Koicarp is potentially an important cultured ornamental fish in freshwater. Moreover there were reports existing on genetic manipulation of koicarp by application of the heat shock. Hence the present study was made to contribute a protocol for induction of tetraploidy by heat shock in the koicarp.Induction of tetraploidy was attempted in Cyprinus carpio L, Koicarp by heat shock. Eggs from five females and milt from five males ok Koicarp were pooled to ensure the required quantity and quality of gametes for fertilization. After insemination the eggs were divided into three batches each experiment based on the post fertilization viz., 25min, 27min and 30min after insemination. Batches of eggs held in plastic containers were exposed to hot water at 38° C, 39° C, 40° C & 41° C for durations of 2min and four min. One batch of the eggs without heat shock treatment was used as control. After treatments, eggs were immediately transferred to incubation troughs. Tetraploidy was ascertained by karyotyping as well as RBC nuclear micro measurements.Heat shock of 41°C for four min, imparted to eggs for 20 min after fertilization induced a maximum of 60± 2% tetraploidy and maximum hatchability of 10± 1.5%. A large proportion of the heat shocked embryos displayed morphological abnormalities such as short and curved tail, destroyed yolksac, deformed vertebral column and malformed cephalic region. A maximum of 60± 2% tetraploids (4n = 156) were obtained when the fertilized eggs (20 min old) were heat shocked at 41° C for four min duration. The tetraploid red blood cells (RBCs) nucleus volume was 2.1 times greater than those of the diploid RBC nucleus.Given that koicarp are such a useful model for other areas of research, perhaps further studies on the induction of tetraploidy in this species will lead to a better understanding of polyploidy induction and the establishment of tetraploid lines of koicarp and other species as well.
Article Citation:
Ananth Kumar and Mohamed Abdul Kadher Haniffa.
Induction of Tetraploidy in an Ornamental Fish Koicarp
Cyprinus carpio L, Using Heat Shock.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 013-019.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0006.pdf
Enterocin 55 produced by non rabbit-derived strain Enterococcus faecium EF55 ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Ent55 is produced by poultry strain Enterococcus faecium EF55. It is substance which can be allotted to Class II enterocins; thermo-stable, small peptide. Because producer strain has shown beneficial effect in poultry and broiler rabbits as well, we decided to apply Ent55 in broiler rabbit husbandry. Ent55 showed antimicrobial activity in broiler rabbits by reduction of staphylococci, Clostridiae, pseudomonads and coliforms. Its beneficial effect was demonstrated by stimulation of phagocytic activity as well as by reduction of Eimeria spp. oocysts. GPx values were lower; it means, no oxidative stress was evoked. Moreover, it has not negative influence on growth performance and biochemical parameters. Our results indicated that enterocin produced by not-autochtonous strain can also have protective and beneficial effect in broiler rabbits.
Austin Virology and Retrovirology is an international scholarly peer reviewed Open Access journal, aims to promote the research in the field of Virology.
Austin Virology and Retrovirology is a comprehensive Open Access peer reviewed scientific Journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide limitless access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Case Reports, Short Communications, Perspectives (Editorials), Clinical Images
Austin Virology and Retrovirology supports the scientific modernization and enrichment in virology research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Enterocin 55 produced by non rabbit-derived strain Enterococcus faecium EF55 ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Ent55 is produced by poultry strain Enterococcus faecium EF55. It is substance which can be allotted to Class II enterocins; thermo-stable, small peptide. Because producer strain has shown beneficial effect in poultry and broiler rabbits as well, we decided to apply Ent55 in broiler rabbit husbandry. Ent55 showed antimicrobial activity in broiler rabbits by reduction of staphylococci, Clostridiae, pseudomonads and coliforms. Its beneficial effect was demonstrated by stimulation of phagocytic activity as well as by reduction of Eimeria spp. oocysts. GPx values were lower; it means, no oxidative stress was evoked. Moreover, it has not negative influence on growth performance and biochemical parameters. Our results indicated that enterocin produced by not-autochtonous strain can also have protective and beneficial effect in broiler rabbits.
Austin Virology and Retrovirology is an international scholarly peer reviewed Open Access journal, aims to promote the research in the field of Virology.
Austin Virology and Retrovirology is a comprehensive Open Access peer reviewed scientific Journal that covers multidisciplinary fields. We provide limitless access towards accessing our literature hub with colossal range of articles. The journal aims to publish high quality varied article types such as Research, Review, Case Reports, Short Communications, Perspectives (Editorials), Clinical Images
Austin Virology and Retrovirology supports the scientific modernization and enrichment in virology research community by magnifying access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin also brings universally peer reviewed member journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, collaborative and promotion of multidisciplinary science.
ABSTRACT- A number of 18 adults male outbred albino rats, weighing between 133-137g were used to investigate the drug susceptibility of Trypanosoma evansi strain isolated from naturally infected dromedary camels in Umbadir area, North Kordofan State, Sudan. The rats were divided into 3 groups (C, D and F) of 6 animals each. Group C and D were infected intraperitoneally with T. evansi (Umbadir stabilate) with 1×104 Trypanosome for the inoculum. Group D rats were given quinapyramine sulphate (20 mg/Kg bwt) after parasitaemia was evident. Group F was left as healthy uninfected control for the stabilate. When parasite counts were one or more parasites per field, counting in haemocytometer were used for exact number of parasite per cubic millimeter using Neubaeur’s counter. Parasites from tail blood were first fixed, stained and diluted in trypanosome diluting reagent. The parasites were diluted to the level that can be easily counted in WBC counting chamber in the haemocytometer. The total number of parasites was expressed as log10 number of parasites per ml of blood. The presence and degree of parasitaemia were determined daily for each rat by examining tail blood. The identity of the local stabilates of Trypanosoma evansi was confirmed through adopting PCR where primers that target the internal transcribed spacer one (ITS1) of the ribosomal DNA were used. There was significant reduction in serum glucose and potassium as well as significant increase in total protein, urea, calcium, albumin and cholesterol in group C. The Umbadir stabilate showed low mortality and high sensitivity to quinapyramine sulphate.
