"Mackerel", tunas have deep flattened bodies. Most have scales only in a few places
but that's enough to be kosher. Bluefin Tuna (all varieties) is to be avoided as all
Bluefin’s are critically endangered. The tuna is distributed throughout the Atlantic
and Pacific Oceans in subtropical and temperate waters. In the western Atlantic
Ocean, it is found from Labrador, Canada, to northern Brazil, including the Gulf of
Mexico. In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, it is found from Norway to the Canary Islands.
In the western Pacific Ocean, it is distributed from Japan to the Philippines. This tuna
is epipelagic and oceanic, coming near shore seasonally. It can tolerate a considerable
range of temperatures and has been observed both above and below the thermocline,
down to depths of greater than 3000 feet (9,850 m).
GOLD FISH
The goldfish (Carassius Auratus) is a freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae
of order Cypriniformes. It was one of the earliest fish to be domesticated, and is one
of the most commonly kept aquarium fish. A relatively small member of
the carp family (which also includes the koi carp and the crucian carp), the goldfish is
a domesticated version of a less-colorful carp (Carassius auratus) native to East Asia. It
was first domesticated in China more than a thousand years ago, and several
distinct breeds have since been developed. Goldfish breeds vary greatly in size, body
shape, fin configuration and coloration
15. FISH CUM DUCK FARMING
Fish cum Duck Integration is most common in the developing countries. This type of
integration is not popular in northern states of India. Ducks are of several types and
Khaki Campbell is recommended for fish-cum-duck integration Fishpond being a
semi-closed biological system with several aquatic animals and plants provides an
excellent disease-free environment for the ducks. In turn, ducks consume juvenile
frogs, tadpoles and dragonfly etc. there by making a safe environment for fish. Duck
droppings go directly into the pond, which in turn provide essential nutrients such as
carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus that stimulate growth of natural food organisms.