Key-words- Drug susceptibility, T. evansi, Dromedary camels, Sudan
Paratuberculosis (PTB) remains one of the most obstacles limit animal breeding sector all over the world. The current study aimed to detect the etiology of PTB in tissues of clinically suspected small ruminants using histopathological and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods. Clinical examination showed 10 (26.4%) PTB suspected cases out of the total (38) examined animals. The suspected cases were euthanized, necropsied, gross lesions were recorded and tissue samples were collected for histopathological and molecular procedures. Grossly intestinal and mesenteric lymph nodes thickening, corrugations and edematous swellings were recorded. Semi-thin sections of the intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes stained with toluidine blue demonstrated MAP organism inside epithelium cells and macrophages. RT-PCR detected MAP IS900 gene in all suspected cases (100%), thus we recommend using RT-PCR as a rapid sensitive method in the diagnosis of PTB.
Key-words: Paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium, Semi thin sections, Toluidine blue, IS900 gene
Improved DNA Extraction Method for Porcine ContaminantsIslamic_Finance
This document is regarding the new and improved method of Porcine detection through DNA extraction and also talks about detection in imported meat found in the some of the GCC markets
ABSTRACT- A number of 18 adults male outbred albino rats, weighing between 133-137g were used to investigate the drug susceptibility of Trypanosoma evansi strain isolated from naturally infected dromedary camels in Umbadir area, North Kordofan State, Sudan. The rats were divided into 3 groups (C, D and F) of 6 animals each. Group C and D were infected intraperitoneally with T. evansi (Umbadir stabilate) with 1×104 Trypanosome for the inoculum. Group D rats were given quinapyramine sulphate (20 mg/Kg bwt) after parasitaemia was evident. Group F was left as healthy uninfected control for the stabilate. When parasite counts were one or more parasites per field, counting in haemocytometer were used for exact number of parasite per cubic millimeter using Neubaeur’s counter. Parasites from tail blood were first fixed, stained and diluted in trypanosome diluting reagent. The parasites were diluted to the level that can be easily counted in WBC counting chamber in the haemocytometer. The total number of parasites was expressed as log10 number of parasites per ml of blood. The presence and degree of parasitaemia were determined daily for each rat by examining tail blood. The identity of the local stabilates of Trypanosoma evansi was confirmed through adopting PCR where primers that target the internal transcribed spacer one (ITS1) of the ribosomal DNA were used. There was significant reduction in serum glucose and potassium as well as significant increase in total protein, urea, calcium, albumin and cholesterol in group C. The Umbadir stabilate showed low mortality and high sensitivity to quinapyramine sulphate.
Key-words- Drug susceptibility, T. evansi, Dromedary camels, Sudan
Paratuberculosis (PTB) remains one of the most obstacles limit animal breeding sector all over the world. The current study aimed to detect the etiology of PTB in tissues of clinically suspected small ruminants using histopathological and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods. Clinical examination showed 10 (26.4%) PTB suspected cases out of the total (38) examined animals. The suspected cases were euthanized, necropsied, gross lesions were recorded and tissue samples were collected for histopathological and molecular procedures. Grossly intestinal and mesenteric lymph nodes thickening, corrugations and edematous swellings were recorded. Semi-thin sections of the intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes stained with toluidine blue demonstrated MAP organism inside epithelium cells and macrophages. RT-PCR detected MAP IS900 gene in all suspected cases (100%), thus we recommend using RT-PCR as a rapid sensitive method in the diagnosis of PTB.
Key-words: Paratuberculosis, Mycobacterium, Semi thin sections, Toluidine blue, IS900 gene
Improved DNA Extraction Method for Porcine ContaminantsIslamic_Finance
This document is regarding the new and improved method of Porcine detection through DNA extraction and also talks about detection in imported meat found in the some of the GCC markets
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel, Channa striatus...researchanimalsciences
Induced breeding of the striped snakehead Murrel, C hanna striatus (Bloch, 1793) was attempted during October to December 2009 (North - east monsoon). The breeding attempt was made using natural hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). Two trials using fibre tanks of different capacity in triplicates were made to observe the effects of different doses of HCG on induced spawning of C. striatus . The fishes which received a dosage of 6000 IU/kg body weight gave satisfactory results. The ovulation was recorded after 19 -
29 h of the injection. The fertilization rate was observed as 40 80%. Hatching occurred within
22 - 36 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 27 - 29 ° C. The percentage of hatching rate
varied from 55 - 80%. The overall breeding performance of
C. striatus was found to be satisfactory for upscaling of murrel seed production in stakeholders farms.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel, Channa striatus...researchanimalsciences
Induced breeding of the striped snakehead Murrel, Channa striatus (Bloch, 1793) was attempted during October to December 2009 (North-east monsoon). The breeding attempt was made using natural hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). Two trials using fibre tanks of different capacity in triplicates were made to observe the effects of different doses of HCG on induced spawning of C. striatus. The fishes which received a dosage of 6000 IU/kg body weight gave satisfactory results. The ovulation was recorded after 19-29 h of the injection. The fertilization rate was observed as 40-80%. Hatching occurred within 22-36 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 27-29°C. The percentage of hatching rate varied from 55-80%. The overall breeding performance of C. striatus was found to be satisfactory for upscaling of murrel seed production in stakeholders farms.
Article Citation:
Bilal Ahmad Paray, Haniffa MA and Manikandaraja D.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel,
Channa striatus (Bloch) under captive conditions.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 033-039.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0010.pdf
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
HISTORY
TRANSGENIC FISH
METHODS OF GENE TRANSFER
HOW TO MAKE TRANSGENIC FISH
EXAMPLES
APPLICATIONS
TRANSGENIC BIRD
PRODUCTION METHOD
APPLICATIONS
CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
Assessment of genetic fidelity of in vitro propagated clones of Celastrus pan...iosrjce
Celastrus paniculatus Willd belonging to the family Celastaceae is an endangered Indian medicinal
plant having high pharmaceutical application. The objective of the present investigation was to assess the the
clonal fidelity of in vitro propagated clones of Celastrus paniculatus with the field grown mother plant to
confirm their true to type nature. Micropropagation is an alternative method for the large scale production of
endangered medicinal plants. The genetic stability of in vitro raised clones of celastrus paniculatus were
assessed by using RAPD analysis. Genomic DNA was isolated from healthy and fresh leaves of both mother
plant and in vitro raised plants of Celastrus paniculatus by using CTAB method. Based on the reproducibility of
the primers, 15 RAPD primers were selected for the present investigation. The selected primers gave rise to a
total of 75 scorable bands with an average of 5.1 bands ranging from 300-2700 bp. The number of bands varied
from three (OPQ-07, OPA-13) to seven (OPC-20, OPN-16). Randomly selected 10 micropropagated plants
from each culture period was used. Amplification pattern was electrophoresed in 1.5% TBE, revealing that all
the bands produced by micropropagated plants were monomorphic and similar to that of the field grown plant.
No polymorphism was detected by RAPD analysis.
Identification of causative agent for fungal infection and effect of disinfec...AbdullaAlAsif1
Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the commercially important and commonly cultured fish. In the hatchery intensive incubation leads to microbial overgrowth in C. carpio eggs that hamper egg development, hatchability and larval survivability. The aim of this study is to find out causes of mass mortality in C. carpio eggs during peak- breeding season between March to May 2015 at Mafatema fish hatchery, Chanchra, Jessore sadar upazilla. In the present study three disinfectants with three different concentrations in each such as methylene blue 1, 3 and 5mg/L., malachite green 1, 3 and 5mg/L., sodium chloride 1, 2 and 3g/L were used to observe the hatching rate of fertilized eggs and survival rate of larvae. Bacterial load of culture water was examined during the induced breeding of C. carpio with mycological examination of egg samples with different disinfectants. The total bacterial count fluctuated from 3.4 x 108 CFU/ml to 32.7 x 108 CFU/ml during the period of fertilization to 4days of hatching. The fertilized eggs infected by Saprolegnia spp. were appeared as tuft hairy like balls with a white cottony envelop. Among all the treatment 1mg/L methylene blue, 3mg/L malachite green and 1g/L sodium chloride showed significantly better (P<0.05) hatching rate 95·33±2·08, 88.00±2.64 and 92.33±4.04% respectively. The same concentration of methylene blue, malachite green and sodium chloride showed significantly better (P<0.05) better survival rate 95·00±4.35, 75.00±3.00 and 87.00±6.24% respectively. Finally among all the treatment 1mg/L of methylene blue showed significantly better (P<0.05) hatching and survival rate 95·33±2·08% and 95·00±4.35 % respectively. So 1mg/L of methylene blue is the best disinfectant for C. carpio fertilized egg treatment.
Molecular Identification of Bulinus Species in Ogun State, South-West Nigeria...AI Publications
The study considers the distribution of a small sample of 100 Bulinus snails, across 8 localities within Ogun State, Nigerian. Snails were identified using a molecular method of fragment and restriction profiles obtained from ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its) amplicons. The results showed that the majority of Bulinus samples tested belonged to the species Bulinustruncatus while only one was Bulinusglobosus. The use of Rsa1 restriction endonuclease to cleave the ribosomal its of Bulinus, as a method of species identification, was adopted for the majority of samples, this being a quicker and cheaper method better suited to small laboratory environments. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the schistosome Dra1 repeat within each of the collected Bulinus samples was employed to determine the extent and distribution of infected snails within the sample areas. Successful amplification of the Dra1 repeat demonstrated that 23% of snails were infected with schistosome
Emerging Dreadful Ulcer Disease in Threatened Murrel, Channa aurantimaculataresearchanimalsciences
Like other captive animals, aquarium fish are vulnerable to a range of
diseases. Among the bacterial pathogens,
Aeromonas hydrophila
act as secondary
infectious agent and causes diseases under stress. The present study is attempted to
evaluate the microbiological and haematological changes in infected ornamental fish
Channa
-
C. aurantimaculata
collected from the wild. The highest microbial load of
7.4±0.8×10
7
cfu g
-
1
was observed in skin whereas the lowest load of
1.2±0.7×10
2
cfu g
-
1
was found in the heart. From the microbial investigation,
A. hydrophila
has been
isolated from different organs indicating its predominant presence. Considering
the haematological indices, increased levels of WBC (5.5±0.3, 10
3
/ml), MCV
(172.1±0.9, fl), Lymphocytes (62.3±0.5, %) were observed in the infected fish
compared to control fish imparting the involvement of non
-
specific immune response.
Anthelmintic activity of Punica granatum ethanol extract against paramphis...researchanimalsciences
Parasitic diseases remain a major threat to livestock production around the
world, particularly in India. Paramphistomosis caused by paramphistomes are one of
the most common and economically important diseases of livestock. The high
incidence of resistance to chemotherapeutics, toxicity and side effects has urged the
necessity of finding alternative plant
-
based anthelmintics against helminth parasites.
Therefore, the present investigation was aimed to assess the anthelmintic effect of
the rind of
Punica granatum
Ethanol Extract (
Pg
EE) against paramphistomes in
infected sheep. Infected sheep were treated orally with 30 and 50 mg/ml
concentrations of
Pg
EE. Eggs Per Gram (EPG) count on faeces, haematological and
biochemical parameters of sheep were investigated. In
Pg
EE
-
treated sheep, the egg
count reduced significantly in the faeces and the reduction was proportional to
dosage and duration after treatment. The maximum reduction (97.95 %) was
observed on day 21 post
-
treatment with 50 mg/ml concentration of
Pg
EE. In infected
sheep, the haemoglobin and protein content were below standard physiological
values. Improvement of haematobiochemical profile was observed in sheep after
treatment with
Pg
EE.
Toxicity of Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract on the developmental stages of ...researchanimalsciences
The effect of some plant extract on the developmental stages of mosquito
species was conducted using
Anopheles gambiae
,
Culex quinquefasciatus
and
Aedes aegypti
at the first instar, second instar, third instar, fourth instar, pupae and
adult. The plant used was scentleaf (
Ocimum gratissimum
). Soxhlet apparatus was
used to extract each pulverized plant part using petroleum ether solvent. Plant
extract from the petroleum ether solvent was used to test their effects on the
developmental stages of each mosquito species. The result showed that the higher
the developmental stages, the lower the percentage of mortality. It was also
observed that as the time and concentration increases, the percentage of mortality
also increases. Generally, the result showed that
Anopheles gambiae
is more
susceptible in the extracts used followed by
Aedes aegypti
and then
Culex
quinquefasciatus
.
Biosorption of metals by Solitary Ascidian, Phallusia Nigra in Vizhinjam Ba...researchanimalsciences
Biosorption of heavy metals by ascidians has been recognized as a potential
alternative to existing technique for recovery of heavy metals from waste stream. The
solitary ascidian,
Phallusia nigra,
is a common and large black ascidian and occurs
throughout the year in Vizhinjam Bay. Hence this study has been focused on the
biosorption of metals in the test and mantle body of
P. nigra
from ecologically
significant station, Vizhinjam Bay. Monthly samplings of water and specimens of
P. nigra were done during the period from September 2010 to August 2011 and
subjected to the analysis of metals. The concentration of metals in water were found
in the following order Cd>Pb>V>Hg. Mean concentrations of metals were high during
monsoon season and low during premonsoon season.
Absorption of metals by
P. nigra
revealed that both test and mantle body
accumulated a diverse range of trace metals. The present results showed that the
content of metals in the test was usually less than that of the mantle body. High
concentration of these metals was found to be during monsoon season whereas low
concentration was during premonsoon season.
The bioaccumulation factors were in the order of V>Pb>Cd> Hg for the test
and mantle body of the study animal. Application of one
–
way ANOVA for the
concentration of these metals between test and mantle body showed significant
differences. Metal concentrations recorded in this ascidian could effectively be used
as good reference material for monitoring metal contamination in Indian sea waters.
Biodiversity and conservation strategies of Nymphalidae Butterflies in the h...researchanimalsciences
Nymphalidae butterflies have a number of subfamilies, including the species
such as Browns, Milkweeds, Heliconians and Beaks. These vary greatly in appearance
ranging from small to large, with mostly in medium size. Some among these
butterflies are powerful fliers (Nawabs and Rajahs) or migrants (Painted lady,
Milkweed butterflies) while Bush browns (
Mycalesis visala, Melanitis leda
and
Elymnias hypermnestra)
and Rings (
Ypthima baldus, Ypthima chenui
and
Ypthima philomela
) are weak fliers. Three study sites i.e., Lankamalai of Kadapa
district, Talakona and Tirumala Hills of Chittoor district of Eastern Ghats of Southern
Andhra Pradesh were chosen.
Captive breeding method has been adopted for
restocking the population.
Nearly 26 Nymphalidae species were identified from
6 sub families. Species diversity
was calculated by using Simpson’s diversity indices
along with the seasonality and population index, richness and evenness of the species
were also discussed.
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on ...researchanimalsciences
Background and Objectives:
This paper reports the toxicity of
Lantana camara
to
developmental stages of the yellow fever mosquito,
Aedes aegypti
. Aqueous extracts
of leaf and seed of the plant were also tested for their effect on the hatchability of
mosquito egg and age at pupation and emergence.
Methods:
Different concentrations of aqueous leaf and seed extract were prepared.
The data of mortality rate were subjected to finney’s method of probit analysis. The
plant was also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito eggs.
Results:
Percent log LC
50
/ 24 h values of the leaf and seed extracts of
L. camara
to
IV instar larvae were 2.25 and 2.25 respectively. Percent hatchability of mosquito eggs
was remarkably reduced when treated with higher concentration of the toxicants.
Extended time of pupation and emergence was observed for the larvae reared in
different concentrations of the plant extract.
Conclusion:
The results suggested that leaf and seed extract of
Lantana camera
possessed remarkable larvicidal, ovicidal, and prolonged time of pupation and adult
emergence against
Aedes aegypti.
Studies on development of Lymnaea acuminata with respect to age - length r...researchanimalsciences
The breeding and complete development of fresh water snail,
Lymnaea acuminata,
was observed. The development completed in eleven days. All
the external features were observed from third day. During third day heart beats
started and the rudiments of larval kidney appeared. All these organs show
differentiation and increase in size with embryo. The shell development starts from
third day onwards. Hatching of egg took place on 11
th
day by mechanical means. The
young ones were having all system like adult except gonad. Age
-
length relationship
was established. It was found that it showed perfect positive relationship between
age and total length of embryo. Kn value also supports the above observations.
The r = 0.98, Kn = 0.98 and regression equation y = 31.49 + 23.08 x.
Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis (Nictag...researchanimalsciences
Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of
Bougainvillea spectabilis
was evaluated for the egg hatchability, larvicidal and pupicidal activity of mosquito, Aedes aegypti
under the room temperature in the laboratory. A relationship was observed between the plant extract dose and the percentage of egg hatchability,
larval and pupal mortality. Dosage value as expressed in % was 0.01 to 4.0 for
Aedes aegypti . The percentage of egg hatchability, larval and pupal mortality were
found to increase with the dosage indicating a relationship between the two. Based
on the probit analysis the LC 50
(mg/l) value of egg (31), I instar (59), II instar (231),
III instar (606), IV instar (1578) and pupa (2637) were observed.
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus researchanimalsciences
Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the
toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus
via estimating the acute 96h median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) value. A total 120 number of
Tilapia mossambicus fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20 L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0,
4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data obtained were evaluated using Behrens - Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC 50 value of Cu for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens - Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC
50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens - Karber’s Method. The behavioral changs of Tilapia mossambicus
were primarily observed. It could be concluded that Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal
cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
Effect of Zinc Chloride (LC - 50) on physicochemical parameters of water upo...researchanimalsciences
Zinc is an essential element and cause deleterious effect at high
concentration to both the animals and plants. In the present study, we observed that
the Zinc chloride at lethal concentration fifty alters the behavior of fish which also
change the physico
-
chemical properties of water. It was observed that the Zinc
chloride steadily increased the pH, conductivity, free carbon dioxide and total
alkalinity of water from 24 to 96 hrs,
whereas the dissolved oxygen concentration in
water was gradually decreased. It is concluded that the increase in pH, conductivity,
free carbon dioxide and total alkalinity of water and decrease in oxygen could be due
to increase in the metabolic processes of
Ophiocephalus punctatus
upon exposure to
zinc chloride at lethal concentration 44.25 mg/l.
Induction of tetraploidy in an ornamental fish koicarp Cyprinus carpio L, us...researchanimalsciences
Koicarp is potentially an important cultured ornamental fish in freshwater.
Moreover there were reports existing on genetic manipulation of koicarp by
application of the heat shock. Hence the present study was made to contribute a
protocol for induction of tetraploidy by heat shock in the koicarp.Induction of
tetraploidy was attempted in
Cyprinus carpio
L, Koicarp by heat shock. Eggs from five
females and milt from five males ok Koicarp were pooled to ensure the required
quantity and quality of gametes for fertilization. After insemination the eggs were
divided into three batches each experiment based on the post fertilization viz., 25min,
27min and 30min after insemination. Batches of eggs held in plastic containers were
exposed to hot water at 38° C, 39° C, 40° C & 41° C for durations of 2min and four min.
One batch of the eggs without heat shock treatment was used as control. After
treatments, eggs were immediately transferred to incubation troughs. Tetraploidy
was ascertained by karyotyping as well as RBC nuclear micro measurements.Heat
shock of 41°C for four min, imparted to eggs for 20 min after fertilization induced a
maximum of 60± 2% tetraploidy and maximum hatchability of 10± 1.5%. A large
proportion of the heat shocked embryos displayed morphological abnormalities such
as short and curved tail, destroyed yolksac, deformed vertebral column and
malformed cephalic region. A maximum of 60± 2% tetraploids (4n = 156) were
obtained when the fertilized eggs (20 min old) were heat shocked at 41° C for four
min duration. The tetraploid red blood cells (RBCs) nucleus volume was 2.1 times
greater than those of the diploid RBC nucleus.Given that koicarp are such a useful
model for other areas of research, perhaps further studies on the induction of
tetraploidy in this species will lead to a better understanding of polyploidy induction
and the establishment of tetraploid lines of koicarp and other species as well.
The culture of maintenance ornamental fish among Iranian people is
developing every day. One of the most important factors in selection aquarium fish is
behavior of feeding. The feeding behavior of Guppy is poorly documented. In this
experiment we study feeding behavior in
P. reticulata
by six treatments. Six
aquariums with the same dimension were used and two points A & B with the
maximum distance from each other were selected in each aquarium. In aquarium
No.1 hand move with feeding in point A, in aquarium No.2 hand move without
feeding in point A, in aquarium No.3 hand moves in point A and feeding in point B, in
aquarium No.4 feeding without hand move in point B, in aquarium No.5 in semi dark
conditions hand move with feeding in point A and finally in aquarium No.6 in darkness
conditions hand move with feeding in point A were done. In aquarium No.1, 94% of
fish moved to point A and in aquarium No.2
it
was about 92%. In aquarium No.3,
95.5% of fish moved to point A and in Aquarium No.4, 74.5% of fish moved to point B.
In aquarium No 5 and 6, 96% and 99.5% of fish moved and didn’t move to point A,
respectively. Our results showed that this species is a visual feeder and a good
aquarium fish for their feeding behavior.
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on A...researchanimalsciences
Background and Objectives: This paper reports the toxicity of Lantana camara to developmental stages of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Aqueous extracts of leaf and seed of the plant were also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito egg and age at pupation and emergence.
Methods: Different concentrations of aqueous leaf and seed extract were prepared. The data of mortality rate were subjected to finney’s method of probit analysis. The plant was also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito eggs.
Results: Percent log LC50 / 24 h values of the leaf and seed extracts of L. camara to IV instar larvae were 2.25 and 2.25 respectively. Percent hatchability of mosquito eggs was remarkably reduced when treated with higher concentration of the toxicants. Extended time of pupation and emergence was observed for the larvae reared in different concentrations of the plant extract.
Conclusion: The results suggested that leaf and seed extract of Lantana camera possessed remarkable larvicidal, ovicidal, and prolonged time of pupation and adult emergence against Aedes aegypti.
Article Citation:
Sathya K, Mohanraj RS, Dhanakkodi B .
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on Aedes aegypti.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(2): 040-047.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0013.pdf
Studies on development of Lymnaea acuminata with respect to age length relati...researchanimalsciences
The breeding and complete development of fresh water snail, Lymnaea acuminata, was observed. The development completed in eleven days. All the external features were observed from third day. During third day heart beats started and the rudiments of larval kidney appeared. All these organs show differentiation and increase in size with embryo. The shell development starts from third day onwards. Hatching of egg took place on 11th day by mechanical means. The young ones were having all system like adult except gonad. Age-length relationship was established. It was found that it showed perfect positive relationship between age and total length of embryo. Kn value also supports the above observations. The r = 0.98, Kn = 0.98 and regression equation
y = 31.49 + 23.08 x.
Article Citation:
Borale RP and Ahirrao KD.
Studies on development of Lymnaea acuminata with respect to age-length relationship and relative condition factor (Kn)
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2013) 1(2): 055-059.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0009.pdf
Effect of zinc chloride (lc 50) on physicochemical parameters of water upon e...researchanimalsciences
Zinc is an essential element and cause deleterious effect at high concentration to both the animals and plants. In the present study, we observed that the Zinc chloride at lethal concentration fifty alters the behavior of fish which also change the physico-chemical properties of water. It was observed that the Zinc chloride steadily increased the pH, conductivity, free carbon dioxide and total alkalinity of water from 24 to 96 hrs, whereas the dissolved oxygen concentration in water was gradually decreased. It is concluded that the increase in pH, conductivity, free carbon dioxide and total alkalinity of water and decrease in oxygen could be due to increase in the metabolic processes of Ophiocephalus punctatus upon exposure to zinc chloride at lethal concentration 44.25 mg/l.
Article Citation:
Swapan S. Bacher and Arun M. Chilke.
Effect of Zinc Chloride (LC-50) on physicochemical parameters of water upon exposure to Ophiocephalus punctatus.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 007-012.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0007.pdf
The culture of maintenance ornamental fish among Iranian people is developing every day. One of the most important factors in selection aquarium fish is behavior of feeding. The feeding behavior of Guppy is poorly documented. In this experiment we study feeding behavior in P. reticulata by six treatments. Six aquariums with the same dimension were used and two points A & B with the maximum distance from each other were selected in each aquarium. In aquarium No.1 hand move with feeding in point A, in aquarium No.2 hand move without feeding in point A, in aquarium No.3 hand moves in point A and feeding in point B, in aquarium No.4 feeding without hand move in point B, in aquarium No.5 in semi dark conditions hand move with feeding in point A and finally in aquarium No.6 in darkness conditions hand move with feeding in point A were done. In aquarium No.1, 94% of fish moved to point A and in aquarium No.2 it was about 92%. In aquarium No.3, 95.5% of fish moved to point A and in Aquarium No.4, 74.5% of fish moved to point B. In aquarium No 5 and 6, 96% and 99.5% of fish moved and didn’t move to point A, respectively. Our results showed that this species is a visual feeder and a good aquarium fish for their feeding behavior.
Article Citation:
Rajaei M, Nematollahi MA, Bahmaninezhad A and Lotfizadeh A.
Behavior of Feeding in Guppy: Poecilia reticulata.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 001-006.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0004.pdf
A pilot study on effect of copper and cadmium toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicusresearchanimalsciences
Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus via estimating the acute 96h median lethal concentration (LC50) value. A total 120 number of Tilapia mossambicus fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20-L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data obtained were evaluated using Behrens-Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cu for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens-Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens-Karber’s Method. The behavioral changes of Tilapia mossambicus were primarily observed. It could be concluded that Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
Article Citation:
Anushia C, Sampath kumar P and Selva Prabhu A.
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 020-027.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0008.pdf
Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of bougainvillea spectabilis (Nictagin...researchanimalsciences
Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis was evaluated for the egg hatchability, larvicidal and pupicidal activity of mosquito, Aedes aegypti under the room temperature in the laboratory. A relationship was observed between the plant extract dose and the percentage of egg hatchability, larval and pupal mortality. Dosage value as expressed in % was 0.01 to 4.0 for Aedes aegypti. The percentage of egg hatchability, larval and pupal mortality were found to increase with the dosage indicating a relationship between the two. Based on the probit analysis the LC50 (mg/l) value of egg (31), I instar (59), II instar (231), III instar (606), IV instar (1578) and pupa (2637) were observed.
Article Citation:
Rajmohan D and Logankumar K.
Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis (Nictaginaceae) against the growth and development of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. l.
(Diptera: Culicidae)
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 028-032.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0012.pdf
2. INTRODUCTION
Chromosome manipulation has become an
important tool to understand the interactions between
dissimilar or unequal genomic combinations and their
impact on survival, growth and reproduction in fish
(Pandian and Koteeswaran 1998). In the loach, Cobitis
biwae, (Kusunoki et al., 1994) produced the first bred
gynogen by heterologus activation of 2n eggs of
tetraploids and (Thorgaard et al., 1990) were the first to
produce a bred androgen activating the irradiated egg
with sperm from tetraploid salmon. Tetraploid rainbow
trout has been crossed with diploids to produce triploids
(Myers and Hershberger 1996). A good number of
publications are available on chromosome manipulation
in ornamental fishes and edible fishes mainly due to the
ease with which the gametes of oviparous fish can be
procured, fertilized in vitro and subject to induction or
after activation/fertilization. (Thrope et al., 1984;
Springate and Bromage, 1985; Tabata 1991; Pandian
1993; Cherfas et al., 1994, Horvath and Orban
1995;Jonson and Svavarsson 2000) and recent work with
other species (Gisbert et al., 2000; Ouellet et al., 2001;
Zaho et al., 2001; Pandian and Koteeswaran 1998 ,
Pandian et al., 1999 and Haniffa et al., 2004) made an
extensive effort to critically review various aspects of
chromosome manipulation. The underlying reason for
amenability of fish to different types of ploidy induction
is that ploidy induced fish (with exception to androgens
and paternal triploids) tolerate unequal genomic
contributions, so long as the genomic contribution of
female exceeds that of male (Pandian and Koteeswaran
1998). Studies on the occurrence of natural ployploids
have been reported in a number of fish species by
Pandian and Koteeswaran (1998 & 1999) in H.fossilis. In
male heterogametic species, induction of triploidy,
pentaploidy, hexaploidy and meiotic gynogenesis require
the retention of the second polar body but the production
of tetraploids, mitotic gynogens and androgens
necessasarily require the inhibition of the first cleavage
(Pandian and Koteeswaran 1998). A number of methods
have been developed to confirm ploidy in fishes as
monogenic and polyploid fish are not morphologically
distinguishable from diploids (Pandian and Koteeswaran,
1998). Among all methods, karyotyping is most widely
used to confirm ploidy. The presence of a marker
chromosome, in H.fossilis (Haniffa et al., 2004) and in
Oreochromis mossambicaus (Varadarj and Pandian
1988) can be used in the rapid identification at various
levels. Measurements of cell and nucleus size/ volume of
erythrocytes are other methods used to confirm triploidy
(Pandian and Koteeswaran 1998). Most of the authors
have chosen the combination of karyotyping and
measurement of erythrocyte to confirm ploidy. Another
potentially powerful technique for ploidy assessment is
isozyme variation and it has been effectively used to
separate gynogens or androgens or triploids from
diploids and mitotic gynogens in C.gariepinus (Na-
Nakorn et al., 2004).
Varadaraj (1993) alone succeeded in producing
live and gynogenetic, haploid Oreochromis
mossambicus, grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella
(Cassani and Caton 1985)and, Nile tilapia Oreochomis
niloticus (Don and Avtalion 1988). Koicarp is potentially
an important cultured ornamental fish in freshwater.
Moreover, there are some reports that exists on the
genetic manipulation of koicarp by application of heat
shock. Hence the present study was made to contribute a
protocol for the induction of tetraploidy by heat shock in
the koicarp.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Collection of eggs
Induction of tetraploidy in koicarp by heat shock
was attempted. Eggs from five females and milt from
five males of Koicarp were pooled to ensure the required
quantity and quality of gametes for fertilization. After
insemination the eggs were divided into three batches in
each experiment based on the post fertilization viz., 25,
014 Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1: 013-019
Kumar and Haniffa, 2012
3. 27 and 30min after insemination.
Treatment by using heatshocks
Batches of eggs held in plastic containers were
exposed to hot water at 38, 39, 40 & 410
C for the
durations of 2 or 4 min at each of the tested temperature.
One batch of the eggs without heat shock treatment was
used as control. After the treatments, eggs were
immediately transferred to incubation troughs. Dead eggs
were removed and the survivors were counted at
hatching.
Karyotyping
Chromosome preparation of the hybrids and
male parent (Koicarp) and female parent (goldfish) were
made following Sridhar and Haniffa 1999. The selected
fishes were kept alive in water containing 0.75%
colchine for six hours. The fishes were sacrified and their
gills, kidney and fins were dissected out. The tissues
were minced into small pieces (1 mm) and placed in
0.8% KCL solution (Hypotonic treatment) for 30
minutes. The tissues were individually fixed in methanol:
acetic acid (3:1) for 30 min with three changes of 10
minutes each. Tissues were then stored in the fresh
fixative in a refrigerator until further use.For slide
preparation the fixative was replaced by a few drops 50%
glacial acetic acid and agitated gently using a Pasteur
pipette.The tissue suspension (in acetic acid) was
expelled on the slides, heated to about 550
C on a slide
warmer.About 4 or 5 drops were expelled to each slide
and the suspension was quickly drawn back into the
Pasteur pipette. The slides were allowed to air dry. They
were stained in 5% geimsa stain made up in 0.01M
phosphate buffer (pH 6.8) for about 20 min.The slides
were rinsed in distilled water and air- dried. They were
observed for chromosome spreads under a microscope
(NikoE - 400). Tetraploidy was ascertained by
karyotyping (Haniffa et al., 2004) as well as RBC
nuclear micro measurements (Pandian and Koteeswaran
1998). The data were analyzed by Standard deviation
and means using Tukey’s multiple range test (Zar 2000)
to determine significant differences. The statistical
significance was calculated at [P<0.05%].
RESULTS
The percentage of tetraploids, diploids and
deformed fry resulting from heat shock experiments were
calculated. Heat shock at 410
C for 4 min, imparted to
eggs 30 min after fertilization induced a maximum of 60
± 2 % tetraploidy and maximum hatchability 58± 1.5 %
(Table 1). Among the treated eggs, majority of them
died before hatching or immediately after hatching. A
large proportion of the heat shocked embryos displayed
morphological abnormalities such as short and curved
tail; destroyed yolksac; deformed vertebral column and
malformed cephalic region (Fig. 1-4). Heat shock below
400
C proved to be 60 % survival and about 18± 3.5%
(Table 3) of the induced tetraploids were deformed when
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1: 013-019 015
Kumar and Haniffa, 2012
Table 1. Effect of heat shock (380
C )on survival at hatching and tetraploid induction in Koicarp Cyprinus
carpio. Each value represents the average of three repetitions and ± indicated the standard deviation.
Time after
fertilization (Min)
Shock duration
(min)
No. of eggs Hatching
(%)
Survival
(%)
Tetraploid
(%)
Deformed
(%)
5
5
10
10
15
15
20
20
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
72.3 ± 2.5
64.3 ± 4
55.6 ± 4
63.3 ± 4.16
56 ± 4
70.3 ± 1.5
64 ± 1.4
65.0 ± 3
54.3 ± 4
40.0 ± 5
57.6 ± 2.5
59.3 ± 5.1
41.0 ± 3.6
70.0 ± 5
70.0 ± 5
62.3 ± 2.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
Deformed fry include diploid and haploid
4. compared to only 4 ± 2 % and 2% deformed fry at 390
C
(Table 2) and in control, only deformed was observed
(Table 4). Among the tetraploid induced individuals
none survived to feeding stage (4 days after hatching).
The tetraploidy was confirmed by chromosome counts
and erythrocyte nuclear volumes. The metaphase spreads
of diploid control (2n = 78) and tetraploid (4n = 156) are
shown in (Fig. 5-6). The nuclear volume of diploid
RBCs was 8 ± 2 μm3
and that of tetraploid was 19 ± 2.5
μm3
(Fig. 7-8) .
DISCUSSION
The results of the present study showed that
tetraploidy could successfully be induced in koicarp by
heat shocking 4 min and 30 min old eggs (post
fertilization) respectively at 410
C for 4 min duration.
Previous studies have shown that in most tropical fishes
the extrusion of second polar body can be inhibited by
heat shocking 2-4 min old eggs at 40 to 420
C for 2-5 min
duration (Varadaraj and Pandian1988 and Haniffa et al.,
2004). Till date it has been possible to produce live
tetraploids in about few species. A survey of the relevant
literature shows that the optima protocol of tetraploidy in
fishes varied from species to species. Thus, in the present
study 25-30 min old embryos were used for heat
shocking. Tetraploid embryos of koicarp were obtained
when heat shock was applied 30 min after fertilization.
The doubling of chromosome was due to suppression of
first cleavage. 4n embryos successfully produced in
O.niloticus (Myers, 1996) and O.mossambicus (Pandian
and Varadaraj, 1987) where as H.fossilis (Haniffa et al.,
2004) failed to survive in first feeding stage. In this
present study also 4n koicarp hatchlings failed to survive
till first feeding. Low yields of 4n at other temperatures
016 Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1: 013-019
Kumar and Haniffa, 2012
Table 2. Effect of heat shock (390
c )on survival at hatching and tetraploid induction in koicarp cyprinus
carpio. Each value represents the average of three repetitions and ± indicated the standard deviation.
Time after
fertilization (Min)
Shock duration
(min)
No. of eggs Hatching
(%)
Survival
(%)
Tetraploid
(%)
Deformed
(%)
5
5
10
10
15
15
20
20
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
68 ± 2.6
61 ± 3.6
58 ± 2
54 ± 2
58 ± 2
54 ± 2
50 ± 5
53 ± 2
44 ± 4
42 ± 2
34 ± 4
33 ± 4
36 ± 1
34 ± 2
36 ± 4
36 ± 1.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
4 ± 2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
Deformed fry include diploid and haploid
Table 3. Effect of heat shock (400
C )on survival at hatching and tetraploid induction in Koicarp Cyprinus
carpio. Each value represents the average of three repetitions and ± indicated the standard deviation.
Time after
fertilization (Min)
Shock duration
(min)
No. of eggs
Hatching
(%)
Survival
(%)
Tetraploid
(%)
Deformed
(%)
5
5
10
10
15
15
20
20
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
62 ± 2.5
60 ± 2
56 ± 1.5
53 ± 1.5
52 ± 3
50 ± 1.5
50 ± 1
46 ± 2
47 ± 2.5
55 ± 3
50 ± 1.5
49 ± 2
46 ± 1.5.
47 ± 2
50 ± 1.5
50 ± 4.7
0
0
0
0
0
11 ±1.20
0
18 ± 3.5
3
0
0
0
2
5
0
8
Deformed fry include diploid and haploid
5. (38, 39 & 400
C) at embryo ages higher or lower than 30
min may be due to the inability in suppression of 1st
cleavage of the zygote. The exact time of shock applied
should correspond to karyokinesis or cytokinesis. In
salmonids species treatment time for inhibition of
karyokinesis are resulted in better survival Pandian and
Koteeswaran 1998. The developmental abnormalities
observed in the study appeared to be caused by the heat
shocks and not the presence of extra sets of chromosome
in the tetraploids. This assumption is based on the fact
that some normal appearing fish were tetraploid and
some abnormal fish were diploid. Studies on
chromosome set manipulation in other fishes have found
abnormal appearances that the fish to be a diploid
(Haniffa et al., 2004) adding support to the hypothesis
that abnormalities result from the shocks and not from
the extra chromosome sets.
The tetraploid RBCs nuclear volume was on an
average 1.5 and 2.1 times greater than that of the diploid
RBCs nuclear volume respectively. Similar results in
RBCs nuclear volume were reported by Haniffa et al.,
(2004) in triploid and tetraploid H.fossilis. The
chromosome number for diploid (2n = 78) and tetraploid
(4n = 156) koicarp obtained in the present study
correspond with the observations of Pandian and
Koteeswaran 1999 in natural polyploids. According to
Haniffa et al., (2004) the chromosome number of diploid
and tetraploidy H.fossilis were as 2n = 58 and 4n = 116.
CONCLUSION
Given that koicarp are such a useful model for
other areas of research, perhaps further studies on the
induction of tetraploidy in this species will lead to a
better understanding of tetraploidy induction and the
establishment of tetraploid lines of koicarp and other
species as well.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1: 013-019 017
Kumar and Haniffa, 2012
Table 4. Effect of heat shock (410
C ) on survival at hatching and tetraploid induction in Koicarp Cyprinus
carpio. Each value represents the average of three repetitions and ± indicated the standard deviation.
Time after
fertilization (Min)
Shock duration
(min)
No. of eggs
Hatching
(%)
Survival
(%)
Tetraploid
(%)
Deformed
(%)
5
5
10
10
15
15
20
20
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
40 ± 0.5
58 ± 1.5
24 ± 4
19 ± 1
0
0
0
10 ±1.2
24 ± 4
43 ± 3
15 ± 3
10 ± 1.5
0
0
0
8 ± 3
13 ± 1.5
30 ± 1.5
6 ± 4.1
0
0
0
0
60 ± 2
12
10
0
0
0
0
0
15
Control 100 60 ± 2 70 0 0
Deformed fry include diploid and haploid
6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We sincerely thank Rev. Dr A. Alphonse
Manickam S.J., Principal, St Xavier’s College,
Palayamkottai, for providing necessary facilities.
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